我国斑鳜六个群体mtDNA Cyt b序列的遗传变异

采用PCR技术扩增了鸭绿江、海河、长江、钱塘江、闽江、西江6个群体31尾斑鳜(Sinipercascherzeri)mtDNACytb基因的部分序列。在长度为781bp的同源序列中,共检测到78个变异位点,占分析位点数的9.6%,碱基替换大都发生在密码子的第三位点上;在31个体中共检出16种单倍型。鸭绿江、海河群体与长江、钱塘江、闽江、西江群体间的遗传距离较大。分子方差分析表明,斑鳜6个群体间总的遗传分化水平FST为0.9307(P<0.01),差异极显著。构建的NJ分子系统发育树表明,海河群体和鸭绿江群体构成了一支北方群体;长江群体、闽江群体和西江群体构成了南方群体;而钱塘江群体单独聚为一支。这表明我国斑鳜不同地理群体间已产生明显的遗传分化,但未与其自然地理分布格局呈完全对应关系。     

贵州大眼鳜3个群体rDNA ITS-1序列分析

运用PCR扩增技术及DNA测序技术,对贵州3个大眼鳜群体的ITS-1序列进行了分析,结果显示3个大眼鳜群体存在序列长度多态性,主要有753 by和755 by两种类型,GC(72.8%)平均含量远高于AT含量(27.3%)洪检测到6个多态位点,产生6种单倍型;3个群体各自都表现出较低的遗传多样性水平,从总体上看,单倍型多样性指数为0.622,表明贵州大眼鳜群体的遗传多样性较丰富。在贵州大眼鳜ITS-1序列中发现(GC)_n、(CT)_n、(CG)_n、(TCG)_n4种微卫星序列,其中(GC)_n出现的频率最高。群体间的遗传分化指数(Fst)和基因交流值(Nm)均表明,铜仁大眼鳜群体与沿河大眼群体遗传分化小,有基因交流而关岭大眼鳜群体与这两个群体间,遗传分化大,缺乏基因交流。     

我国斑鳜六个群体mtDNA Cyt b序列的遗传变异

采用PCR技术扩增了鸭绿江、海河、长江、钱塘江、闽江、西江6个群体31尾斑鳜(Siniperca scherzeri)mtDNA Cyt b基因的部分序列。在长度为781 bp的同源序列中，共检测到78个变异位点，占分析位点数的9.6%，碱基替换大都发生在密码子的第三位点上；在31个体中共检出16种单倍型。鸭绿江、海河群体与长江、钱塘江、闽江、西江群体间的遗传距离较大。分子方差分析表明，斑鳜6个群体间总的遗传分化水平F _ST为0.9307(P<0.01)，差异极显著。构建的NJ分子系统发育树表明，海河群体和鸭绿江群体构成了一支北方群体；长江群体、闽江群体和西江群体构成了南方群体；而钱塘江群体单独聚为一支。这表明我国斑鳜不同地理群体间已产生明显的遗传分化，但未与其自然地理分布格局呈完全对应关系。     

长江中游鳊群体的遗传多样性

采用线粒体DNA(mt DNA)细胞色素b基因(cytb)和控制区序列,分析长江中游宜都、沙市、燕窝、团风等4个产卵场鳊种群的遗传多样性和遗传结构。结果表明:长江中游鳊群体cytb序列共检出82个多态位点,86种单倍型,平均单倍型多样性指数(Hd)和核苷酸多样性指数(Pi)分别为0.930和0.00244;控制区序列共检出变异位点46个,单倍型76种,Hd指数和Pi指数分别为0.972和0.00505;构建的单倍型网络结构和分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示,4个群体的遗传变异绝大部分来自群体内部,群体间无显著遗传分化;群体间的分化指数(FST)、平均基因流(Nm)和平均K2-P遗传距离均表明,4个鳊地理群体间存在广泛的基因交流,未发生明显群体遗传分化;中性检验表明,鳊历史上发生了群体扩张,扩张时间在第四纪冰期后期。     

中国沿海日本囊对虾线粒体16S rRNA基因序列变异及遗传分化

对中国东南沿海4个日本囊对虾地理群体16S rRNA基因片段进行了序列测定和分析.在获得的467bp 序列中,共检测到45个变异位点,多态位点比例为9.64%.具有10种单倍型,三亚群体单倍型多样性最高(0.900±0.161).各群体的核苷酸多样性(π)为0.0007～0.0082,其中三亚群体核苷酸多样性最为丰富,远高于湛江、北海和海口群体.群体间遗传分化指数(F_(st))为0.000～0.945.结合已报道的16S rRNA基因序列,构建了NJ分子系统树,中国海域日本囊对虾可分为3支.香港至台湾沿岸所有单倍型聚集为一分支,湛江、海口和北海群体内的所有单倍型聚集成另一分支,两分支分别属于已报道的变种Ⅰ和变种Ⅱ,但三亚群体内的4个单倍型单独聚集成一分支,与前两分支的核苷酸序列差异大(7.95%～8.35%),遗传分化明显,可能为一亲缘关系很远的新种(或变种).研究结果可为日本囊对虾的资源管理和遗传选育提供参考.     

铜鱼线粒体控制区的序列变异和遗传多样性

采用PCR和DNA测序技术研究长江中上游野生铜鱼的遗传多样性和群体遗传学特征,从9个采样点共获得100尾铜鱼,用于分析的线粒体DNA控制区的片段序列为946bp。在100个序列中,共检测出变异位点47个(其中增添/缺失位点8个),单倍型41种。9个地理群体的平均单倍型多样性(Hd)和平均核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.9257±0.0162和0.004178±0.002337,表现出较贫乏的遗传多样性。群体间的分化指数(FST值)、平均基因流(Nm)、分子方差分析(AMOVA)和平均K2-P遗传距离均表明9个铜鱼地理群体间存在广泛的基因交流,未明显发生群体遗传分化。另外,共享单倍型比例较高,约为34%(14/41)。单倍型的UPGMA分子系统树和简约网络图显示单倍型的聚类与地理分群没有相关性。上述结果表明9个铜鱼地理群体属于同一种群。       

长江中下游湖泊短颌鲚线粒体控制区遗传多样性分析

为探明长江中下游不同湖泊中短颌鲚(Coilia brachygnathus)遗传多样性水平和遗传分化程度,以洞庭湖、长湖、巢湖3个地理群体作为研究对象,采用线粒体控制区序列为分子标记,分别应用软件Dna SP 5.0、Arlequin3.1.1、MEGA5.0和Network 5.1进行了遗传参数统计和单倍型间分子变异分析(AMOVA),构建邻接系统树及单倍型网络图。对长江中下游短颌鲚野生群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行分析。结果显示,用来分析的1 236 bp D-loop区序列中共90个变异位点,54个简约信息位点。长江中下游3个地理群体中共发现58个单倍型,单倍型多样性(h)范围0.949~0.982,核苷酸多样性范围0.004 99~0.006 21,说明长江中下游3个湖泊短颌鲚地理群体具有较高的遗传多样性水平。3个短颌鲚地理群体遗传分化指数(Fst)为0.265 95,呈现出中等程度的分化水平,主要表现在巢湖群体与其他群体之间处于中等程度分化水平。依据遗传距离构建系统发育树及单倍型网络图也出现相类似结果。     

基于线粒体COI序列变异的高原鼢鼠种群遗传分化研究

基于线粒体COI基因序列对高原鼢鼠7个地理种群的遗传多样性、遗传分化和基因流进行分析,158条COI基因序列中发现了570个变异位点,界定了54个COI单倍型。总体单倍型多样性指数Hd为0.911,种群单倍型多样性在0.278—0.964之间,高原鼢鼠的种群遗传多样性较高。群体总的遗传分化系数Fst为0.611,群体间的基因流Nm在-0.020—3.700之间,部分地理种群之间的遗传分化程度高,基因流弱。AMOVA分子变异分析显示,高原鼢鼠的遗传变异主要来自种群之间(77.56%),种群内部的遗传变异较低(22.44%)。中性检验(P0.01)与错配分析显示高原鼢鼠种群经历了群体扩张事件。IBD未检测到地理距离与种群间遗传距离的显著性相关关系(R2=0.124,P=0.118)。综合分析认为,高原鼢鼠不同地理种群间遗传分化的原因除地理隔离外,还与迁移扩散方式、进化过程和其他环境因素有关。     

基于线粒体COⅡ基因序列的中华蜜蜂地理种群的遗传多样性研究

通过分析我国20个不同地理种群中蜂线粒体COⅡ序列的变异,对中华蜜蜂群体遗传分化程度遗传多样性进行全面研究。结果表明:COⅡ基因部分序列中共发现16个变异位点和18个单倍型,核苷酸差异数的平均值为0.939,核苷酸分歧度(Dxy)在0.1%~0.965%之间变化,核苷酸遗传距离为-0.007%~1.489%。总种群的Fst为0.4978,差异均极显著(P0.001)。研究结果显示种群总体单倍型多样性较为丰富,种群间核苷酸分歧度差异很大。20个东方蜜蜂不同地理种群间存在显著的遗传分化。     

我国根瘤蚜mtDNA COⅠ遗传多样性与系统发育

通过线粒体DNA COⅠ多态性研究了我国根瘤蚜Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch的遗传分化与系统发育,并将我国根瘤蚜单倍型与GenBank中已发表的85个单倍型进行了聚类分析。结果表明：序列中A,C,T,G 4种核苷酸的比例分别为34.8%,15.8%,39.2%和10.2%, 29 个变异位点中单一多态位点 12 个,简约信息位点17 个。确定了 13 种单倍型,检测5种单倍型,其中上海群体单倍型相对丰富,且上海葡萄根瘤蚜群体与其他3个群体之间没有共享单倍型。同时上海群体与其他3个群体的遗传距离最大（0.039~0.040）,Nm最小（0.02）,在分子系统发育树和单倍型网络图上为独立分支,说明我国根瘤蚜至少有两个独立的起源。     

香溪河河流连续统特征研究

以香溪河附石藻类密度、藻类叶绿素a浓度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数及生态系统初级生产力随河流级别的变化为例探索该河流的连续统特征。结果表明,附石藻类密度、藻类叶绿素a浓度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数总体上都有随着河流级别增加而增加的趋势,但在1～3级河段之间这种趋势并不明显,甚至出现了逆转。河流初级生产力也有随河流级别增加而增加的趋势,并在第4级河流达到最大,随后有所下降。在全水系范围内河流初级生产力(P)与群落呼吸(R)比值P／R均大于1,说明香溪河是一条以自养生产为主的河流。所研究的特征并不完全与连续统概念的预测相一致,表明河流已经受到了一定程度的人为干扰。     

北京白河与温榆河浮游动物调查

2004～2006年对北京地区白河和温榆河浮游生物群落进行调查.结果显示:白河浮游动物137种,隶属于78个属,其中原生动物最多,共计73种,其次是轮虫55种,枝角类7种,桡足类2种;温榆河浮游动物135种,隶属于83个属,其中原生动物共计65种,轮虫类53种,枝角类13种,桡足类4种.两河浮游动物种类组成大部分相同,以原生动物为主,但两河大型浮游动物的种类组成差别较大.据两条河流浮游动物的生态状况和凋查结果综合分析,白河的水质较好,多数站点水体清洁,只有少数站点水体达轻度污染,温榆河水质较差,大多数站点水体属轻度污染,个别站点属中度污染.     

Redefinition and Elaboration of River Ecosystem Health: Perspective for River Management

This paper critically reviews developments in the conceptualization and elaboration of the River Ecosystem Health (REH) concept. Analysis of literature shows there is still no consistent meaning of the central concept Ecosystem Health, resulting in models (i.e. elaborations) that have unclear and insufficient conceptual grounds. Furthermore, a diverse terminology is associated with describing REH, resulting in confusion with other concepts. However, if the concept is to have merit and longevity in the field of river research and management, unambiguous definition of the conceptual meaning and operational domain are required. Therefore a redefinition is proposed, based on identified characteristics of health and derived from considering semantic and conceptual definitions. Based on this definition, REH has merit in a broader context of river system health that considers societal functioning next to ecological functioning. Assessment of health needs integration of measures of multiple, complementary attributes and analysis in a synthesized way. An assessment framework is proposed that assesses REH top-down as well as bottom up by combining indicators of system stress responses (i.e. condition) with indicators identifying the causative stress (i.e. stressor). The scope of REH is covered by using indicators of system activity, metabolism (vigour), resilience, structure and interactions between system components (organization). The variety of stress effects that the system may endure are covered by using biotic, chemical as well as physical stressors. Besides having a unique meaning, the REH metaphor has added value to river management by being able to mobilize scientists, practitioners and publics and seeing relationships at the level of values. It places humans at the centre of the river ecosystem, while seeking to ensure the durability of the ecosystem of which they are an integral part. Optimization of the indicator set, development of aggregation and classification methodologies, and implementation of the concept within differing international frames are considered main aims for future research.     

Mid-Po River zooplankton

The temporal crustacean-zooplankton variation in the mid-Po River (Italy) was analyzed from November 1974 through November 1982. Samples were collected at three stations at monthly intervals.Separate taxon-by-taxon multiple regression analyses (MLTRG) were carried out with zooplankton taxa as the criterion variable and river depth, river discharge and water temperature as the predictor variables. Moina brachiata and Eucyclops serrulatus were correlated with water temperature, Cyclops vicinus inversely correlated with temperature, Eudiaptomus padanus, C. vicinus and Daphniidae with river discharge; Copepodites inversely correlated with river depth.MLTRG showed that water temperature and river discharge account for about 15% of total zooplankton variation.Factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out on residuals calculated from MLTRG. Among-years and among-months variation were significant for all the examined taxa. Significant years × months interactions indicated that seasonal variations were also different in different years.ANOVA stressed that there were still unexplained significant residuals in years and months variations.Weekly and daily samples collected in Summer 1979 were submitted to MLTRG and ANOVA as above. Among-week variations were significant for all the examined taxa, whereas among-days were significant for Daphiidae and M. brachiata (Cladocera), and not significant for any of the other taxa. Caution is recommended in interpreting the results of river zooplankton studies. Differences between species responses warn us not to pool species into larger taxa. Temporal variation changes from year to year, so long-time series are necessary to clarify the most important trends of river zooplankton.     

Knife River Flint

Abstract

Twenty-four Knife River F I int quarries have been newly discovered in Dunn County, North Dakota. Five were previously known in Mercer County. The flint occurs as pebbles, cobbles, and boulders in alluvial, slope-wash, and colluvial lag deposits of Pleistocene age. The flint in these deposits was originally derived from a silicified lignite bed in the Golden Valley Formation of Eocene age and possibly also from other lignite-bearing formations. The flint has a characteristic petrography and can be readily distinguished from all other commonly used rock types in North Dakota and adjacent areas.     

长江流域鸟类的初步分析

对长江流域范围内有关动物调查报告和研究资料进行全面、系统地收集和整理,建立了鸟类分布数据库,初步查明在长江流域分布的鸟类共有762种,隶属20目、66科、291属,约占全国鸟类种数的61．2％。其中拥有中国特有鸟及主要分布鸟类72种,国家一级重点保护动物26种,国家二级重点保护动物92种。     

Aquatic Resource Use by Indigenous Australians in Two Tropical River Catchments: the Fitzroy River and Daly River

Indigenous people of northern Australia make extensive use of wild resources as a source of food, in their art and craft, and for medicinal purposes. These resources are part of a socially and culturally significant landscape. Using data collected from household surveys across two catchments in northern Australia, the Daly River, Northern Territory (NT) and the Fitzroy River, Western Australia (WA), we describe indigenous aquatic resource use patterns. The former is a perennial system with extensive vegetated wetlands that can remain inundated for 4?C5?months, while the latter can cease to flow during the winter dry season (May?COctober) and its floods usually last for weeks. Subsistence strategies depend on seasonal availability of a wide array of aquatic species and are attuned to the life histories and movement patterns of key species, such as Long-necked Turtle (Chelodina rugosa) and Magpie Goose (Anseranas semipalmata). Indigenous households harvested resources from different habitats. Our results show a clear progression from use of the main river channel shortly after the wet season to use of billabongs late in the dry season in the Daly River, and a constant reliance on the main river channel and tributaries in the Fitzroy River. Difference in the main species utilised appears strongly related to habitat use, with four of the five most commonly harvested in the Daly catchment being non-fish species associated with billabong habitats. Commonly harvested species from the Fitzroy catchment included small bodied species used as bait and two popular food species, Black Bream (Hephaestus jenkinsi) and Catfish (Neoarius spp.). Results suggest that indigenous subsistence strategies are vulnerable to changes in the natural systems that provide the ??ecosystem goods,?? particularly annual inundation of floodplains that drives productivity and provides habitat for some key species. Water resource developments, such as river regulation and increased abstraction for irrigated agriculture, could adversely affect a highly valued customary component of the indigenous economies of tropical Australia.     

中国金沙江一级支流牛栏江的鱼类区系分析

2006年11月和2008年10月,对云南省牛栏江流域进行考察,共采集到鱼类标本42种,结合历史记录和中国科学院昆明动物研究所鱼类标本馆馆藏的鱼类标本,整理出牛栏江鱼类名录。在剔除引入种的基础上,采用按所含种属的绝对数目进行排序的传统方法和区系存在度方法对目、科、属级水平进行排序,分析牛栏江鱼类区系组成特点。两种方法结果相差甚远,结果显示：在传统排序方法中的优势科属,即一些世界性分布的科和属,在牛栏江分布的种类并不很多,区系存在度相应较低。相反,一些具有地方性分布和小的科和属,其区系存在度相对较大。显然,以区系存在度分析所得结果更能反映牛栏江流域鱼类区系组成特点。两种方法相结合,分析牛栏江的鱼类区系成分,并与金沙江中下游（石鼓至宜宾段）鱼类区系相比较,表现出高度的相似性。