四种栎属青冈亚属植物叶绿体基因组特征及系统发育研究

栎属青冈亚属植物的系统发育地位长期存在着争议，部分种的种间关系不明确。为揭示宁冈青冈(Quercus ningangensis)、曼青冈(Q.oxyodon)、毛曼青冈(Q.gambleana)、竹叶青冈(Q.neglecta)的叶绿体基因组特征及系统发育关系，该研究选择以上4种栎属青冈亚属植物的成熟叶片进行二代测序，对其叶绿体基因组结构和特征进行分析，并结合相关类群进行系统发育研究。结果表明：(1)宁冈青冈、曼青冈、毛曼青冈、竹叶青冈的叶绿体基因组序列长度分别为160 906、160 883、160 832、160 784 bp,均编码133个基因，包括88个蛋白质编码基因、37个tRNA基因、8个rRNA基因。(2)4种栎属青冈亚属植物偏好以A/T结尾的密码子，质体基因组变异区域主要存在于非编码序列。(3)通过IR边界分析得出，4种栎属青冈亚属植物存在ycf1假基因且在IRb/SSC区域发生扩张。(4)系统发育分析显示，在壳斗科中，水青冈属(Fagus)和轮叶三棱栎属(Trigonobalanus)较早分化出来，栎亚属(subg.Quercus)未形成一个单系群，叶绿体基因组建树结...     

黄算珠树(叶下珠科)的名实订正

黄算珠树(Glochidion fortunei Hance)在《中国植物志》和《Flora of China》中被处理为算盘子[G.puber(L.)Hutch.]的异名,但在《广东植物志》中则作为独立物种所收录。基于形态特征比较和文献研究,黄算珠树与台闽算盘子(G.rubrum Blume)实为同种,故将黄算珠树处理为台闽算盘子的异名。另外,将算盘子的学名由Glochidion puberum纠正为G.puber。     

石笔木的学名考正：Tutcheria championii 还是 T. spectabilis?

为何Tutcheria championii Nakai (1940) 发表较晚, 却被《中国植物志》等志书作为正确学名;而 T. spectabilis (Champ. ex Benth.) Dunn (1908)这更早发表的名称却成了异名？ 笔者在本文解释,根据《国际植物命名法规》,因T. championii这后出替代名发表时曾引用Camellia spectabilis Champ. ex Benth.,而主模式标本因此已包含在内,所以在Tutcheria属内,具相同主模式的T. spectabilis是合法名也具有优先权,应为正确学名。     

国产牡竹属野龙竹和版纳甜龙竹的订正

通过对模式标本和原始文献的研究,确认<中国植物志>、、<云南植物志>、<中国竹类植物图志>、<云南树木图志>、<中国竹类图志>等重要专著中广泛使用的版纳甜龙竹学名Dendrocdanus hamittonii Nees et Arn.为错误鉴定,其正确学名为D.parishii Munro;野龙竹(D.semiscandens Hsueh et D.Z.Li)为D.ham iltonii Nees et Arn.的异名.     

桃儿七属的命名学考订

桃儿七属（Sinopodophyllum）是中国-喜马拉雅地区特有的单型属,仅桃儿七（Shexandrum）一种。桃儿七的根茎和果实均具有较高的药用价值,人类的过度采挖和种群恢复较慢使其种群数量急剧下降,现已被列入《中国物种红色名录》。在近年来的一些研究论文中,学名Shexandrum和Semodi常被混用,这使得有必要考证桃儿七学名的命名学历史,确认正确的学名使用。查阅原始文献发现,Shexandrum的基名Podophyllum hexandrum Royle发表于1834年,而Semodi的基名Podophyllum emodi Wall. ex Honigberger到1852年才合格发表（大多数学者认为是Hooker和Thomson在1855年合格发表）,因此,名称Shexandrum比名称Semodi具有优先权。名称的混乱起于1979年应俊生建立桃儿七属时,他提出组合“Semodi (Wall.) Ying”作为桃儿七的学名。另外,由于他未引证Honigberger或Hooker和Thomson的文献信息,所以组合“Semodi”没有被合格发表（规则415）。随后,1985年出版的《西藏植物志》桃儿七属中,应俊生发现之前的错误并采用名称“Shexandrum”取代了“Semodi”。遗憾的是他虽然意识到该名称是新组合,但未引证基名Phexandrum合格发表的文献信息,使得组合“Shexandrum (Rolye) Ying”没有被合格发表。近年来出版的《云南植物志》、《青海植物志》、《中国植物》和《Flora of China》均未发现该错误,一直认为“Shexandrum (Rolye) Ying”合格发表时间是1985。实际上,在1993年由于编写格式要求,应俊生在王文采和武素功主编的《横断山区维管束植物》中引证了基名合格发表的文献信息。因此,该名称的合格发表时间是1993年,而不是常认为的1985年。     

桃儿七属的命名学考订

桃儿七属（SinopodophyUum）是中国一喜马拉雅地区特有的单型属,仅桃儿七（S．hexandrum）一种。桃儿七的根茎和果实均具有较高的药用价值,人类的过度采挖和种群恢复较慢使其种群数量急剧下降,现已被列入《中国物种红色名录》。在近年来的一些研究论文中,学名S．hexandrum和S．emodi常被}昆用,这使得有必要考证桃儿七学名的命名学历史,确认正确的学名使用。查阅原始文献发现．S．hexandrum的基名Podophyllum hexandrum Royle发表于1834年．而S．emodi的基名PodophyUum emodiWall．ex Honigberger到1852年才合格发表（大多数学者认为是Hooker和Thomson在1855年合格发表）．因此,名称S．hexandrum比名称S．emodi具有优先权。名称的混乱起于1979年应俊生建立桃儿七属时,他提出组合“S．emodi（Wall．）Ying”作为桃儿七的学名。另外,由于他未引证Honigberger或Hooker和Thomson的文献信息,所以组合“S．emodi”没有被合格发表（规则41．5）。随后,1985年出版的《西藏植物志》桃儿七属中,应俊生发现之前的错误并采用名称“S．hexandrum”取代了“S．emodi”。遗憾的是他虽然意识到该名称是新组合,但未引证基名P．hexandrum合格发表的文献信息,使得组合“S．hexandrum（Rolye）Ying”没有被合格发表。近年来出版的《云南植物志》、《青海植物志》、《中国植物》和《Flora of China〉〉均未发现该错误,一直认为“S．hexandrum（Rolye）Ying”合格发表时间是1985。实际上．在1993年由于编写格式要求,应俊生在王文采和武素功主编的《横断山区维管束植物》中引证了基名合格发表的文献信息。因此,该名称的合格发表时间是1993年,而不是常认为的1985年。     

中英文版?中国植物志(萝摩科)?的比较

将中文版的《中国植物志．第６３卷（萝摩科）》（１９７７）与英文版的《中国植物志．第１６卷（萝摩科）》（１９９５）进行对照比较,报道了两专著中植物分类群学名和分类位置的变动以及收载种类的增减等情况,以资正确鉴定应用。     

中英文版《中国植物志(夹竹桃科)》的比较

本文将中文版的《中国植物志·第６３卷（夹竹桃科）》（１９７７）与英文版的《中国植物志·第１６卷（夹竹桃科）》（１９９５）进行对照比较,报道了两专著中植物分类群学名和分类位置的变动以及收载种类的增减等情况,以资正确鉴定应用。     

《中国植物志》(英文版)竹亚科青篱竹属和新小竹属的修订

基于最近的分子系统学研究、近期发表的新类群以及国际植物命名法规的相关条款,对《中国植物志》 （英文版）竹亚科的两个属进行了修订。中国是否有青篱竹属 (Arundinaria)的分布一直是个争论不休的问题。分子系统学不支持广义青篱竹属,因此原置于青篱竹属下的4个种应恢复到巴山木竹属 (Bashania) 中。包括近期发表的新类群在内,巴山木竹属在中国共有10种。西藏新小竹 (Neomicrocalamus microphyllus)是一个没有合格发表的裸名,其正确名称应为新小竹 (N.prainii),而云南新小竹（N.yunnanensis）则可能是梨籐竹属的成员。     

中英文版《中国植物志(省沽油科)》的比较

以中文版《中国植物志·第46卷》中收载的省沽油科植物分类群为基础,通过与英文修订版“Flora of China(Vol.11)”中相应分类群进行比较,报道了2部著作中植物分类群的学名和分类位置的变动及收载种类的增减情况,以资正确鉴定和编目应用。     

Genetic diversity in oak populations under intensive management for fuelwood in the Sierra de Zongolica,Mexico

Firewood and charcoal are used on a daily basis both in rural areas and in cities. This type of energy is produced by one of the most ancient traditional methods, known as coppice, which harvest tree sprouts. There is controversy about its effects on forests: it preserves populations and tree cover of species used, but reduces density, inhibits sexual reproduction and generates genetic erosion. We inquired if it was possible to identify a loss of genetic diversity in oak populations traditionally used for charcoal by the Zongolica Nahuas in Veracruz state, Mexico. We studied populations of Quercus laurina, Quercus calophylla and Quercus rugosa in three different altitudes. Molecular analysis with eight nuclear codominant microsatellites was performed to determine the diversity, structure and gene flow of these species. Results for Q. laurina were Na = 8.458, I = 1.766, Ho = 0.679, polymorphism = 100%, Fis = 0.079, with intraindividual variation of 81.55%. For Q. calophylla: Na = 7.250, I = 1.563, Ho = 0.646, polymorphism = 91.67%, Fis = 0.083, with intraindividual variation of 83.80%. For Q. rugosa: Na = 6.958, I = 1.510, Ho = 0.574, polymorphism = 91.67%, Fis = 0.204, with intraindividual variation of 81.99%; this species shows signals of an early genetic isolation process. Our findings indicate that Quercus genetic diversity for the three species is high and comparable with oak species in Mexico and worldwide. We conclude that at the present, coppice is preserving a historical diversity in adult trees kept alive through sprouting. Nonetheless, problems with coppice systems elsewhere, unregulated harvesting and expansion of pine plantation in the region suggest that further studies, hand in hand with a landscape management approach that improve charcoal and firewood production, may be valuable for Sierra de Zongolica genetic biodiversity conservation.     

Tree seed germination and seedling establishment in treefall gaps and understorey in a subtropical forest of northeast India

Abstract Seed germination, and survival and growth of seedlings of four dominant tree species, Quercus dealbata, Quercus griffithii, Quercus glauca and Schima khasiana were studied in the treefall gaps and forest understorey of an undisturbed mature-phase humid subtropical broadleaved forest in northeast India. Three important microenvironmental factors namely photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), soil moisture and litter depth, were also measured in the forest understorey and gaps and correlated with seedling mortality. Seed germination of S. khasiana was significantly higher in the treefall gaps than in the understorey; among the tree species studied, it had the highest germination. Quercus seedlings were abundant in the understorey and small gaps, while S. khasiana seedlings were more numerous in the large gaps. The survivorship curves for the seedling populations revealed that the three Quercus species survived better in the understorey, while S. khasiana did so in the gaps. PAR and soil moisture were positively correlated with tree seedling mortality, which occurred mainly during the winter months. The Quercus seedlings grew better in the forest understorey and small gaps and S. khasiana seedlings in the large gaps. The differential performance of the tree seedlings to the conditions prevailing in the understorey and gaps of two sizes indicates that different species were adapted to different light environments depending upon their optimum requirements. This could be an effective mechanism for promoting species coexistence in the forest community.     

两种饲料植物对天蚕饲育的效果(英文)

通过五个处理的一系列比较,白栎Quercus fabri叶片作为珍贵绢丝昆虫——天蚕Antheraea yamamai的饲料,无论幼虫存活率、化蛹率、二至四眠蚕体重、五龄幼虫体重增长曲线及理论极限体重K值、取食量、相对摄食速率、消化量、结茧率、全茧量、蛹重、茧层量等均明显高于过去普遍采用并认为理想的麻栎Q. acutissima的饲育结果,从而证实白栎是饲育天蚕的最佳饲料植物。     

THE EFFECT OF TWO FODDER PLANTS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE JAPANESE OAK SILKWORM, ANTHERAEA YAMAMAI

Abstract  The Japanese oak silkworm, Antheraea yamami , is a precious wild silkworm. Through comparing survival rate, stadium, bodyweight, nutritional indexes, coconing rate and cocoon quality of the larvae reared on Quercus fabri fresh leaves with those on Q. acutissima , it was concluded that Q . fabri is a better fodder plant for this silkworm than Q. acutissima in East China.     

Differential ecophysiological responses to seasonal drought of three co-existing oak species in northern Greece

Oaks (Quercus spp.) represent the most important broadleaf genus with respect to forest-shaping tree species in the Mediterranean. Considering future climate scenarios (increased drought conditions), the identification of drought tolerant oak species is of great importance for future forest management in this region. The objective of the study was the comparison of physiological status of three economically and ecologically valuable oak species (Quercus ilex, Quercus frainetto and Quercus pubescens) co-existing in natural coppice stands in NE Greece, in response to seasonal drought stress. Measurements were conducted between June and September 2016, every 15–20 days until leaf falling. The parameters studied were predawn leaf water potential and fast chlorophyll fluorescence induction curves (OJIP test), chlorophyll content, and relative water content. Meteorological data from the area were also collected. Photosynthetic parameters such as performance indices (PI_abs and PI_tot) reacted to summer drought conditions, with Q. frainetto showing the lowest values. The discrepancy between species increased with duration of drought period. Q. frainetto revealed the lowest predawn water potential values. The results indicate that Q. frainetto is less suitable for future forestry applications in the studied climate/elevation zone than Q. pubescens and Q. ilex.     

The South Hesse Oak Project (SHOP): Species- and site-specific efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus of Mediterranean and Central European Oaks

In three experimental sites in Southern Hesse, differing in management procedures, one- to three-year-old saplings of Quercus robur, Q.pubescens, and Q.ilex were planted to study their performance under Central European climate conditions. Toward the end of the growth period (mid–late September 2011), during a very dry period, we measured JIP transients of photosystem II chlorophyll fluorescence induction curves to evaluate the effects of abiotic site factors on the photosynthetic apparatus by comparing them to data from well-watered saplings measured before the onset of senescence processes. In all three sites, Q. robur saplings in September showed the strongest deviation from the measurements in August, followed by Q. pubescens. Q. ilex, in general, was nearly unaffected by September climate conditions or performed better than plants measured in August. Differences in the behavior between species and sites could be explained by the species’ different drought susceptibility and by differential induction of early leaf senescence (in Q. robur and Q. pubescens). We conclude that measurement of the JIP transient is a feasible method in forestry to compare adverse microclimatic site effects and genetically fixed reactions of the photosynthetic apparatus in the field.     

宝天曼落叶阔叶林样地栓皮栎种群空间格局

种群空间格局分析有利于更好地理解格局形成的潜在生态过程.本研究在温带-亚热带过渡区的宝天曼自然保护区内选择两个1 ha固定监测样地,以栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)为研究对象,采用单变量和双变量g(r)函数分析了两个典型样地中栓皮栎种群空间分布格局、4个不同生长阶段的空间分布格局和空间关联性,以及栓皮栎活立木与残干间的空间关联性.结果表明:(1)栓皮栎种群分布格局以聚集为主,样地Ⅰ的聚集性更强,而样地Ⅱ则表现出较大的随机性;(2)在两个样地中,早期阶段的个体均表现为聚集分布格局,而后期阶段的个体则表现为随机分布格局;(3)样地Ⅰ中栓皮栎种群不同生长阶段均表现为空间正相关,样地Ⅱ中栓皮栎种群的早期阶段与其后的两个阶段间均表现为空间负相关;(4)样地Ⅰ中栓皮栎活立木与残干之间为空间正相互作用,样地Ⅱ中栓皮栎活立木与残干之间无空间关联性.宝天曼自然保护区栓皮栎种群空间分布格局可能受环境异质性的作用,并对自身的天然更新产生影响.     

广西落叶栎林的分类研究

广西的落叶栎林属亚热带落叶阔叶林的一个群系组, 常见有栓皮栎林、麻栎林和白栎林３ 个群系。主要论述其类型划分和生境特点, 为其经营管理和合理利用提供基本材料和依据。     

Woodland on the western fringe: Irish oak wood diversity and the challenges of conservation

Summary

Irish oakwoods are sparsely distributed and generally small in extent. The woodland flora is depauperate compared to Great Britain in terms of flowering plants but quite rich in Oceanic ferns, bryophytes and lichens. It includes a few distinctive species, e.g. the Mediterranean-Atlantic Arbutus unedo. Remnants of ancient woodland survive at scattered locations; they usually contain old coppice stools, or occasionally pollards. Variation in the woodland plant community reflects an edaphic gradient from strongly acid to base-rich, a hydrological gradient from well-drained to waterlogged and a climatic gradient in degree of Oceanicity. The greatest conservation problems facing Irish oak-woods are overgrazing and invasive alien species, chiefly Rhododendron ponticum; to tackle these effectively, greater public concern is required.     

Seasonal changes of root hydraulic conductance (KRL) in four forest trees: an ecological interpretation

This paper deals with the possibility of relating root hydraulic parameters to an ecological index describing the continentality/oceanicity of four forest trees. Root hydraulic conductance ($K_R$) of seedlings of Fagus sylvatica L., Quercus ilex L., Quercus suber L. and Quercus pubescens Willd. was measured in May, August and November 1996. $K_R$ was calculated in terms of the relation of the water flow through intact root systems in situ measured with the pressure chamber, and the pressure driving the flow. The sufficiency of the root system to supply the foliage was estimated by dividing $K_R$ by the seedlings leaf surface area ($A_L$) thus obtaining $K_RL$. In the spring, $K_RL$ was largest in F. sylvatica and smallest in Q. pubescens with intermediate values recorded in Q. ilex and Q. suber. All the species studied showed a large decline in $K_RL$ just prior to the winter rest except for Q. suber which mantained $K_RL$ approximately constant through the period of study. In most cases, $K_RL$ changed in accordance with analogous changes in the flow. When the total seedlings' leaf surface area ($A_L$) was plotted versus $K_RL$, it appeared that $K_RL$ of Q. pubescens increased with $A_L$, proportionally, while $K_RL$ of F. sylvatica was inversely related to $A_L$. This, together with the largest $K_RL$ recorded in the summer in Q. pubescens, was interpreted as advantageous to this species (which is adapted to semi-arid environments) in that: (a) roots could supply water to foliage efficiently even during the adverse season and (b) the foliage growth could be sustained even in summer.No statistically significant relation of $K_RL$ to the continentality index calculated for the four species studied on the basis of their European distribution, was found to exist. Nonetheless, our data appear to be encouraging for future research aimed at better interpreting the typical distribution areas of plant species.