川硬皮肿腿蜂在松褐天牛幼虫上的合作繁育行为

【目的】硬皮肿腿蜂Sclerodermus spp.在寄生蜂中独有雌蜂合作繁育的准社会行为。本研究旨在明确该合作繁育行为在非自然寄主天牛上有何表现。【方法】随机选取松褐天牛Monochamus alternatus幼虫(体重范围0.16～0.44 g),个体称体重后分别接1, 2和4头已交配但尚未产卵的川硬皮肿腿蜂S.sichuanensis雌蜂即母蜂,观测母蜂产卵前期和子代发育表现等参数,分析寄主体重(连续自变量)和接蜂数(分类自变量)对这些参数的影响。【结果】对所有观测参数的分析未发现寄主体重与接蜂数这两因素之间存在互作影响,说明这两个因素独立影响观测特征。川硬皮肿腿蜂母蜂产卵前期随寄主体重增大而逐渐延长,但在母蜂数较多的情况下产卵前期缩短:接4头蜂处理下产卵前期比接1和2头处理下的产卵前期分别缩短18.3%和20.6%。按照母蜂平均产子代蜂数量(蜂均产蜂量)计算,接1头蜂处理下的蜂均产蜂量分别是接2和4头蜂处理下的蜂均产蜂量的1.5和3.3倍;蜂均产蜂量不受寄主体重的影响。子代蜂性比(雄蜂占比)在接蜂数较多处理下略有增大,但仍然极端偏雌;性比不受寄主体重的影响。子代卵至成虫存活率在接4头母蜂处理下最低,比接1和2头母蜂处理下分别降低37.4%和30.5%;子代卵至成虫存活率不受寄主体重的影响。子代蜂体型(后足胫节长度)随寄主体重增大而增大,但不受接蜂数的影响。【结论】本研究结果说明,在合作利用体型较大的非自然寄主时,母蜂数量比寄主体型大小对川硬皮肿腿蜂的合作繁育行为产生更大的影响。     

管氏肿腿蜂密度对其寄生及繁衍能力的影响

本研究以管氏肿腿蜂Sclerodermus guani雌成蜂为研究对象,拟探明寄生蜂密度对其寄生及繁衍能力的影响,为该寄生蜂行为生物学研究提供科学依据。本研究以松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus幼虫(0.350～0.450 g)为寄主,设置8种不同雌蜂密度(1～8头/寄主),对比分析不同雌蜂密度下,管氏肿腿蜂的寄生行为和效能,以及雌蜂生殖力和子代适合度变化。结果表明,随雌蜂密度增加,管氏肿腿蜂蛰刺发生前历时、寄主麻痹历时及产卵前历时均缩短。基于Hassell-Varley数据模型分析(E=0.9023×P^-0.9378),雌蜂的寻找效应随自身密度增加而逐渐变小,雌蜂间的干扰降低了寄生效能。雌蜂生殖力随其密度增加而降低,单雌平均产卵量及产雌量明显下降,雌蜂密度为1头/寄主时,单雌产卵量分别是4头/寄主和8头/寄主处理下的1.4倍和2.4倍。子代适合度也随雌蜂密度增加而变化,子代发育历期明显缩短,低龄幼虫存活率和单雌体重均下降。雌蜂密度为1头/寄主时,其子代发育历期最长,平均为26.7 d, 8头/寄主时最短,平均为24.0 d。雌蜂密度为1头/寄主时...     

黄粉甲低温贮存对管氏肿腿蜂发育和繁殖的影响

寄主的活动能力和营养状况是影响寄生蜂繁育效果的主要因素。以黄粉甲蛹为寄主,筛选其最佳贮存温度和时间,达到短时间内降低寄主活动能力的同时,保证其有充足营养满足寄生蜂发育所需,对于管氏肿腿蜂的规模化生产有重要意义。在9,3,-3,-9℃条件下,分别贮存黄粉甲TenebriomolitorL.蛹5,15,25,35和45d对管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guaniXiaoetWu发育、存活以及增殖的影响。结果表明,寄主活动能力随贮存温度的降低而减弱,有利于管氏肿腿蜂的寄生,寄生率和蜂种存活率不断升高;寄主的不同贮存对寄生蜂卵孵化率影响小于对幼虫存活率影响,而对蛹羽化率则无任何影响。管氏肿腿蜂各阶段历期与寄主贮存温度和时间有着一定关系,-3和-9℃条件下,寄主贮存时间越长,所接寄生蜂产卵前期越短;不同贮存温度和时间的寄主间,寄生蜂卵期、幼虫期和蛹期的持续时间存在一定差异,最短分别为3.39,6.27和15.15d,而对预蛹期无显著差异;幼期的变化趋势同产卵前期。寄主经不同温度和时间贮存后,所繁育的管氏肿腿蜂最高产卵量为33.19粒/雌、最高出蜂量为20.07头/雌、雌雄最高性比可达17.53∶1,分别是CK的2.21,3.17和1.26倍。总体而言,寄主经-9℃贮存15~25d后最有利于繁蜂,其中-9℃贮存15d出蜂量最高。单雌出蜂量较现有报道提高3倍。     

球孢白僵菌对管氏肿腿蜂致死和寄生的次代效应

【目的】基于自然微栖境中两种寄生性天敌球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana-管氏肿腿蜂Sclerodermus guani之间存在竞争和寄生的复杂关系,探究球孢白僵菌胁迫下寄生蜂的适应性生殖策略,并综合评价寄生蜂亲代携带球孢白僵菌(简称“携菌”)后对自身及其子代的致死和寄生效应。【方法】采用浸虫法用不同浓度(1×10⁴, 1×10⁵和1×10⁶孢子/mL)球孢白僵菌孢悬液(简称“菌液”)处理亲代(F₄₈代)管氏肿腿蜂雌成蜂后接入装有寄主松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus幼虫的试管中,测定亲代(F₄₈代)雌成蜂及其子代(F₄₉代)雌成蜂的死亡率、累计死亡率和校正死亡率、产卵前期、产卵期、总产卵量及单雌产卵量;子代(F₄₉代)和子二代(F₅₀代)的平均发育历期、存活率、单雌体重及性比(雄性占比),结合时间-剂量-死亡率模型(time-dose-mortality model, TDM)测定球...     

聚寄生性蝶蛹金小蜂雌蜂体型大小对产卵策略的影响

在寄生蜂行为生态学研究中, 通常将寄主体型大小作为寄主品质的主要性状来探究寄生蜂的搜寻行为机理, 而忽略寄生蜂体型大小的意义。为揭示聚寄生蜂雌蜂体型大小对其产卵决策的影响, 在严格控制寄主菜粉蝶Pieris rapae蛹体型大小（体重）的情况下, 于室内观察了不同体型大小的蝶蛹金小蜂Pteromalus puparum雌蜂的产卵行为, 并调查了子代蜂数量（窝卵数）、 性比和体型大小的变化。结果表明： 雌蜂在寄主上的驻留时间随其自身体型增大而缩短, 但随寄主体重增大而延长。窝卵数和余卵量受到雌蜂体型大小的显著影响, 均随雌蜂体型增大而显著增加（P<0.05）; 但子代蜂性比不受雌蜂体型大小的显著影响 (P>0.05)。子代雌、 雄性体型大小均与雌蜂体型大小无关, 但子代雌蜂体型随寄主体重增大而增大。结果证实, 雌性蝶蛹金小蜂体型大小影响其部分产卵决策。因此, 在建立聚寄生蜂产卵决策模型中应考虑雌蜂体型大小这一重要变量因素。     

螟蛉盘绒茧蜂的过寄生行为及其对子代生长发育的影响

【目的】过寄生现象普遍存在于寄生蜂寄生过程中。本研究旨在探究螟蛉盘绒茧蜂Cotesia ruficrus的过寄生对子代发育的影响及影响过寄生行为的主要因素。【方法】室内研究了螟蛉盘绒茧蜂在其寄主稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis3龄幼虫上过寄生行为的发生,不同产卵次数对寄主存活及子代蜂生长发育的影响,研究了不同接蜂时间和不同接蜂密度对过寄生发生的影响。【结果】螟蛉盘绒茧蜂存在过寄生行为,无论雌蜂有无产卵寄生经历,均能在被自身寄生过和同种不同个体寄生过的寄主内产卵。寄生蜂茧量随着被产卵次数的增加而增加,被产卵3~5次的寄主体内死亡的寄生蜂幼虫数随着增大。寄主在育出蜂前的死亡率随着被产卵寄生次数的增加而增加,被产卵5次时,寄主育出蜂前死亡率达50%。过寄生使螟蛉盘绒茧蜂子代蜂卵-蛹的历期延长,羽化率和雌雄性比下降,雌蜂体型随寄生次数的增加显著变小。过寄生率随着接蜂密度及接蜂时间的增加而增加。【结论】在寄主上产卵2次对螟蛉盘绒茧蜂子代发育是最适合的,产卵3次及以上为过寄生。过寄生使蜂子代发育适合度降低,不利于子代生长发育。在室内大量繁殖螟蛉盘绒茧蜂时,应减少接蜂密度和接蜂时间,从而减少过寄生的发生。     

不同温度条件对利用黄粉甲繁育管氏肿腿蜂的影响

在恒温 2 0 ,2 2 ,2 4,2 6,2 8和 3 0℃的实验条件下 ,利用黄粉甲TenebriomolitorL .做中间寄主繁育管氏肿腿蜂SclerodermaguaniXiaoetWu ,测定了其发育历期和寄生率等生物学参数。结果显示 ,在被测温度范围内 ,管氏肿腿蜂的发育速率与温度呈正比关系 ,即随着温度的升高 ,发育历期逐渐缩短。卵至羽化的发育起点温度为 1 3 60℃ ,有效积温为 3 2 0 0 7日·度。温度对管氏肿腿蜂的寄生率、寄生成功率、产卵量、子代蜂的数量和性比都有较显著影响。结合发育历期的结果 ,认为适于人工大量繁蜂的温度范围为 2 4～ 2 8℃ ,2 6℃为最适温度。     

利用黄粉甲繁育管氏肿腿蜂:不同蜂虫比对繁育效果的影响

利用黄粉甲Tenebriomolitor的蛹作为中间寄主繁育管氏肿腿蜂Sclerodermaguani,测定了不同蜂虫比对发育历期、寄生率等几项评价繁育效果的重要指标。结果显示接蜂时不同蜂虫比对雌蜂产卵量和育出的子代蜂数量有较明显的影响,当蜂虫比为2∶1时这2项重要指标较为理想。综合比较了寄生率、寄生成功率、子代蜂的发育历期、出蜂数、性比等各项指标后认为,人工扩繁时采用2∶1的蜂虫比较为适宜。     

管氏肿腿蜂的寄生与产卵行为研究

本文研究了管氏肿腿蜂在双条杉天牛幼虫上的产卵行为,其行为过程包括聚集、检验、蛰刺、清理寄主、取食、游走、产卵、休息.在不同寄主上,管氏肿腿蜂卵的分布存在差异:在桑虎天牛幼虫上卵大部分横向排列在寄主体表,两侧和背腹面卵的数量差异极显著;在黄粉虫幼虫体表卵的分布是随机的,卵的排列方向无规律性.从接蜂到产卵,有产卵经验的雌蜂所需的时间显著短于无产卵经验的雌蜂.     

不同虫蜂量对管氏肿腿蜂繁育效果的影响

平均单管出蜂量、子代蜂的平均千头重和平均体长是评价管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guani Xiao et Wu人工繁育效果的三项重要指标.试验测定并分析了利用青杨天牛Saperda populnea幼虫作为中间寄主繁育管氏肿腿蜂时,在不同虫蜂量条件下对这三项指标的影响,结果显示:接蜂时选用的种蜂与寄主的量对繁蜂效果存在不同影响,种蜂量对出蜂量无显著影响,对子代雌蜂千头重和体长均存在显著影响;寄主量对出蜂量、子代雌蜂千头重和体长影响显著.繁蜂生产中,采用规格为12mm×50mm指形管繁蜂时,多选用5只青杨天牛幼虫和4～5头种蜂.也可以根据防治实际中目标害虫的虫口密度及单株放蜂数量来确定每管的接入寄主数和种蜂数.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.