高山草原狭翅雏蝗的生物学特性及种群空间分布

在甘肃省夏河县甘加高山草原,对狭翅雏蝗的发生期、食量、空间格局及动态进行了系统研究。结果表明,该虫1年发生1代,以卵在土中越冬,翌年5月下旬至6月上旬开始孵化出土,6月中旬至下旬为孵化出土盛期,蝗蝻多数为4龄,少数(约23％)为5龄,整个蝗蝻期为70．45±15．76d,成虫寿命42．36±13.46d;取食量随龄期增大而增大,蝗蝻期平均食量为368．3mg,成虫期平均食量为743．8mg,狭翅雏蝗在前期低龄蝗蝻阶段为聚集分布,高龄蝗蝻及成虫阶段以均匀分布和随机分布为主。     

齐齐哈尔市玉米田双斑长跗萤叶甲成虫发生规律

[目的]明确齐齐哈尔市玉米田双斑长跗萤叶甲Monolepta hieroglyphica成虫发生规律,为该害虫的预测预报和综合防治提供科学依据.[方法]2017-2019年,通过在齐齐哈尔市玉米田间罩网,定点观察双斑长跗萤叶甲成虫羽化动态、虫体大小、发生数量与温度及降雨量的关系.[结果]成虫羽化出土始见期在7月上中旬,初期羽化出土的成虫虫体偏小;7月下旬-8月上旬为成虫羽化出土高峰期,虫体的长度与宽度明显增大,8月上中旬,羽化出土的成虫虫体达到最大值;8月中旬以后羽化出土成虫数量明显下降,成虫虫体的长度与宽度逐渐减小;到8月下旬-9月上旬只有少量的成虫羽化出土,成虫虫体的大小与初期羽化出土期的相近;9月中旬以后零星羽化出土的成虫虫体大小达到最小值;9月下旬以后未见有成虫羽化出土,10月上旬田间成虫消失.双斑长跗萤叶甲成虫羽化出土持续时间在61-74 d,平均1 m2玉米田羽化出土的成虫12.0-97.8头.温度对双斑长跗萤叶甲成虫羽化出土始见期、盛发期、持续时间影响较大,5-7月温度高有利于成虫羽化出土.降雨量对羽化出土的双斑长跗萤叶甲成虫总量影响较大,6-8月降雨量大羽化出土的成虫数量减少.[结论]齐齐哈尔玉米田双斑长跗萤叶甲成虫在7月上中旬羽化出土,8月上中旬达到高峰,与当地玉米抽雄吐丝期相遇,8月中旬后成虫羽化数量明显减少,8月下至9月初仅有零星羽化出土,9月下旬无新羽化出土,10月上旬田间成虫消失.成虫虫体大小与羽化时期密切相关,以羽化盛期的虫体最大.温度和降水影响成虫的羽化时间和数量.     

茴香薄翅野螟发生动态的调查

经调查研究表明:在青海省的油菜种植区,茴香薄翅野螟Evergestis extimalis Scopoli越冬幼虫从6月初开始化蛹,6月中旬化蛹率达为80%,到6月下旬化蛹率达到100%;成虫于7月上旬开始羽化,7月15～20日为成虫羽化高峰;田间卵始见期为6月下旬至7月上旬,7月中旬达到产卵高峰期;越冬幼虫平均死亡率为96.63%。     

西藏飞蝗的生物学特性

西藏飞蝗Locusta.migratoria tibetensis Chen在四川甘孜州1年发生1代,某些地方(乡城县)1年发生不完整的2代,即以卵越冬,翌年3月下旬开始孵化出土,4月中、下旬为孵化盛期,1~3龄始盛期为4月中旬~5月中旬,高峰期为5月下旬,7月上旬初始羽化,7月下旬~8月上旬为羽化盛期,8月上旬始见产卵,8月下旬~9月上旬为产卵盛期,第1代成虫较早产下的卵块在条件适宜的情况下可于当年9月上旬孵化出土,但孵化出的蝗蝻不能越冬。该虫卵、全蝻期及全世代的发育起点温度分别为14.2,16.1,14.6℃,有效积温为179.1日.度、360.0日.度、787.8日.度。在18,21,24,27和30℃等5种恒温条件下其平均世代历期214.4,133.3,79.2,66.3和50.7d。     

黑河上游天然草地亚洲小车蝗蝗蝻与成虫多度分布与地形关系的GAM分析

环境异质性是生物空间格局形成与维持的重要条件, 蝗虫的空间分布是物种长期适应自然环境的结果, 反映了蝗虫与生存环境的协同进化机制。在2009年7-8月野外调查的基础上, 借助GIS和S-PLUS 8.0软件, 利用广义相加模型（GAM）研究了祁连山北坡黑河上游亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus蝗蝻与成虫多度分布与海拔、 坡向、 坡度和剖面曲率等6类地形因子之间的关系。结果表明： 亚洲小车蝗蝗蝻与成虫的多度分布与地形因子关系的GAM模型具有不同的模型结构、 模拟效果以及结果的稳定性, 能够较好地体现二者所受地形因子影响的差异。各地形因子对亚洲小车蝗蝗蝻与成虫多度的影响不尽相同, 海拔对二者的多度分布起主导控制作用, 蝗蝻与成虫的多度均随海拔的升高大体呈现倒“V”型变化趋势, 但蝗蝻在海拔梯度上的分布上限明显大于成虫。成虫主要集中分布在剖面曲率<0的区域, 蝗蝻主要集中分布在南坡与西南坡。亚洲小车蝗蝗蝻与成虫对环境选择的异质性属性, 使蝗蝻和成虫在相同地形要素的分布格局存在明显差异。     

越冬代亚洲玉米螟成虫发生动态及其与温度关系初探——以通辽市开鲁县为例

为明确亚洲玉米螟越冬代成虫发生动态及其与温度的关系,于2007-2016年利用频振式杀虫灯结合当地气象数据进行系统调查与分析。结果表明,自然条件下内蒙古通辽地区越冬代玉米螟成虫始见期在6月初(6月5日左右),高峰期在6月下旬(6月26日左右),终见期为7月中旬(7月14日左右),整个成虫期有效温度累积范围在150.0℃~750.0℃之间,高峰期集中在350.0℃~450.0℃的范围内。总的来看,越冬代成虫始见期与高峰期与吉林省中部地区大体相同,终见期稍晚于吉林中部地区但早于黑龙江哈尔滨地区。通辽与吉林中部地区越冬代成虫期(均40 d左右)约比黑龙江哈尔滨地区短10 d。可见,各地越冬代玉米螟成虫发生期的早晚和持续时间长短因地而异,同一地区受年份间的气温变化其也会出现差异。     

2007－2012 年佛冈县稻飞虱灯下发生期及种群数量动态分析

明确佛冈县稻飞虱灯下发生期及灯诱种群数量动态,对当地稻飞虱的预测预报和防治工作具有重要意义.根据佛冈县2007-2012年白背飞虱和褐飞虱的灯诱数据,分析了该县白背飞虱和褐飞虱的灯下始见日、终见日、发生期及灯诱量等.结果表明在佛冈地区,白背飞虱和褐飞虱混合发生;白背飞虱的灯下始见日集中在3月底至4月上旬,明显比褐飞虱早一个月,终见日均在10月下旬,差别不大;稻飞虱在早稻和晚稻期间均会出现大小不一的灯诱高峰,早稻期间白背飞虱高峰期集中在5月中旬至6月中旬,褐飞虱灯诱高峰期较迟,主要在7月中旬前后;晚稻期间向背飞虱高峰期大多在9月上旬至10月上旬,褐飞虱高峰期在10月份;早稻期间,白背飞虱的灯诱量占绝对优势,晚稻期间褐飞虱的灯诱量上升,与白背飞虱灯诱量基本持平.因此,佛冈县稻飞虱的灯下发生期及种群数量动态在一定程度上可反映当地稻飞虱的发生情况.     

杨树粒肩天牛的生物学特性

杨树粒肩天牛在福建省2a发生1代;老熟幼虫在第2年4月下旬至5月初开始化蛹,成虫出现期始于5月底6月初,6月中下旬到7月上旬为盛发期,9月上旬只见个别成虫;产卵期始于6月中旬,6月下旬至7月中旬为产卵高峰期;幼虫孵化期为6月下旬到8月中旬,7月上中旬为为盛发期;幼虫不越冬。杨树粒肩天牛成虫为补充营养所取食的树种较集中,主要是构树与桑树。杨树粒肩天牛幼虫对杨树危害严重,但成虫却不喜欢取食杨树,用杨树饲养的粒肩天牛成虫寿命很短,仅3-19d,不产卵;而以桑树为补充营养的雌成虫的平均寿命为55d、雄26.5d;以构树为补充营养的雌成虫的平均寿命为78d、雄45.5d,补充桑树与构树的粒肩天牛成虫均可正常产卵。雌雄成虫一生可多次交尾。雌虫有多次产卵现象,单雌每天产卵数量1-12粒不等。     

河北夏蝗大发生与气象条件的关系

利用合成分析和秩相关系数2种方法,分析了河北2种生态类型蝗区中夏蝗LocustamigratoriaL.发生程度与气象条件的关系,以确定影响夏蝗大发生的关键气象因子。结果表明:2个类型蝗区大发生年以前一年5月至当年夏蝗出土以前的气温偏高、降水偏少为主;前一年6月下旬、7月上旬、8月上旬、8月中旬气温、6月上旬降水、当年3月下旬降水、4月下旬气温为沿海蝗区关键影响因子,前一年7月上旬和8月下旬气温、5月中旬降水及当年2月中、下旬气温、4月下旬和5月上旬气温为洼淀蝗区的关键影响因子。     

二化螟在豫南的发生时期及其方法试验

二化螟在豫南每年主要发生两代,个别发生一代或三代。通过饲养和测螟灯观察:越冬代蛾一般始见于4月下旬或5月初,盛发于5月中、下旬至6月初,终见期为6月中、下旬;第一代蛾一般始见于7月上旬,盛发于7月中、下旬,终见于8月上、中旬;第二代蛾一般始见于8月中、下旬,盛见于8月下旬,终见于8月底或9月中旬。今将各虫态历期和出现期分别制为表1和表2。     

Stage-specific population dynamics of cottony cushion scale,Icerya purchasi (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae), in citrus orchards in Jeju,Korea

The cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae), is a polyphagous, cosmopolitan and destructive pest of citrus. This study was conducted to obtain the stage-specific phenology of I. purchasi for seasonal management strategies in the field. Movement of crawlers (hatched nymphs) in egg sacs of overwintered females started in late May, peaked in early to mid-June, and was completed by late June. Generally, the 1st generation occurred from late May until late September and the overlapping second generation occurred from early September. The 1st nymphs in the 1st generation peaked in mid June. The 2nd nymphs showed peak activity in late July. The 3rd nymphs showed peak population in early September. The 1st generation adults peaked in mid September. In the 2nd generation, the 1st nymphs peaked in early October, the 2nd nymphs showed peak activity in late October, and the 3rd nymphs reached a plateau after mid October. The 2nd generation adults occurred from late October. Consequently, two life cycles were competed in the Jeju area. The average fertilities of I. purchasi were 623 and 247 crawlers per female in overwintered and summer generations, respectively. An average of 20.7% of all citrus orchards was infested with I. purchasi, with a mean of 3.9% infested trees in Jeju. These results should be useful in establishing management strategies for I. purchasi in citrus orchards.     

中国东北地区大豆主要食叶性害虫种类分析

2005～2007年,对大豆食叶性害虫种类开展了系统调查。共发现5目、15科、29种害虫。大豆蚜Aphisglycines Matsumura、茄无网长管蚜Acythosiphon solani(Kaltenbach)、豆黄蓟马Thrips nigropilosus Uzel、二条叶甲成虫Monolepta nigrobilineata(Motsch.)、双斑萤叶甲成虫Monolepta hieroglyphica(Motsch.)、大造桥虫Ascotis selenaria Schiffermüller et Denis幼虫及豆卜馍夜蛾Bomolocha tristalis Lederer幼虫为主要食叶性害虫。其中,大豆蚜、茄无网长管蚜田间发生较早,6月上旬已有发生;大造桥虫幼虫、豆卜馍夜蛾幼虫发生较晚,6月下旬后田间始见发生。豆黄蓟马成虫危害期为6月上旬至9月上旬,若虫危害期为6月中旬至8月下旬。二条叶甲成虫的危害期为6月上旬至9月下旬,双斑萤叶甲成虫发生期为7月上旬至9月上旬。     

白背飞虱回迁种群的形成:2009年安徽潜山的个例分析

皖西南的潜山地处白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)南北往返迁飞的转折点,既是北迁种群的迁入区,又是后期回迁种群形成的重要虫源区。解析此地白背飞虱种群发生的全过程,可为白背飞虱的异地预测和源头治理提供理论依据和技术支撑。本研究利用HYSPLIT轨迹分析平台和MICAPS天气分析系统模拟分析了潜山白背飞虱2009年6个迁入峰次的虫源地和迁入代种群的形成,又通过田间系统调查与雌虫卵巢系统解剖研究了2009年潜山白背飞虱田间发生动态和世代种群性质及回迁种群的形成。结果表明:(1)2009年潜山白背飞虱的迁入虫源6月上旬来自赣西及湘赣交界地区(27.2°N～28.7°N),6月中下旬来自湘南和湘东南地区(25.1°N～26.7°N),7月上旬和下旬来自湘东和赣西地区(27.1°N～28.5°N),7月中旬来自湘东南和赣南地区(25.5°N～26.8°N),7月底8月初来自赣北和赣西北(28.1°N～29.4°N)。(2)2009年潜山白背飞虱在中稻田和晚稻田滞留危害,发生危害期延长,为后期回迁提供了大量的虫源。(3)确定了潜山稻区的中稻田和双季晚稻田各发生世代的虫源性质。2009年,白背飞虱迁入种群在中稻上繁殖一个世代后,新羽化的成虫(第3代,7月下旬至8月中旬)因连续降雨而大量滞留本地继续为害中稻田,其后再迁入晚稻田危害并大量增殖,形成第4代(8月下旬至9月中旬)回迁种群大量南迁。此期仍有部分个体滞留,所形成的第5代为无效虫源。     

The influence of planting date,transgenic Bt maize and hybrid relative maturity on European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) ovipositional patterns

A three year study was carried out at Hoytville and at Wooster, Ohio, USA from 2006 to 2008 to investigate the influence of planting date, transgenic maize and hybrid maturity on Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) population dynamics and oviposition patterns. Maize plants were planted in late April or early May, mid‐May and early June during each year. The moth flight pattern showed bivoltine generations during the three years. The first moth flight peaked in June, with the populations declining during July. The second moth flight peaked in August and declined towards the end of September or early October. Egg mass density did not differ significantly between transgenic and non‐transgenic maize of different maturities. Significant differences were observed, however, among planting dates, sampling dates, and sampling date × planting date interactions. Generally higher numbers of egg masses from second generation moths were deposited on late planted maize than middle and early plantings.     

黄檀丑舟蛾生物学特性及防治的研究

黄檀丑舟蛾是南岭黄檀的重要食叶害虫,该虫在福建南平一年发生6代,以蛹在疏松土壤中越冬,翌年5月初成虫开始羽化。雌虫产卵于嫩叶上,成块。每雌产卵82-306粒。幼虫5龄,各代幼虫的危害盛期;第一代5月下旬至6旬上旬。第二代6月下旬,第三代7月下旬,第四代8月中旬,第五代9月下旬,第六代11月上旬至中旬。试验表明,20%杀灭菊酯4000倍液或80%敌敌畏2000倍液对幼虫均有良好的毒杀效果。     

金绿宽盾蝽的生物学特性

金绿宽盾蝽Poecilocoris lewisi Distant在北京1年1代,以5龄若虫在侧柏(Platycladus orientalis Franco)附近的落叶和石块下越冬,翌年4月上中旬陆续从越冬处爬出,取食侧柏嫩叶。5月中旬5龄若虫开始羽化,6月初为羽化高峰期,6月中下旬羽化期结束,5月到8月为成虫期,7月底到8月中旬交配产卵,8、9月份若虫由1龄发育至5龄,9月中下旬为5龄若虫高峰期,11月5龄若虫开始转移越冬。     

Life cycle of the lilac pyralid Palpita nigropunctalis (Bremer) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on five oleaceous tree species

The seasonal abundance of Palpita nigropunctalis larvae was studied on five oleaceous tree species in Ibaraki, central Japan, for two years. The larval population peaked on some tree species in both spring and autumn while it peaked on other tree species only in autumn. In bimodal populations, the spring peaks consisted of larvae infesting leaves, while the autumn peaks consisted of larvae infesting various tree parts (flowers, fruits and leaves). Larval development was longer and pupal weights were lower on Ligustrum lucidum fruits than on Ligustrum japonicum fruits. Thus, L. japonicum fruits were suitable for larval development in autumn. First-instar larvae appeared to occur three times per year (in late April to early May, mid to late September and early to mid October). Adults were observed from late March to early April, mid May to early June, and early September to mid November at the census sites, showing that P. nigropunctalis had three generations a year. The percentage of females having premature ovaries were 64.3 and 12.5% at 15 °C under 14-h and 15-h photophases, respectively, and 28.6 and 25% at 20 °C under the respective photophases. These temperatures and photoperiods are typical of those in May and June in the census sites. The ovaries of females collected in the field between late May and mid July were premature, in agreement with the laboratory experiments. The pupal duration was prolonged under the short photoperiod, especially at reduced temperatures. We discuss a possible life cycle of P. nigropunctalis in Ibaraki.     

Seasonal abundance and activity of the tick Dermacentor silvarum in northern China

Studies on the seasonal abundance and activity of larvae, nymphs and adults of Dermacentor silvarum (Ixodida: Ixodidae), both on and off the host, were carried out over a 2-year period from February 2008 to January 2010 in northern China. During the study period, feeding ticks were removed weekly from domestic sheep and free-living ticks were collected weekly by flag-dragging in four different habitat types. Rodents were captured and inspected for immature ticks from June to September 2008. The results of this study suggest that the ticks mainly reside in shrubs and complete only one generation per year with sequential seasonal distribution and little overlap between the activity of the larvae and nymphs. Adults were most prevalent from late February to late May and peaked in number in mid-April. Larvae were found from early June to early September and peaked in number in mid-July. Nymphs were mainly distributed from late June to late September and peaked in mid-August. Adult and nymphal D. silvarum were found primarily on the ears of sheep, but no larvae were found on sheep. Additionally, an overwintering male adult population was detected on sheep after October, but no free-living adults were found by dragging.     

东北地区大豆田天敌昆虫优势种类分析

2005~2007年,对中国哈尔滨地区大豆田天敌昆虫开展系统调查。共发现5目、12科、33种天敌昆虫。龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica(Thunberg)、异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)、隐翅甲Ischnosoma sp.成虫和花蝽Oriussp.为大豆田优势种天敌昆虫。其中,隐翅甲Ischnosomasp.成虫于6月上旬至下旬田间发生。花蝽Oriussp.成虫6月下旬至8月下旬发生,异色瓢虫成虫6月下旬至9月下旬发生。龟纹瓢虫幼虫、异色瓢虫幼虫和花蝽Oriussp.若虫多于6月下旬至8月下旬,即大豆生育中期发生;龟纹瓢虫成虫田间发生期较长,大豆生育期中6月中旬至9月下旬均有发生。