氰氟虫腙对小菜蛾阿维菌素抗性和敏感种群的亚致死效应(英文)

在实验室条件下采用生命表技术研究了氰氟虫腙亚致死剂量（LC₂₅）对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella阿维菌素抗性（AV-R）和敏感（AV-S）种群的亚致死效应, 旨在为小菜蛾对阿维菌素的抗性治理提供理论基础。结果表明： 氰氟虫腙对小菜蛾3龄幼虫抗性种群的LC₅₀和LC₂₅分别为0.24 mg/L和0.09 mg/L; 对敏感种群的LC₅₀和LC₂₅分别为0.20 mg/L和0.07 mg/L。氰氟虫腙亚致死剂量0.09 mg/L 处理小菜蛾后, 对处理代的影响表现为显著降低处理种群的化蛹率、 蛹重、 羽化率、 繁殖力; 明显延长蛹期, 缩短成虫产卵期和寿命; 对子代种群的影响表现为显著降低卵的孵化率、 幼虫各龄期的存活率, 延长发育历期。处理种群的内禀增长率（r_m）、 周限增长率（λ）和净增值率（R₀）显著低于对照种群（P<0.0001）。亚致死剂量的氰氟虫腙对小菜蛾抗性种群的影响大于敏感种群, 对处理代种群的影响大于子代种群。氰氟虫腙亚致死剂量可以极大地影响小菜蛾尤其是阿维菌素抗性种群的种群动态, 因此氰氟虫腙对于小菜蛾的抗性治理具有积极的作用。     

不同地区苹果绵蚜对三种杀虫剂的抗性监测

【目的】了解苹果绵蚜Eriosomalanigerum对不同类别杀虫剂的抗药水平,为田间苹果绵蚜化学防控过程中的药剂选择提供理论基础。【方法】2018年6-7月间,采用玻璃管药膜法测定了3省14个地区苹果绵蚜对阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯和吡虫啉的抗药性。【结果】研究表明,西安杨凌地区苹果绵蚜种群对阿维菌素的抗性水平最低,LC50值仅为6.813 mg/L;烟台招远地区苹果绵蚜种群对阿维菌素的抗性水平最高,LC50值为79.496 mg/L。多数地区苹果绵蚜种群对高效氯氰菊酯的抗药水平较低,其中烟台龙口地区抗药水平最低,LC50值为4.341 mg/L,烟台栖霞地区抗药性最高,LC50值为37.689 mg/L。青岛即墨地区苹果绵蚜种群对吡虫啉的抗性水平最低,LC50值仅为5.261 mg/L;烟台招远地区苹果绵蚜种群对吡虫啉已经产生了中等水平的抗性(RR=10.859),LC50值为57.128 mg/L。不同虫态抗药性检测表明,除了烟台蓬莱地区的若蚜对阿维菌素和吡虫啉出现了抗药性提高的现象外,其它大部分苹果绵蚜3龄若蚜对药剂的抗性与成蚜相近。【结论】苹果绵蚜在北方大部分地区对常用杀虫剂的抗药性保持在低水平或敏感状态。在今后防治中应继续坚持交替轮换的用药原则,防止苹果绵蚜抗药性的产生。     

海南普通大蓟马抗药性监测及对6种杀虫剂的敏感性

在2014-2015年抗药性监测的基础上,采用叶管药膜法(TIBS)室内测定了2016-2017年海南主要豇豆种植区三亚、澄迈和海口普通大蓟马田间种群对6种常用杀虫剂敏感性的年度变化以及其对6种药剂的敏感性。结果表明,2016年度,三亚种群对甲维盐和高效氯氰菊酯产生了中等水平抗性,抗性倍数分别为12. 98和17. 06倍,澄迈种群对高效氯氰菊酯也产生了中等水平抗性(RR=10. 87),除所有种群对阿维菌素(1. 92 RR 3. 47)以及海口、澄迈种群对吡虫啉和啶虫脒(3. 07 RR 4. 56)仍未产生抗性外,其它种群对药剂均产生了低水平抗性(5. 32 RR 9. 98); 2017年度,除三亚和澄迈种群对阿维菌素仍处理敏感状态外,其它种群对不同药剂均产生了低至中等水平的抗性(5. 59 RR 27. 03)。相比2016年,各测试种群对药剂的抗性水平均有不同程度的上升,其中三亚种群对高效氯氰菊酯、甲维盐和啶虫脒上升幅度较大,分别上升了9. 97、6. 98和3. 39倍;海口种群对阿维菌素也上升了2. 77倍。对6种新药剂的毒力测定结果表明,乙虫腈和溴虫腈对普通大蓟马的毒力较高,LC50分别为14. 4113 mg/L和30. 7694 mg/L,而其它药剂则毒力较低(LC50 50 mg/L)。     

小菜蛾对九种杀虫剂的抗药性

采用叶片药膜法测定了9种杀虫剂对海南、山东、广东、湖北武汉和襄樊等5个地区小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)田间种群的毒力,和室内相对敏感品系比较。结果显示,5个地区的小菜蛾种群都对氯氰菊酯产生了10倍以上的抗性,广东和山东种群达到30倍以上的抗性。对阿维菌素的抗性山东小菜蛾种群达到135倍,广东种群达到30倍,其他地区均在10倍以下。但是,作用机制与阿维菌素类似的药剂,氟虫腈的抗性5个地区均在5倍或5倍以下。对昆虫生长调节剂定虫隆和氟虫脲的抗性除广东种群分别在10倍和20倍以上外,其他地区均在5倍以下。广东种群对多杀菌素的抗性为7.8倍,其他地区的种群没有产生抗性,多杀菌素和杀虫双均为作用于乙酰胆碱受体的药剂,但是作用的位点不同。杀虫双对5个种群的LC50值均是比较大的(>800 mg/L),尽管没有明显的抗性,不适宜用于小菜蛾田间防治。对呼吸链电子转移抑制剂溴虫腈的抗性均在10倍以下。对辛硫磷的抗性在2~5倍。     

云南不同菜区小菜蛾对三种生物农药的抗药性及其变化趋势

【目的】通过抗药性监测掌握滇中通海和滇西弥渡菜区小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)种群对3种生物农药的抗药性水平及其变化趋势,为抗性治理提供技术支持。【方法】2008—2015年,在室内采用浸叶法测定了云南两个菜区小菜蛾种群对阿维菌素、多杀菌素和苏云金杆菌的抗药性。【结果】2008年抗药性测定结果表明,滇中通海、滇西弥渡菜区小菜蛾对阿维菌素和多杀菌素的抗药性水平均为高抗,对阿维菌素LC50值分别34.017和25.688 mg/L,抗性倍数为1 700.85和1 284.40倍;对多杀菌素LC50值分别13.728和19.830 mg/L,抗性倍数为114.40倍和165.25倍,两菜区对多杀菌素的抗性也为高抗;两菜区小菜蛾对苏云金杆菌敏感,LC50值分别0.530和0.538 mg/L,抗性倍数为2.04倍和2.07倍,属于抵抗水平。到2015年,通海和弥渡菜区小菜蛾种群对阿维菌素的抗性倍数分别下降到了455.70倍和255.05倍,下降趋势显著,但两菜区仍属高抗水平;对多杀菌素的抗药性下降趋势不显著,抗性倍数分别为35.56倍和75.28倍,为中抗水平,但年度间变化幅度较大,LC50为0.885~19.830 mg/L;两菜区对苏云金杆菌仍敏感,抗性倍数分别为5.41倍和1.73倍。【结论】总体上,2008—2015年度间有差异,通海和弥渡菜区小菜蛾种群对3种药剂的抗药性基本一致,对阿维菌素和多杀菌素的抗药性有所下降,但仍处于高抗水平,对苏云金杆菌一直保持在抵抗水平,建议生产上可以轮换使用苏云金杆菌,以提高对小菜蛾的持续控制效果。     

高效氯氰菊酯和啶虫脒对螟黄赤眼蜂繁殖的亚致死效应

螟黄赤眼蜂 Trichogramma chilonis是害虫生物防治中一种重要的卵寄生蜂,其在防治害虫的同时,也会受到田间杀虫剂的影响。本研究选择高效氯氰菊酯和啶虫脒亚致死剂量,以两性生命表法计算种群参数,揭示了这两种药剂亚致死剂量对该种群生长、繁殖的影响。试验测定了高效氯氰菊酯和啶虫脒对螟黄赤眼蜂的亚致死剂量LC20值分别为0.119和1.091 mg/L。研究结果显示,经亚致死浓度LC20的啶虫脒处理后,螟黄赤眼蜂的寄生卵量显著低于对照（P<0.05）,寿命(1.17 d)显著缩短,种群参数（内禀增长率 rm、周限增长率λ、净生殖力R0和世代平均历期T）均低于对照,其中净生殖力R0（27.573）显著低于对照（P<0.05）。经亚致死剂量LC20的高效氯氰菊酯处理后,螟黄赤眼蜂的单雌产卵量显著高于对照(P<0.05)。试验结果表明高效氯氰菊酯的亚致死剂量对螟黄赤眼蜂的增殖有一定的刺激作用,而亚致死剂量的啶虫脒则会影响螟黄赤眼蜂的寄生能力,在螟黄赤眼蜂盛发期,田间施用啶虫脒时,应注意其残留量对螟黄赤眼蜂的影响。     

内蒙古小菜蛾种群数量动态及抗药性监测

2009—2011年对内蒙古呼和浩特市郊区十字花科蔬菜和武川县油菜上小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)种群消长动态进行了调查,并比较了呼和浩特地区小菜蛾对11种杀虫剂的抗药性。结果表明,在呼和浩特郊区,小菜蛾成虫于4月上旬开始出现,一年中有4个发生高峰,分别为4月下旬或5月上旬、6月中旬、8月下旬和10月上旬;小菜蛾幼虫在春甘蓝和秋白菜整个生长期间均有发生,大约有4个发生高峰,分别为6月上中旬、6月下旬或7月上旬、9月上旬和10月上旬。在武川县,小菜蛾成虫于4月末或5月初开始发生,春夏季数量高于秋季,共有2个发生高峰,2009年为5月下旬和6月中旬,2010年为6月上旬和8月上中旬;小菜蛾幼虫在6月下旬开始出现,在油菜整个生长期间,小菜蛾幼虫约有3个数量高峰,分别为7月初、7月末和8月下旬,秋季数量高于春夏季。在供试的11种杀虫剂中,溴虫腈对小菜蛾幼虫的毒力最高,LC50为0.22 mg·L-1;其次为多杀菌素、氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟虫腈和BT,LC50分别为0.82⁰.83、1.09、1.36和3.41 mg·L-1;再次为茚虫威和阿维菌素,LC50分别为15.74 mg·L-1和6.030.83、1.09、1.36和3.41 mg·L-1;再次为茚虫威和阿维菌素,LC50分别为15.74 mg·L-1和6.03²3.47 mg·L-1;然后为丁醚尿、虫酰肼和啶虫隆,LC50分别为51.30、52.66和61.91 mg·L-1;最低为高效氯氰菊酯,LC50为462.6623.47 mg·L-1;然后为丁醚尿、虫酰肼和啶虫隆,LC50分别为51.30、52.66和61.91 mg·L-1;最低为高效氯氰菊酯,LC50为462.66⁶73.26 mg·L-1。抗药性测定表明,呼和浩特地区小菜蛾幼虫未对溴虫腈、虫酰肼、氯虫苯甲酰胺和丁醚尿产生抗性,对多杀菌素和氟虫腈为低抗性,对茚虫威和BT为中抗性,对高效氯氰菊酯、啶虫隆和阿维菌素为极高抗性。     

高效氯氰菊酯不同汰选频度条件下桔小实蝇高抗品系抗药性发展动态

为了研究高效氯氰菊酯不同施用强度对桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)高抗品系抗药性发展动态的影响,为指导田间科学合理使用高效氯氰菊酯防治该虫提供理论依据,本文以室内培育的桔小实蝇对高效氯氰菊酯高抗品系成虫为研究对象,以高效氯氰菊酯对敏感品系的毒力作为毒力基准线,按高效氯氰菊酯汰选间隔时间长短设置30 d、60 d、90 d、120 d 4个处理,以在不接触药剂常规条件下饲养的高抗品系作对照,采用药膜法进行抗药性汰选和毒力测定,每30天试验1次,共计试验10次,获得致死中浓度(LC_(50))和抗性倍数(R_m),分析抗性发展动态与汰选间隔时间的关系。研究结果表明270 d后,不同间隔时间长度汰选处理,桔小实蝇高抗品系对高效氯氰菊酯的抗药性发展动态存在明显差异,总体表现为汰选间隔时间越短,抗性增长越快。30 d汰选1次处理,高效氯氰菊酯对桔小实蝇成虫的致死中浓度从第1次的582.7 mg/L上升到1133.6 mg/L,抗性倍数从98.0倍上升到190.7倍;60 d汰选1次处理,致死中浓度上升为828.0 mg/L,抗性倍数上升为139.3倍;90 d汰选1次处理,致死中浓度为529.2 mg/L,抗性倍数为89.0倍;120 d汰选1次处理,致死中浓度、抗性倍数分别为511.3 mg/L、86.0倍;未进行汰选的抗性品系致死中浓度由582.7 mg/L下降到368.1 mg/L,抗性倍数也从98.0倍下降到61.9倍。建立了270 d后高效氯氰菊酯汰选间隔时间与桔小实蝇成虫抗药性增长比率之间的关系方程为Y=11.427X~(-0.529)。由实验室模拟实验结果预测当果园中连续两次使用间隔时间在99 d以上时,应可降低桔小实蝇对高效氯氰菊酯的抗性继续上升的风险。     

北京和河北地区小菜蛾的抗药性动态

【目的】了解北京和河北地区小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)对主要防治药剂的抗药性现状,为小菜蛾的有效防治提供参考。【方法】2011—2015年,采用浸叶法监测了小菜蛾对9种药剂的抗药性。【结果】小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺、多杀菌素和丁醚脲均为敏感水平,对Bt制剂、虫螨腈和茚虫威个别年份出现中等抗性水平,但总体上为敏感状态,对阿维菌素和氟啶脲保持中等抗性水平,对高效氯氰菊酯为中等至高水平抗性。【结论】在北京和河北地区高效氯氰菊酯不适用于小菜蛾的防治,少用或暂停使用阿维菌素,其它药剂可交替或轮换使用。     

柑橘全爪螨田间种群敏感性测定及三种主要解毒酶活性比较

为明确重庆地区柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri(McGregor)对常用杀螨剂的抗性水平,本研究采用阿维菌素、哒螨灵、三唑锡、螺螨酯4种不同类型杀螨剂对柑橘全爪螨重庆北碚种群、璧山种群、武隆种群和忠县种群进行了田间敏感性测定。结果表明,柑橘全爪螨4个种群对三唑锡表现最不敏感,致死中浓度LC50在209.9～370.9mg/L之间。璧山种群对阿维菌素敏感性最高,武隆种群和忠县种群对阿维菌素的相对抗性分别达12倍和11倍。哒螨灵监测结果表明,北碚种群的抗性水平显著高于其他3个种群。而北碚种群对螺螨酯的LC50仅为1.2mg/L,显著低于其他种群。柑橘全爪螨4个种群解毒酶活性研究发现,解毒酶活性的高低与不同种群抗性水平之间并没有明显相关性,这可能同各地区施药背景不同、综合防治措施不同、各杀螨剂作用机理不同、不同种群体内代谢抗性及靶标抗性水平差异有关。     

The synthesis of 13- - - -15, 16-dihydroxyprostaglandins

Both pairs of -ll-desoxy- and -13- - -15, 16-dihydroxyprostaglandins have been synthesized via 1,4-conjugate additions of an appropriately functionalized -vinyl cuprate to the requisite cyclopentenone. These prostaglandin analogs are considerably less potent than PGE₂ as gastric secretion inhibitors or as bronchodilators.     

Synthesis of protected peptides with the sequence 8-13-1-3 and 4-13-1-3 of mycobacillin and their analogs

We have synthesized both a protected nonapeptide of the mycobacillin 8-13-1-3 amino acid sequence and a protected tridecapeptide of the 4-13-1-3 sequence, which are a fragment and a open chain analog of this antibiotic, respectively. Some of their analogs with a reversed configuration of the amino acids at fixed positions have also been synthesized. The nonapeptides were obtained by coupling partially protected mycobacillin fragments with the sequence 8-10 and 11-13-1-3 while the tridecapeptides were synthesized by coupling partially protected fragments 4-7 and 8-13-1-3. Configuration analogs of these fragments were also used. The coupling methods applied were DCCI/HONSu or DCCI/HOBt. The purification of the synthesized peptides was achieved by means of recrystallization or column chromatography on silica gel. They were characterized mainly by m.p., degree of optical rotation, elemental and amino acid analysis.     

Preparation of alkyl (R)-(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate by acidic alcoholysis of poly-(R)-(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate

An efficient method for the preparation of optically active alkyl (R)-(-)-3-hydroxybutyrates by chemical depolymerization of biopolymer, poly-(R)-(-)-(3-hydroxybutyrate), was established. This method consists of simple recovery of poly-(R)-(-)-(3-hydroxybutyrate) from bacterial cells followed by acidic alcoholysis. When poly-(R)-(-)-(3-hydroxybutyrate) was purified by a simple digestion method that used 0.2 N sodium hydroxide, alkyl (R)-(-)-hydroxybutyrates were most efficiently produced by alcoholysis with anhydrous hydrochloric acid.     

Tiered Assembly of the Yeast Far3-7-8-9-10-11 Complex at the Endoplasmic Reticulum

Target of rapamycin signaling is a conserved, essential pathway integrating nutritional cues with cell growth and proliferation. The target of rapamycin kinase exists in two distinct complexes, TORC1 and TORC2. It has been reported that protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and the Far3-7-8-9-10-11 complex (Far complex) negatively regulate TORC2 signaling in yeast. The Far complex, originally identified as factors required for pheromone-induced cell cycle arrest, and PP2A form the yeast counterpart of the STRIPAK complex, which was first isolated in mammals. The cellular localization of the Far complex has yet to be fully characterized. Here, we show that the Far complex localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by analyzing functional GFP-tagged Far proteins in vivo. We found that Far9 and Far10, two homologous proteins each with a tail-anchor domain, localize to the ER in mutant cells lacking the other Far complex components. Far3, Far7, and Far8 form a subcomplex, which is recruited to the ER by Far9/10. The Far3-7-8- complex in turn recruits Far11 to the ER. Finally, we show that the tail-anchor domain of Far9 is required for its optimal function in TORC2 signaling. Our study reveals tiered assembly of the yeast Far complex at the ER and a function for Far complex''s ER localization in TORC2 signaling.     

Divergent expression of claudin -1, -3, -4, -5 and -7 in developing human lung

Background

Claudins are the main components of tight junctions, structures which are associated with cell polarity and permeability. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of claudins 1, 3, 4, 5, and 7 in developing human lung tissues from 12 to 40 weeks of gestation.

Methods

47 cases were analyzed by immunohistochemisty for claudins 1, 3, 4, 5 and 7. 23 cases were also investigated by quantitative RT-PCR for claudin-1, -3 and -4.

Results

Claudin-1 was expressed in epithelium of bronchi and large bronchioles from week 12 onwards but it was not detected in epithelium of developing alveoli. Claudin-3, -4 and -7 were strongly expressed in bronchial epithelium from week 12 to week 40, and they were also expressed in alveoli from week 16 to week 40. Claudin-5 was expressed strongly during all periods in endothelial cells. It was expressed also in epithelium of bronchi from week 12 to week 40, and in alveoli during the canalicular period. RT-PCR analyses revealed detectable amounts of RNAs for claudins 1, 3 and 4 in all cases studied.

Conclusion

Claudin-1, -3, -4, -5, and -7 are expressed in developing human lung from week 12 to week 40 with distinct locations and in divergent quantities. The expression of claudin-1 was restricted to the bronchial epithelium, whereas claudin-3, -4 and -7 were positive also in alveolar epithelium as well as in the bronchial epithelium. All claudins studied are linked to the development of airways, whereas claudin-3, -4, -5 and -7, but not claudin-1, are involved in the development of acinus and the differentiation of alveolar epithelial cells.     

S-腺苷甲硫氨酸的研究现状及应用前景

介绍了S-腺苷甲硫氨酸的制备方法及稳定性研究现状,并对其临床应用及市场前景进行了分析。