凹纹胡蜂与黑尾胡蜂生物学初步研究：膜翅目：胡蜂科

本文首次介绍了凹纹胡蜂Vespa velutina auraria Smith与黑尾胡蜂V.tropica ducalis Smith在实验室内饲养和自然条件下的生物学习性观察情况。结果表明,两种胡蜂在室内温度14—25℃,相对湿度43—89％条件下完成一代发育所需时间为33—53天,其中卵期9—15天,幼虫期10—18天,蛹期15一20天,全年可发生三代。工蜂寿命为24—142天,雄蜂4—60天。 凹纹胡蜂可在人工控制条件下越冬和自行营巢。 两种胡蜂的主要天敌是蜂蝙科Stylopidae和寄绳科Tachinidae昆虫。     

DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW BIOSENSOR FOR DETERMINATION OF CATALASE ACTIVITY

Catalase is one of the major antioxidant enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of H₂O₂. The aim of this study was to suggest a new method for the assay of catalase activity. For this purpose, an amperometric biosensor based on glucose oxidase for determination of catalase activity was developed. Immobilization of glucose oxidase was made by a cross-linking method with glutaraldehyde on a Clark-type electrode (dissolved oxygen probe). Optimization and characterization properties of the biosensor were studied and determination of catalase activity in defined conditions was investigated in artificial serum solution. The results were compared with a reference method.     

双酶电极法测定L-苯丙氨酸的研究

本文以Ｃｌａｒｋ氧电极为基础,把水杨酸羟化酶和苯丙氨酸脱氨酶同时固定在氧电极的表面,制成了双酶生物传感器。在磷酸缓冲液中,水杨酸浓度为０．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核甘酸（ＮＡＤ＾＋）的浓度为１．０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,其响应电流的变化对应反池中Ｌ－苯丙氨酸的浓度在０－０．１５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ之内有良好的线性范围。     

The role of trust in restoration success: public engagement and temporal and spatial scale in a complex social‐ecological system

The social dimensions of river restoration are not well understood especially in the context of large‐scale restoration projects embedded in a complex social‐ecological system. This study used in‐depth interviews with diverse stakeholders to examine perceptions of restoration success on the Clark Fork River Superfund project in Western Montana. Trust emerged as critical to restoration success and was influenced by public engagement, and by spatial and temporal scale. At this large scale, multiple relationships between agencies, NGOs, businesses, landowners, and other stakeholders meant that building trust was a complicated endeavor. The large spatial scale and long time frame made public engagement challenging, and landowners in particular were critical of the project, expressing mistrust in both agencies and the project as a whole. However, projects focused on smaller spatial scales, such as particular stream reaches, appeared to inspire more effective collaboration. Relationships between organizations were important at this large scale, but inter‐organizational conflict affected trust across the project. Further, because trust requires accepting vulnerability, recognizing the differential vulnerability that particular groups and communities experience, based on the risks and benefits they accrue relative to the project, is important.     

Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717)

Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717): Pioneer of developmental biology and ecology Maria Sibylla Merian was an extraordinary women who transformed not only the art of scientific illustration, but also made substantial contributions to the emerging discipline of organismic biology. Like Darwin, Wallace, Haeckel and Weismann, Merian developed her skills for scientific observation (butterflies, moths) and drawing (animals, plants) at an early age, and became, despite being a divorced single mother, famous in a male‐dominated German‐Dutch society. Here, her neglected achievements as pioneer of developmental biology and ecology (animal‐plant‐interactions) are described, with a focus on Merian's elucidation of the life cycles of 186 insect species and that of several amphibians. Based on her experimental results, summarized in three published monographs, Merian refuted the Aristotelian idea of ”spontaneous generation“. Three hundred years after her death (13. Jan. 2017), we should appreciate Merian's outstanding scientific discoveries and biological insights.     

Metal exposures to native populations of the caddisfly Hydropsyche (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) determined from cytosolic and whole body metal concentrations

Metal concentrations of the soluble fraction of the cytoplasm (cytosol) and the whole body were determined in the caddisfly Hydropsyche spp. (Trichoptera). Metal accumulation in the cytosol and the whole body were compared in samples collected along 380 kms of a contamination gradient in the Clark Fork river in four consecutive years (1992–1995), and from a contaminated tributary (Flint Creek). Samples from the contaminated sites were compared to an uncontaminated tributary (Blackfoot River). Relations between cytosolic metal concentration and cytosolic protein (used as a general biomarker of protein metabolism) also were examined in 1994 and 1995. Relative to whole body concentrations, cytosolic metal concentrations varied among metals and years. Spatial patterns in whole body and cytosolic Cd, Cu and Pb concentrations were qualitatively similar each year, and these concentrations generally corresponded to contamination levels measured in bed sediments. The proportions of metals recovered in the cytosol of ranged from 12 to 64% for Cd and Cu and from 2 to 38% for Pb. Zinc in the whole body also was consistent with contamination levels, but cytosolic Zn concentrations increased only at the highest whole body Zn concentrations. As a result, the proportion of Zn recovered in the cytosol ranged from 16 to 63% and tended to be inversely related to whole body Zn concentrations. The proportions of cytosolic metals varied significantly among years and, as a result, interannual differences in metal concentrations were greater in the cytosol than in the whole body. The results demonstrated that Hydropsyche in the river were chronically exposed to biologically available metals. Some features of this exposure were not evident from whole body concentrations. In general, protein levels did not correspond to cytosolic metal concentrations. A variety of environmental factors could interact with metal exposures to produce complex responses in protein metabolism. Systematic study will be necessary to differentiate the effects of multiple environmental stressors on organisms living in contaminated ecosystems. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A NEW TRAVERSODONTID CYNODONT (THERAPSIDA, EUCYNODONTIA) FROM THE MIDDLE TRIASSIC SANTA MARIA FORMATION OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRAZIL

Abstract:  Remains of a peculiar traversodontid cynodont, Protuberum cabralensis gen. et sp. nov., are described herein. The material was collected from two outcrops representing the Therapsid Cenozone (Middle Triassic) of the Santa Maria Formation, and consists of a cranium with most of its dentition preserved and an associated postcranial skeleton. The upper postcanines have two sharp cusps that are connected by a medial crest on unworn postcanines. The specimens possess several autapomorphies, including: (1) presence of thickened bone on the dorsal surface of the skull; (2) thick dorsal ribs, with remarkable processes situated on their dorsal borders that decrease in size distally; and (3) an iliac blade with a series of rugosities along its dorsal border. The lumbar ribs bear overlapping costal plates and have distally projecting rib shafts that differ from the pattern observed in Thrinaxodon , Pascualgnathus and Cynognathus .     

Comparison of methods for measuring oxygen consumption in tumor cells in vitro

The oxygen consumption rate of tumor cells affects tumor oxygenation and response to therapies. Highly sensitive methods for determining cellular oxygen consumption are, therefore, needed to identify treatments that can modulate this parameter. We compared the performances of three different methods for measuring cellular oxygen consumption: electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry, the Clark electrode, and the MitoXpress fluorescent assay. To compare the assays, we used K562 cells in the presence of rotenone and hydrocortisone, compounds that are known to inhibit the mitochondrial electron transport chain to different extents. The EPR method was the only one that could identify both rotenone and hydrocortisone as inhibitors of tumor cell oxygen consumption. The Clark electrode and the fluorescence assay demonstrated a significant decrease in cellular oxygen consumption after administration of the most potent inhibitor (rotenone) but failed to show any significant effect of hydrocortisone. EPR oximetry is, therefore, the most sensitive method for identifying inhibitors of oxygen consumption on cell assays, whereas the Clark electrode offers the unique opportunity to add external compounds during experiments and still shows great sensitivity in studying enzyme and chemical reactions that consume oxygen (non-cell assays). Finally, the MitoXpress fluorescent assay has the advantage of a high-sample throughput and low bulk requirements but at the cost of a lower sensitivity.     

苹婆种子营养及抗氧化活性

介绍了一种原产华南、种子可食的木本植物——苹婆的生物学特性,并以广西苹婆（Sterculia nobilisSmith）种子为材料,对其营养成分进行了测定。通过测定其多酚提取物的还原力和金属螯合力,以及对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPHH）自由基、羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力,探讨了苹婆种子的抗氧化活性。结果显示：苹婆种子营养丰富,含有18种氨基酸,富含酚类物质。其中,淀粉含量60.42 g/100 g FW、蛋白质20.32 g/100 g FW、脂肪2.18 g/100 g FW、氨基酸2.36 g/100 g FW、铁136.86 mg/g FW、维生素C 7225μg/100 g FW;总酚含量为401.84μg/mL没食子酸。苹婆种子多酚提取物有较强的还原力,金属螯合力,以及DPPH自由基、羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基清除能力,在0～50μg/mL浓度范围,苹婆抗氧化能力与抗坏血酸或乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）相当。苹婆种子营养全面,具有较强的抗氧化能力,苹婆是很有潜力的功能食品来源植物。     

The Maynard Smith model of sympatric speciation

The paper entitled "Sympatric speciation," which was published by John Maynard Smith in 1966, initiated the development of mathematical models aiming to identify the conditions for sympatric speciation. A part of that paper was devoted to a specific two-locus, two-allele model of sympatric speciation in a population occupying a two-niche system. Maynard Smith provided some initial numerical results on this model. Later, Dickinson and Antonovics (1973) and Caisse and Antonovics (1978) performed more extensive numerical studies on the model. Here, I report analytical results on the haploid version of the Maynard Smith model. I show how the conditions for sympatric and parapatric speciation and the levels of resulting genetic divergence and reproductive isolation are affected by the strength of disruptive selection and nonrandom mating, recombination rate, and the rates of male and female dispersal between the niches.     

Photosystem II-based biosensors for the detection of pollutants

Photosystem II (PSII) is the supramolecular pigment–protein complex in the chloroplast, which catalyses the light-induced transfer of electrons from water to plastoquinone (PQ) in a process that evolves oxygen. The PSII complex is also known to bind some groups of (photosynthetic) herbicides, heavy metals and other chemical substances that affect its activity. The objective of this study is to provide an overview of the systems available for the bioassay of pollutants using biosensors that are based on the photochemical activity of PSII. Some applications of the PSII-based biosensors including herbicide, heavy metal monitoring and the detection of radiation in space experiments are reported.     

On phytoplankton aggregation: a view from an IBM approach

In this paper, we build up an individual-based model (IBM) that describes the aggregative behavior in phytoplankton. The processes in play at the individual level (an individual=a phytoplankton cell) are: a random dispersal, a displacement due to the net effect of cells present in a suitable neighborhood (spatial interactions) and a branching (cell division and death). The IBM model provides a virtual world where phytoplankton cells appear to form clusters. Using this model, we explore the spatial structure of phytoplankton and present some numerical simulations that help the understanding of the aggregation phenomenon.     

Founding events influence genetic population structure of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Lake Clark, Alaska

Bottlenecks can have lasting effects on genetic population structure that obscure patterns of contemporary gene flow and drift. Sockeye salmon are vulnerable to bottleneck effects because they are a highly structured species with excellent colonizing abilities and often occupy geologically young habitats. We describe genetic divergence among and genetic variation within spawning populations of sockeye salmon throughout the Lake Clark area of Alaska. Fin tissue was collected from sockeye salmon representing 15 spawning populations of Lake Clark, Six-mile Lake, and Lake Iliamna. Allele frequencies differed significantly at 11 microsatellite loci in 96 of 105 pairwise population comparisons. Pairwise estimates of FST ranged from zero to 0.089. Six-mile Lake and Lake Clark populations have historically been grouped together for management purposes and are geographically proximate. However, Six-mile Lake populations are genetically similar to Lake Iliamna populations and are divergent from Lake Clark populations. The reduced allelic diversity and strong divergence of Lake Clark populations relative to Six-mile Lake and Lake Iliamna populations suggest a bottleneck associated with the colonization of Lake Clark by sockeye salmon. Geographic distance and spawning habitat differences apparently do not contribute to isolation and divergence among populations. However, temporal isolation based on spawning time and founder effects associated with ongoing glacial retreat and colonization of new spawning habitats contribute to the genetic population structure of Lake Clark sockeye salmon. Nonequilibrium conditions and the strong influence of genetic drift caution against using estimates of divergence to estimate gene flow among populations of Lake Clark sockeye salmon.     

Limitations of a calculated N mineralization potential in studies of the N mineralization process

Soil is often incubated under controlled conditions to assess its capacity to mineralize nitrogen and to define the N mineralization potential (N_o) by fitting a negative exponential curve to N mineralization data. The specificity of N_o for a given soil and its relevance in N mineralization studies was examined as part of an overall study of the N mineralization process. Soil mixed with an equal amount of sand was aerobically incubated at 35 °C and leached at specific time intervals. Upon leaching, ammonium and nitrate were measured in the extract.It was found that N mineralization data did not always follow first-order kinetics making it difficult to calculate N_o. The computed N_o value was influenced by the shape of the curve, the duration of the incubation experiment and was reciprocally related to the N mineralization constant (k_exp). N_o did not always give an adequate indication of the amount of N mineralized and was not soil specific as the time of sampling largely affected its size. The usefulness of N_o in the simulation of the N mineralization process with a k_exp value valid for all soils was limited and a k_exp value specific for each soil was required. A value combining the soil specific N_o and k_exp values and reflecting the amount of N mineralized over one year was proposed as a suitable alternative to the use of N_o in comparative studies of the N mineralization process. It was concluded that a calculated N_o could not be used in studies comparing the N mineralization of different soils. In addition, the simulation of the N mineralization required the use of the soil specific k_exp and could not be carried out with a k_exp valid for all soils.     

湖北双蝴蝶的胚胎发生

对湖北双蝴蝶大孢子发生、雌配子体形成、受精、胚及胚乳发育过程进行了解剖学观察研究.结果显示:(1)子房2心皮,1室-侧膜胎座,薄珠心,单珠被,倒生胚珠,胚珠列数为4列;大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成的4个大孢子多呈直线形排列,少数为"T"形四分体,合点端的大孢子具功能;胚囊发育为蓼型;3个反足细胞宿存至8-细胞原胚.(2)珠孔受精;胚乳发育为核型;胚发育为茄型.(3)果实成熟时,种子发育至球形胚阶段.     

How Owen ‘stole’ the Dodo: academic rivalry and disputed rights to a newly-discovered subfossil deposit in nineteenth century Mauritius

The discovery of the first fossil Dodo remains in the Mare aux Songes marsh, Mauritius, in 1865 resulted in a race to publish on the Dodo's post-cranial anatomy. George Clark, probable discoverer of the fossil site, sent consignments of bones initially to Richard Owen (British Museum), and subsequently to Alfred Newton, Cambridge, via Alfred's brother Edward, who was stationed on Mauritius. After receiving the first consignment, Owen intercepted material intended for Alfred, and abused his position to forestall any complaints from Alfred. Owen published on the Dodo first, while Clark was financially rewarded, but Clark's ensuing arguments over the site discovery with railway engineer, Harry Higginson, and attempt to cover up the abundance of Dodo bones, thus keeping prices high, concluded in a bitter rivalry that was never resolved between Owen and the Newton brothers.