五种SPR传感芯片的再生制备及其应用

基于表面等离子体共振技术(surface plasmon resonance, SPR)的生物传感器,能够实时监测生物分子间的相互作用,且无需标记,已被广泛应用于蛋白质组学、药物研发、临床诊断、食品安全和环境监测等领域,并且显示出广阔的应用前景。传感芯片是Biacore系列仪器的核心部件,目前芯片只能从Biacore公司购买,价格昂贵,导致很多仪器利用率低下,资源处于闲置状态。阐述了用于Biacore系列仪器的五种传感芯片（J1,C1,CM5,SA和NTA芯片）的再生制备方法,并列举了应用实例,制备方法操作简单,成本低廉。通过多年的改进与优化,制备的芯片能够达到Biacore芯片同等品质。此方法的推广,将有助于推动表面等离子共振技术在各个领域的广泛应用。     

SELDI蛋白质芯片检测技术

从基因组学到蛋白质组学,到当前有关小RNA对蛋白质合成调控的研究无一例外地说明蛋白质是直接发挥对生命活动调控的物质。同基因研究相比较,由于蛋白质分子种类繁多,有复杂的修饰成份和空间结构,使得蛋白质研究比较困难。新近发展起来的蛋白质芯片技术为蛋白质的检测和研究提供了新的技术平台,比如荧光标记技术,蛋白质指纹图谱．飞行时间．质谱联用技术（SELDI蛋白质芯片）,表面等离子基元共振生物传感器技术（SPR芯片）以及初步应用的光学蛋白质芯片技术,其中,后三种是新兴的无需标记进行蛋白质检测的技术。就SELDI蛋白质芯片及其新近研究作一综述。     

SELDI蛋白质芯片检测技术研究进展

从基因组学到蛋白质组学,到当前有关小RNA对蛋白质合成调控的研究无一例外地说明蛋白质是直接发挥对生命活动调控的物质。同基因研究相比较,由于蛋白质分子种类繁多,有复杂的修饰成份和空间结构,使得蛋白质研究比较困难。新近发展起来的蛋白质芯片技术为蛋白质的检测和研究提供了新的技术平台,比如荧光标记技术,蛋白质指纹图谱-飞行时间-质谱联用技术（SELDI蛋白质芯片）,表面等离子基元共振生物传感器技术（SPR芯片）以及初步应用的光学蛋白质芯片技术,其中,后三种是新兴的可无需标记进行蛋白质检测技术。本文就SELDI蛋白质芯片及其新近研究做以综述。     

利用表面等离子共振传感器检测苏云金芽孢杆菌cry1F蛋白

目的：建立检测苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bt）crylF蛋白的表面等离子共振（SPR）传感器方法。方法：采用SPR检测技术,利用生物分子相互作用分析原理,在金表面修饰特异性单克隆抗体,对crylF蛋白的检测进行研究。结果：该方法可以较好地检测到crylF蛋白,最低检测限可达10ng／mL,并且具有很好的特异性。结论：SPR检测方法的重复性较好,灵敏度高,目前可用于crylF蛋白的定性检测,为crylF蛋白及其他Bt蛋白的检测提供了新方法,在检测转Bt基因植物方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

表面等离子体共振技术在药物研究中的应用

表面等离子体共振(surface plasmon resonance,SPR)技术作为一种新型的免标记、实时在线研究生物分子间相互作用的高灵敏传感技术,已经在生命科学领域中得到了大量应用。该文简要介绍了SPR生物传感器的基本原理,重点评述了其在新药筛选和药物作用机制方面的研究进展,并对其前景进行了展望。     

基于表面等离子共振扫描成像的DNA芯片的研究

基于表面等离子共振(surface plasmon resonance,SPR)技术的检测方法是一种灵敏度极高的光学检测方法,用于基因芯片的检测时具有高灵敏、免标记、无污染等优点,是一种很有发展潜力的芯片检测方法。将酵母Y5基因的特异性片段5′端修饰巯基后作为探针,利用单分子层自组装法把探针固定在金膜表面,应用列扫描表面等离子共振成像检测系统研究和分析DNA芯片上探针点阵的杂交信息,从而建立一套基于列扫描表面等离子共振检测系统的DNA芯片的制备和检测分析技术。实验结果表明:37℃条件下探针的最佳固定时间为5～7h,杂交特异性良好,杂交的最佳时间为5～30min。探针浓度低于0.5μmol/L时,杂交效率高而且SPR信号变化明显,探针浓度达到20μmol/L时SPR响应达到最大。     

SPR生物传感器及其应用进展

基于表面等离子体共振 (SPR)技术的光学生物传感器是进行生物分子相互作用分析的一种先进手段。与传统的超速离心、荧光法等相比 ,它具有实时检测、无需标记、耗样最少等特点 ,在药物筛选、临床诊断、食物及环境监控和膜生物学等领域中的新兴应用日益扩大 ,并且已成为生命科学和制药研究的一种标准的生物物理学工具。综述了近几年国际上生物传感器的应用进展情况 ,并简要展望了该技术的发展和应用前景     

基于表面等离子体共振和电化学联用的DNA传感器研究进展

表面等离子共振(surface plasmon resonance,SPR)技术旨在检测物体表面附近折射率的变化,其特点是无标记、实时、灵敏和快速,该技术多用于研究分子的相互作用,包括动力学、效率常数和大分子构象变化等。电化学(electrochemical,EC)技术是一项用于定性定量研究电子转移、物质氧化还原、界面吸附等过程的成熟技术,具有简单、低成本和设备小型化的优点。现有的DNA杂交技术,例如光学、电化学或压电转导技术,主要关注于提高DNA杂交检测系统的选择性和灵敏度。传统的SPR在DNA分析方面,由于无法测量折射率的极小变化而在超灵敏检测中的应用受到限制。因此,随着纳米材料的研发和联用技术的飞速发展,SPR与EC联用的生物传感器研究越来越成为人们关注的热点。近年来,关于SPR和EC联用在DNA检测方面的综述鲜有报道。对SPR和EC检测DNA的技术原理、联用方法、应用进展等方面作出了简要的介绍,以期为表面等离子共振和电化学联用的DNA传感器相关研究提供参考。     

基于适体的石英晶体微天平传感器的研究进展

适体(Aptamer)是通过指数富集配体系统进化技术(Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment,SELEX)从人工合成的随机单链寡核苷酸文库里筛选出来的短链寡核苷酸序列,具有分子量小、结构简单、易进行修饰、靶标范围广泛,并且与靶标分子之间具有高特异性和高亲和力等特点。相应地,适体的这些独特的性质可用于制备各种不同的传感器,根据各种传感器的不同原理,本文着重概述了常用于检测适体与靶标之间亲和力的电化学生物传感器、光学生物传感器和压电晶体传感器。这3种方法的检测都具有检测时间短和检测限低的优势。其中压电晶体传感器又称石英晶体微天平(Quartz crystal microbalance,QCM),除了在SELEX技术中可应用于表征候选适体的靶向能力外,还可用于构建高灵敏度和高特异性的适体石英晶体传感器。简要介绍了基于适体的石英晶体微天平传感器基本原理,对近年来QCM在表征和检测适体与其靶标,包括小分子、离子、蛋白质、细胞、细菌和病毒等物质相互作用的研究现状进行综述,总结分析了QCM技术的优缺点。旨在为适体的筛选以及适体在基础研究、临床诊断和疾病治疗中的进一步应用提供参考。     

SPR技术与功能基因组和蛋白质组研究

表面等离子体共振(surface plasmon resonance,SPR)依据光学—介质相互作用原理建立,属于实时和非标记的测试方法。SPR方法在研究分子间相互作用方面具有其独特的优势,其非标记和实时检测以及可以进行动力学分析的特点,给研究生物大分子的相互作用提供了诱人的解决方案。近来,随着SPR成像技术和SPR芯片制备技术的进展,将为功能基因组学和蛋白质组学研究提供重要的新的技术平台。     

Biotinylated lipid bilayer disks as model membranes for biosensor analyses

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-stabilized lipid bilayer disks as model membranes for surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensor analyses. Nanosized bilayer disks that included 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[biotinyl(polyethylene glycol)₂₀₀₀] (DSPE-PEG₂₀₀₀-biotin) were prepared and structurally characterized by cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) imaging. The biotinylated disks were immobilized via streptavidin to three different types of sensor chips (CM3, CM4, and CM5) varying in their degree of carboxymethylation and thickness of the dextran matrix. The bilayer disks were found to interact with and bind stably to the streptavidin-coated sensor surfaces. As a first step toward the use of these bilayer disks as model membranes in SPR-based studies of membrane proteins, initial investigations were carried out with cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 (COX 1 and COX 2). Bilayer disks were preincubated with the respective protein and thereafter allowed to interact with the sensor surface. The signal resulting from the interaction was, in both cases, significantly enhanced as compared with the signal obtained when disks alone were injected over the surface. The results of the study suggest that bilayer disks constitute a new and promising type of model membranes for SPR-based biosensor studies.     

High-density immobilization of an antibody fragment to a carboxymethylated dextran-linked biosensor surface

There are numerous chemical methods published that enable protein coupling to carboxymethyl (CM) dextran. Here we have taken traditional amine coupling using N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and N'-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and coupled an antibody fragment (scFv) to CM dextran at a very high density. Using an upgraded BIAlite from Biacore AB, more than 7000 RU of scFv was coupled to a CM dextran biosensor chip. In addition, scanning electron microscopy was performed on CM dextran biosensor chips following amine coupling of 30 nm gold anti-IgG particles. This showed that amine coupling was uniform across the biosensor chip surface. Calculations show that 7620 RU of an scFv coupled to such a surface results in a mean distance between binding sites of 8.8 nm. This equates to a packing volume of approximately 20% of the available space occupied by the antibody fragment. Comparisons made with densities of covalently coupled IgG show that a greater number of antibody fragment molecules can be coupled per unit area. This is most likely due to the smaller size of an antibody fragment (scFv), which has a volume of less than 20% of an IgG molecule. The significance of these findings is discussed.     

Optimisation of glass surfaces for optical immunosensors

The surfaces of glass sensor chips were modified with dextran to generate a layer protecting the sensor surface from unspecific protein binding and also serving as a matrix for covalent protein immobilisation. Dextran was coupled to the glass surface in different concentrations either covalently on amino-functionalised glass chips or via biotin-avidin binding. Unspecific binding of BSA was monitored with the grating coupler system, and was increasingly suppressed with increasing dextran concentrations. Using a solution with 100 mg/ml carboxymethylated dextran decreased the signals to approximately 2% of those obtained at an untreated glass chip. Antibodies were successfully immobilised in the dextran and binding to the corresponding Cy5-labelled antigen was repeatedly monitored using a fluorescence sensor system (total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF)).     

Novel approach to analyzing RNA aptamer-protein interactions: toward further applications of aptamers

Surface plasmon-resonance analysis using a Biacore biosensor is a powerful tool for the detailed study of biomolecular interactions. The authors examined the methods of immobilizing proteins on the surface of NTA, SA, and CM5 sensor chips to study RNA aptamer-protein interactions. RNA aptamers and their deletion variants were loaded onto a protein-immobilized sensor chip, and their binding affinities were analyzed. Immobilizing the protein on a CM5 sensor chip via an anti-His-tag antibody was the only strategy that clearly detected the kinetic parameters of the interactions. DeltaNEO-III-14U, one of the deletion variants of the NS3 aptamer, had the highest binding affinity for the deltaNS3 protein in this study (KD = 4 x 10(-8)). Moreover, the 29-amino-acid spacer fragment was essential for protein immobilization using this strategy. This novel method will be useful in comparing the affinity of various RNA aptamers and selecting the most suitable candidates for a given target, as well as facilitating the in vitro selection procedure itself.     

Novel electrical detection of label-free disease marker proteins using piezoresistive self-sensing micro-cantilevers

We report an electro-mechanical biosensor for electrical detection of proteins with disease markers using self-sensing piezoresistive micro-cantilevers. Electrical detection, via surface stress changes, of antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) specific binding was accomplished through a direct nano-mechanical response of micro-fabricated self-sensing micro-cantilevers. A piezoresistive sensor measures the film resistance variation with respect to surface stress caused by biomolecules specific binding. When specific binding occurred on a functionalized Au surface, surface stress was induced throughout the cantilever, resulting in cantilever bending and resistance change of the piezoresistive layer. The cantilever biosensors were used for the detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and C-reactive proteins (CRP), which are a specific marker of prostate cancer and cardiac disease. From the above experiment, it was revealed that the sensor output voltage was proportional to the injected antigen concentration (without antigen, 10 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml, 1 microg/ml). PSA and CRP antibodies were found to be very specific for their antigens, respectively. This indicated that the self-sensing micro-cantilever approach is beneficial for detecting disease markers, and our piezoresistive micro-cantilever sensor system is applicable to miniaturized biosensor systems.     

Affinity analysis of lectin interaction with immobilized C- and O- gylcosides studied by surface plasmon resonance assay

A biosensor based on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) principle was used for kinetic analysis of lectin interactions with different immobilized saccharide structures. A novel affinity ligands beta-D-glycopyranosylmethylamines derived from common D-aldohexoses linked to the carboxymethyl dextran layer of the SPR sensor surface served for interactions with a wide range of lectins. The method of preparation and use of the beta-D-mannopyranosyl glycosylated sensor surface was described. The results of affinity analysis of lectin-ligand interactions were evaluated and compared with data obtained from measurements using commercially available p-aminophenyl alpha-D-glycopyranosides. Possible applications and advantages of C- and O-glycosylated SPR biosensors are discussed.     

Flow-Mediated On-Surface Reconstitution of G-Protein Coupled Receptors for Applications in Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors

To facilitate biosensor studies of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) and other membrane proteins, reliable methods for preparation of sensor surfaces with high protein density are required. We present here a method for the easy and rapid immobilization and reconstitution of GPCR on carboxylated dextran surfaces modified with long alkyl groups. Following amine coupling of the detergent-solubilized receptor, lipid/detergent-mixed micelles were adhered as they were injected over the immobilized surface, taking advantage of the integrated flow cells. The detergent was eluted in the subsequent buffer flow and the remaining lipid formed a bilayer on the chip surface. With this procedure, rhodopsin was functionally reconstituted in a lipid environment in approximately 1 min. This method can also be used for the easy formation of pure supported lipid bilayers for use in model membrane interaction studies.     

Methods for site controlled coupling to carboxymethyldextran surfaces in surface plasmon resonance sensors

In the present study, optimized methods for in-situ ligand immobilization to carboxymethylated dextran coated gold surfaces for use in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based biosensor devices were developed. Immobilization methods based on selective thiol reactions, either via thiols on the sensor surface or via thiols introduced on the ligand, were shown to give high yields of functionally active material. Methods are also described for linking aldehyde containing ligands to hydrazide modified surfaces and for coupling based on the avidin/biotin concept. The importance of blocking residual active groups (for thiol coupling) and reduction of acid labile hydrazone bonds formed in the aldehyde coupling was demonstrated. The methods were found to work efficiently in combination with conditions suitable for electrostatic preconcentration of ligands to be coupled, a concept we earlier developed for coupling of amine containing ligands (Löfås & Johnsson, 1990).     

Initiation of Escherichia coli ribosomes on matrix coupled mRNAs studied by optical biosensor technique

The optical biosensor technique, based on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomenon, has been used to study the initiation of protein synthesis by E. coli ribosomes on surface coupled mRNA. mRNA was first periodate oxidized and then hydrazide coupled to the surface of a CM5 sensor chip. The formation of initiation complexes on the surface coupled mRNA was monitored in real-time with a BIACORE 2000 instrument. Mature 70S*mRNA*fMet-tRNA(Met) initiation complexes were assembled on mRNA by sequential introduction of the 30S and 50S subunits supplemented with appropriate initiation factors and fMet-tRNA(Met). We show that the formation of 70S*mRNA complexes on the surface coupled mRNA proceeds efficiently only in the presence of tRNA. Moreover, 70S*mRNA*fMet-tRNA(Met) complexes formed with fMet-tRNA(Met) are more stable than similar complexes formed with deacylated tRNAs. The efficient formation and slow dissociation of mature 70S*mRNA*fMet-tRNA(Met) initiation complexes are most easily explained by the stabilization of the interaction of the ribosomal subunits by fMet-tRNA(Met). This work demonstrates the feasibility of the BIACORE technique for studying the initiation of protein synthesis.