Characterization and molecular marker screening of EST-SSRs and their polymorphism compared with Genomic-SSRs in Frankliniella occidentalis ( Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis是一种世界性入侵昆虫,近年来传入我国并不断扩散蔓延.基于简单重复序列(simple sequence repeats,SSRs)的西花蓟马种群遗传结构研究对于揭示其传播途径等具有重要的指导价值.本研究对来源于西花蓟马的13839条EST序列进行了uni-EST组装、EST-SSR信息分析以及标记筛选,并比较了EST-SSR与Genomic-SSR在分析遗传多样性方面的差异.结果表明:在7707个singlets中共找到2623个SSR位点,分布于1 930个uni-EST中,平均每2.21 kb就出现一个SSR位点.重复单元中,以单碱基重复单元为主(83.00％),其次是四碱基重复单元(11.17％),而二、三、五和六碱基重复单元所占比例较低(分别为1.41％,0.80％,2.02％和0.91％).设计出的22对EST-SSR引物中,4对引物能稳定扩增出清晰的目的条带;荧光标记毛细管电泳发现3对引物表现出多态性.西花蓟马EST-SSR与Genomic-SSR多态性分析表明,这3对多态性EST-SSR引物揭示的多态信息含量(PIC)为0.48 ～0.69,比5对多态性Genomic-SSR引物揭示的PIC(0.88 ～0.92)略低.本研究结果可为今后更深入开展西花蓟马的种群遗传结构分析提供帮助.     

西花蓟马EST-SSR信息分析、标记筛选及其与Genomic-SSR的多态性比较

西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis是一种世界性入侵昆虫, 近年来传入我国并不断扩散蔓延。基于简单重复序列（simple sequence repeats, SSRs）的西花蓟马种群遗传结构研究对于揭示其传播途径等具有重要的指导价值。本研究对来源于西花蓟马的13 839条EST序列进行了uni-EST组装、 EST-SSR信息分析以及标记筛选, 并比较了EST-SSR与Genomic-SSR在分析遗传多样性方面的差异。结果表明： 在7 707个singlets中共找到2 623个SSR位点, 分布于1 930个uni-EST中, 平均每2.21 kb就出现一个SSR位点。重复单元中, 以单碱基重复单元为主（83.00%）, 其次是四碱基重复单元（11.17%）, 而二、 三、 五和六碱基重复单元所占比例较低（分别为1.41%, 0.80%, 2.02%和0.91%）。设计出的22对EST-SSR引物中, 4对引物能稳定扩增出清晰的目的条带; 荧光标记毛细管电泳发现3对引物表现出多态性。西花蓟马EST-SSR与Genomic-SSR多态性分析表明, 这3对多态性EST-SSR引物揭示的多态信息含量（PIC）为0.48~0.69, 比5对多态性Genomic-SSR引物揭示的PIC（0.88~0.92）略低。本研究结果可为今后更深入开展西花蓟马的种群遗传结构分析提供帮助。     

中国明对虾基因组微卫星重复单元类型与其多态性关系

利用超声波粉碎中国明对虾Fenneropenaeus chinensis基因组后建立随机基因组文库,对其测序后获得了1996个克隆序列,经SeqmanⅡ（DNAstar）拼装后获得独立克隆数目为1900个,每个序列长度从400－700bp不等。利用重复序列分析软件对这些序列中含有微卫星重复序列的序列进行分析,共找到136个包含完整侧翼序列的重复序列。利用引物设计软件从以上重复序列中设计出34对引物,合成引物后,通过PCR扩增和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法获得了各个微卫星位点的等位基因数目。34对引物中,除4个没有扩增出产物外,其他都有较好的扩增结果,可以分辨出多态性信息情况,并据此分析了不同微卫星重复序列类型与其对应的位点多态性之间的关系。结果表明,两碱基重复类型具有较高的遗传多态性,而三碱基和四碱基以及复合型重复类型的平均多态性不高;两碱基重复序列类型各拷贝类别间的多态性信息没有明显的差异。进一步对两碱基的重复拷贝数目与多态性信息（等位基因数目）的相关关系进行分析,以考察拷贝数多少与等位基因数目之间的关系。利用SPSS软件进行相关分析,结果表明重复拷贝数目和等位基因数目呈一定相关（相关系数0.121）,但相关性不显著（P＝0.621）。     

岩原鲤微卫星富集文库的构建及微卫星分子标记的筛选

用磁珠富集法构建了岩原鲤Procypris rabaudi AC重复和GATA重复的微卫星富集文库.采用PCR方法分别以人工合成的oligoA和探针(AC)12或(GATA)6为引物筛选含有微卫星的阳性克隆.(AC)n 富集库和(GATA)n富集库的阳性克隆率分别为30%和7%左右.对40个AC重复的阳性克隆和30个GATA重复的阳性克隆测序,共获得61个微卫星序列,其中包含了一个三碱基重复(TGA)的微卫星序列.选择设计了19对AC重复和16对GATA重复的微卫星引物以及1对TGA重复的微卫星引物,通过PCR优化,共有20对引物能够产生稳定、清晰的目的产物带.为了检测获得的岩原鲤微卫星座位是否能用于近缘物种的研究,我们将20对岩原鲤微卫星引物用于中华倒刺鲃Spinibarbus sinensis基因组DNA PCR扩增,有60%的引物对能产生特异性的目的条带.本研究获得的20个岩原鲤微卫星座位可以用于岩原鲤及近缘物种的遗传多样性、种群遗传结构等的进一步研究.     

基于转录组数据的桔小实蝇微卫星位点信息分析

以桔小实蝇为材料,从其转录组数据库中筛选功能微卫星(EST-SSR)序列,并进行SSR位点的信息分析.共获得1890个EST-SSR位点,可用于引物设计的SSR数为1296个.EST-SSR平均分布频率为1/10.21 kb,但这种分布频率在不同重复类型SSR之间相差很大.其中,三碱基重复SSR在该种昆虫的EST-SSR中出现的频率最高,结合其他文献推断三碱基重复可能是所有昆虫EST-SSR的优势类型.本文共设计了42对桔小实蝇EST-SSR引物,其中有18对引物可以扩增得到预期大小的条带.最后,探讨了基于转录组数据发掘昆虫SSR的前景和挑战,以及进行转录组EST-SSR筛选时应注意的问题.
     

诸氏鲻虾虎鱼转录组序列中微卫星标记的初步筛选及特征分析

旨在为大规模开发诸氏鲻虾虎鱼微卫星标记,采用高通量测序技术,对诸氏鲻虾虎鱼肝脏转录组进行了测序。结果共获得47 979条Unigenes,利用微卫星查找程序在47 979条Unigenes中共获得6 225个微卫星位点(12.97%),平均每7.02 kb就出现1个微卫星位点。6 225个微卫星位点由226种重复基序组成,主要分布在三、四和五碱基重复类型中。在数量上,单碱基重复类型微卫星位点最多,占42.49%,二碱基和三碱基重复类型所占比例相似,分别为25.22%和26.27%,四、五、六重复类型较少,合计占6.03%。单碱基重复序列中最多的类型为A/T,二碱基重复序列中以AG/CT重复单元为主,三碱基重复序列中以AGC/TCG为优势类型。挑选部分二、三和四单元重复类型微卫星序列,共设计76对引物,可稳定扩增出目的条带的有55对,其中32对具有多态性。结果表明,利用诸氏鲻虾虎鱼转录组数据可快速大量开发微卫星标记。     

三叶木通微卫星分子标记开发及评价

为了获得适于三叶木通遗传多样性和遗传结构研究的微卫星分子标记,该研究采用磁珠富集法构建了三叶木通微卫星富集文库。结果表明:在150个阳性克隆中发现了70个微卫星位点,富集效率为46.67%,其中含双碱基重复单元的序列占比为79.37%,三碱基和四碱基重复含有量较少。共设计引物63对,其中筛选出16对高多态引物,对1个三叶木通自然居群48个个体进行了遗传分析,结果显示位点的等位基因数为10~22个,观察杂合度和期望杂合度分别为0.370~0.792和0.724~0.936,多态性信息指数为0.725~0.919,表明以上引物均为高多态性引物。其中,12个位点偏离哈迪-温伯格平衡,呈现出纯合子过剩状态,这可能与哑等位基因和其它因素有关。综上结果表明,该研究所开发的16对引物能够用于三叶木通遗传多样性和遗传结构评价工作。     

基于转录组测序的枫香EST-SSR引物开发及有效性评价

枫香是广西重要的乡土树种之一，具有较高的用材、观赏及药用价值。为验证枫香SSR引物的实际应用效果，该研究基于转录组测序技术，检测枫香SSR位点并设计引物，通过PCR扩增和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳筛选出具有较高多态性的枫香EST-SSR引物，并对1个枫香天然群体进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明：(1)共发掘到23 777个SSR位点，单核苷酸重复类型SSR位点占总位点比例最高(46.54%),在重复次数上5～12次之间的SSR位点占比最高(72.36%)。(2)共开发出262对SSR引物，有效扩增率为53.1%,最终筛选出扩增稳定、条带清晰的引物18对。(3)多态性检测结果显示所有位点均具有多态性，天然群体遗传多样性结果显示该天然群体中等位基因数量(Na)、有效等位基因数量(Ne)、Shannon多样性指数(I)、观测杂合度(Ho)变化范围分别为2～4、1.112 8～2.609 6、0.208 9～1.112 7和0.275 9～1.000 0,平均值分别为2.333 3、1.957 4、0.708 5和0.722 6。综上认为，枫香中占优势的SSR位点重复类型和重复基序与其他物种基本相同，所开...     

梅EST-SSR标记的开发及利用

利用MISA软件对10 123条梅EST序列进行SSR位点查找,得到含SSR位点的序列935条,SSR位点1233个,平均每100条EST序列中含有12.18个SSR位点.2核苷酸、3核苷酸重复是最主要的重复类型,分别占35.52%和41.36%.设计了40对EST-SSR引物并进行扩增,有24对引物能扩增出理想的PCR 产物,其中17对引物具有较好的扩增多态性.测序后发现13对引物中有73.08%的片段具有相应的SSR位点,对杏DNA指纹中部分谱带的测序结果也证明了是梅扩增出的相应的SSR位点.根据本研究含有SSR位点的测序结果推算,从梅EST中开发真实SSR位点的数目为901.随机选择13对引物对杏和梅进行DNA指纹构建与遗传多样性分析,结果发现,来源于梅的EST-SSR引物在杏中有很高的通用性,这些引物把梅和杏分成了两大群体,说明他们是遗传差异明显的两种植物.     

华仁杏幼果转录组SSR信息分析及其分子标记开发

为了解华仁杏微卫星(SSR)分布规律,开发EST-SSR引物,为华仁杏种质资源评价与辅助育种提供有效的鉴定标记。本研究采用生物信息学方法对华仁杏幼果转录组SSR位点的数量、频率、分布特征进行了统计分析;利用转录组数据进行了SSR引物的筛选和开发,并利用开发出的引物对华仁杏29个无性系进行了多态位点检测和鉴定。结果表明:华仁杏幼果EST-SSR的分布频率为19.21%,重复单元的重复次数分布在5~24次之间,优势重复基序为单核苷酸、2核苷酸、3核苷酸,分别占总SSR的19.81%、46.47%、32.49%。参试的139对引物中有39对引物可扩增出目标序列,其中24对引物可检测出多态性位点,占参试引物总数的17.27%。24对引物在29个华仁杏无性系中共检测出了170个等位基因位点,多态性信息含量(PIC)介于0.33~0.87之间,平均为0.64,其中高多态性引物19条,占多态性引物比例的79.2%。本研究对华仁杏转录组SSR信息进行了分析,并开发出了19对高多态性SSR引物,5对中多态性引物,为华仁杏种质资源评价及分子标记辅助育种提供了基础。     

Microsatellite markers for the red band needle blight pathogen, Dothistroma septosporum

Twelve microsatellite markers were developed for population analyses of the fungal pathogen, Dothistroma septosporum. Intersimple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction (ISSR-PCR) and an enrichment protocol (fast isolation by amplified fragment length polymorphism of sequences containing repeats [FIASCO]) were both used to identify 28 unique microsatellite regions in the genome. From 22 primer pairs designed, 12 were polymorphic. These markers, screened on two populations representing 42 isolates, produced 40 alleles across all loci with an allelic diversity of 0.09-0.76 per locus. Cross-species amplification showed variable success with Dothistroma rhabdoclinis and Mycosphaerella dearnessi and some sequence variation within isolates of Dothistroma pini. These markers will be used to further study the population structure and diversity of D. septosporum.     

Development and characterization of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and their use in determining relationships among Lycopersicon esculentum cultivars

The simple sequence repeat (SSR) or microsatellite marker is currently the preferred molecular marker due to its highly desirable properties. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize more SSR markers because the number of SSR markers currently available in tomato is very limited. Five hundred DNA sequences of tomato were searched for SSRs and analyzed for the design of PCR primers. Of the 158 pairs of SSR primers screened against a set of 19 diverse tomato cultivars, 129 pairs produced the expected DNA fragments in their PCR products, and 65 of them were polymorphic with the polymorphism information content (PIC) ranging from 0.09 to 0.67. Among the polymorphic loci, 2-6 SSR alleles were detected for each locus with an average of 2.7 alleles per locus; 49.2% of these loci had two alleles and 33.8% had three alleles. The vast majority (93.8%) of the microsatellite loci contained di- or tri-nucleotide repeats and only 6.2% had tetra- and penta-nucleotide repeats. It was also found that TA/AT was the most frequent type of repeat, and the polymorphism information content (PIC) was positively correlated with the number of repeats. The set of 19 tomato cultivars were clustered based on the banding patterns generated by the 65 polymorphic SSR loci. Since the markers developed in this study are primarily from expressed sequences, they can be used not only for molecular mapping, cultivar identification and marker-assisted selection, but for identifying gene-trait relations in tomato.     

Fine-scale genetic diversity and genet dynamics of the fairy ring fungus Floccularia luteovirens on the Qinghai–Tibet plateau

The fungus Floccularia luteovirens is mainly distributed in the alpine meadows of the Qinghai–Tibet plateau. Its fruit bodies tend to form fairy rings with a visible stimulating zone. Our previous studies have investigated the large-scale genetic structure among wild populations of F. luteovirens, but the mechanisms underlying the current genotype distribution pattern remain unknown. The balance between sexual and asexual reproduction affects the establishment and structure of populations. Measuring genet size and density is an effective approach to investigating the reproduction strategies of this species. In the current study, 234 fruit bodies and 79 soil samples were collected from three sampling sites over 3y, revealing that F. luteovirens exhibits relatively large genets. Very few new genets were detected over the 3y, illustrating that this species relies more on vegetative growth and can persist for long periods underground as mycelia. Moreover, the underground genet data showed a close relationship with the above-ground genet data. Our study found limited fine-scale gene flow, contrary to our previous large-scale genetic study of F. luteovirens, the present study found limited fine-scale gene flow of this species. The commercial trade of F. luteovirens fruit bodies by humans probably enhances the gene flow over QTP.     

Development and transferability of apricot and grape EST microsatellite markers across taxa

EST microsatellite markers were developed in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) and grape (Vitis vinifera L.). cDNA libraries from either apricot leaves or grape roots were used in an enrichment procedure for GA and CA repeats. The transferability of EST simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from apricot and grapevine to other related and unrelated species was examined. Overall, grape primers amplified products in most of the Vitaceae accessions while the apricot primers amplified polymorphic alleles only in closely related species of the Rosaceae. In this taxonomic family, ten EST SSR loci were tested, and one single primer pair, PacB22, was amplified across species and sections in the Prunoideae and Maloideae. Sequencing of EST SSR loci in other species and genera confirmed a higher level of conservation in the microsatellite motif and flanking regions in the Vitaceae compared to the Rosaceae. Two distinct fragments of the PacB22 locus amplified across the Malus and Pyrus genera; however, while the coding region was highly conserved, the microsatellite repeat motif was no longer present. The banding pattern was explained by base substitution and insertion/deletion events in the intronic region of PacB22. This study includes the determination of the degree of polymorphism detected among species and genera in two unrelated taxonomic families and the evaluation of the information provided by the microsatellite repeats and the flanking regions.     

The bovine genome contains polymorphic microsatellites

Dinucleotide repeats constitute so-called microsatellites of the human and other eukaryotic genomes. Microsatellite polymorphisms can be identified through the amplification of the microsatellite DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by resolution of the amplified DNA fragments on a polyacrylamide sequencing gel. We performed a preliminary sequence database search to identify bovine sequences containing (CA)n, (AC)n, (GT)n, or (TG)n blocks, with n greater than or equal to 6. This search yielded 10 sequences containing one or two of the specified repeat blocks and often additional dinucleotide repeat blocks. One of the microsatellite-containing regions has been sequenced twice from independent clones and the reported sequences showed variation in the number of repeats. PCR-amplified fragments of another sequence, the gene for steroid 21-hydroxylase, ranged from 186 to 216 nucleotides in 43 unrelated animals. The database search, as well as the hypervariable microsatellite in the bovine steroid 21-hydroxylase gene, indicates that dinucleotide blocks may be an abundant source of DNA polymorphism in cattle.     

Polymorphic microsatellites developed by cross-species amplifications in common pheasant breeds

Genetic variability was analysed in two common breeds of pheasant (Phasianus colchicus L. 1758) by means of cross-species amplifications of microsatellite loci: 154 chicken, Gallus gallus and 32 turkey, Meleagris gallopavo, primers were tested for amplification of pheasant DNA. Thirty-six primers (25 specific for chicken and 11 for turkey) amplified pheasant DNA. Fifteen markers yielded specific products and were tested for polymorphism. Eight of them (55%) were polymorphic, with an average polymorphism of two alleles per locus. Specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were sequenced; repeats were found in 11 of the 15 markers, although only two loci showed the same repeat and could be homologous to chicken ones.     

Development and characterization of polymorphic markers for the sap-stain fungus Ophiostoma quercus

Eight polymorphic markers were developed from South African isolates of Ophiostoma quercus. The genome was screened for repeat regions using the fast isolation by amplified fragment length polymorphism of sequences containing repeats protocol and 20 de novo primer pairs flanking putative microsatellite regions were designed. Eight loci were optimized and their polymorphisms evaluated by sequencing. The repeat and flanking regions were highly polymorphic containing both indels and base-pair substitutions revealing a total of 46 alleles in 14 isolates and an average heterozygosity of 0.68. Substantial sequence variability makes these markers useful for genotyping populations in order to calculate diversity and monitor global movement of O. quercus.     

Development of EST-SSR markers through data mining and their use for genetic diversity study in Indian accessions of Jatropha curcas L.: a potential energy crop

Jatropha curcas L. is gaining importance as a potential energy crop. However, lack of sufficient numbers of molecular markers hinder current research on crop improvement in Jatropha. The expressed sequences tags (EST) sequences deposited in public databases, offers an excellent opportunity to identify simple sequence repeats (SSRs) through data mining, for further research on molecular breeding. In the present study 42,477 ESTs of J. curcas were screened, out of which 5,673 SSRs were identified with 48.8 % simple (excluding mononucleotide repeats) and 52.2 % compound repeat motifs. Amongst these repeat motifs, dinucleotide repeats were abundant (26.5 %), followed by trinucleotide (23.1 %) and tetranucleotide repeats (0.8 %). From these microsatellites, 32 EST-SSR (genic microsatellite) primer pairs were designed. These primers were used to analyze the genetic diversity among 42 accessions collected from different parts of India. Out of the 32 EST-SSR primers, 24 primer pairs exhibited polymorphism among the genotypes, with amplicons varying from one to eight, giving an average of 2.33 alleles per polymorphic marker. Polymorphic information content value ranged from 0.02 to 0.5 with an average of 0.402 indicating moderate level of informativeness within these EST-SSRs markers. The EST-SSR markers developed here will serve as a valuable resource for genetic studies, like linkage mapping, diversity analysis, quantitative trait locus/association mapping, and molecular breeding. The current study also revealed low diversity in the screened Indian Jatropha germplasm. Therefore, the future efforts must be made to broaden the gene pool of Jatropha for the creation of genetic diversity that can be further used for crop improvement through breeding.