珍稀濒危植物太行菊遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记技术对太行山特有濒危物种太行菊11个自然居群的遗传多样性进行研究。用10个引物对11个居群的122个样品进行扩增,共得到150个扩增位点,其中多态性位点149个,多态位点百分率(PPL)为99.33%。POPGENE分析显示,太行菊具有较高的遗传多样性(H=0.2149,I=0.3455)。沁阳市大西天居群的遗传多样性水平最高(H=0.1910,I=0.2969),山西陵川县大双村居群的遗传多样性水平最低(H=0.1356,I=0.2155)。Nei’s遗传多样性分析表明,11个自然居群间出现了较高的遗传分化(基因分化系数Gst=0.2566,基因流Nm=1.4488)。生境的的片段化和基因流障碍可能是导致太行菊居群间遗传分化显著的主要原因。通过对太行菊居群遗传多样性和遗传结构的分析,该文提出了一些保护策略。     

不同天然居群小蓬竹的遗传多样性

从分子水平探讨不同居群小蓬竹的遗传多样性以及与环境因子的相关性,揭示其濒危原因,为小蓬竹的保护和后续开发利用提供理论支撑,助力实施极危物种最佳保护策略。运用RAPD标记技术和POPGENE32对16个小蓬竹天然居群进行遗传多样性研究和遗传变异分析。结果表明,8个RAPD随机引物共扩增出105条清晰、重复性高的条带,其中多态性条带有98条,分子量300~2000bp;物种水平多态性位点百分率PPL=93.33%,有效等位基因数Ne=1.4942,Nei’s基因多样性H=0.3005,Shannon多样性指数I=0.4586;落湾(ZY1)居群的遗传多样性水平最高(PPL=60.95%,H=0.2329,I=0.3451),[JP3]桃坡(PT1)居群的最低(PPL=44.76%,H=0.1700,[JP]I=0.2523);16个天然居群的遗传分化系数Gst=0.3231,基因流Nm=1.0478,基于Shannon’s多样性指数的分化系数[(HSP-HPOP)/HSP]为0.3429。小蓬竹居群内存在丰富的遗传多样性,各个天然居群间具有一定的遗传分化但分化水平并不高,主要的遗传变异存在于居群内部。     

锥栗种质资源遗传多样性的SRAP分析

应用SRAP分子标记法,采用筛选出的15个引物组合,对采自湖南、浙江、四川、贵州、福建5省的17个野生锥栗居群资源及23份锥栗栽培品种进行了遗传多样性分析,旨在为锥栗遗传背景分析和种质创新提供依据。17个野生锥栗居群共扩增出221个位点,平均多态性位点数为155.06,多态性位点百分率为70.16%。总遗传多样性指数(Ht)、居群内遗传多样性指数(Hs)、Nei's基因多样性指数、Shannon's信息指数分别为0.3636、0.2466、0.2460、0.3677,说明野生锥栗居群具有较高的遗传多样性和变异度。其中,衡山(HS)居群的多态性位点百分率最高,为85.07%,吉首小溪村(JS)居群次之,为83.26%,表明衡山、湘西一带为湖南省野生锥栗居群遗传多样性最丰富的区域。UPGMA聚类分析表明,浏阳溪江居群和衡山居群间的遗传相似性最大,亲缘关系最近;贵州黎平居群和岳阳月田镇居群间的遗传相似性最小,遗传差异较大。23个锥栗品种多态性位点百分率占比为89.14%,遗传相似性系数在0.66~0.85之间,且在遗传相似性系数0.66处,大尖嘴单独聚为一类,反映出它的遗传基础与其他品种具有较大的差异;在遗传相似性系数0.85处,华栗2号和铁锥被聚为一类,表明这2个品种亲缘关系最近,遗传差异最小。此外,还构建了Em1-Me2、Em2-Me1、Em2-Me2和Em2-Me3共4个引物组合的SRAP数字指纹图谱,为锥栗品种的快速鉴定提供了参考依据。     

白檀自然居群遗传结构与遗传多样性研究

采用ISSR分子标记技术分析了湖南省5个地区6个居群白檀的遗传多样性水平和遗传结构。结果表明,9条ISSR引物对6个居群的149份白檀样品PCR扩增检测到122个扩增位点,其中多态性位点113个,多态性比率高达92.62%。Nei's基因多样性指数(He)为0.3264,Shannon多样性指数(I)为0.4873,居群之间产生较大的遗传变异(Gst=0.5215,Nm=0.4588),AMOVA分子差异分析表明白檀居群间遗传分化程度高,51.07%的变异存在于居群间,48.93%的变异存在于居群内;UPGMA聚类分析将6个白檀居群分为3大类:大围山和龙山居群为一类,岳阳和道县居群组成另一类;衡山居群单独成一类,聚类原则跟地理位置不一致,与海拔高度有一定的相关性。     

珍稀濒危植物安徽羽叶报春遗传多样性的RAPD分析

利用RAPD分子标记对安徽特有濒危物种安徽羽叶报春（Primula merrilliana）6个自然居群的134个个体的遗传多样性进行了研究。从100个随机引物中筛选出12个RAPD引物,扩增共得到158条带,其中129个多态性位点（PPL）。POPGENE分析显示安徽羽叶报春具有较丰富的遗传变异（PPL=81.65%,He=0.2515,Ho=0.3849）。Nei′s基因多样性指数计算的居群间遗传分化系数（GST=0.5511）与Shannon信息指数（54.48%）基本一致。生境的片段化和基因流障碍可能是导致居群间遗传分化显著的主要原因。针对安徽羽叶报春的居群遗传变异提出了相应的保护措施：保护好自然生境和现有的居群及个体;加强居群间的基因流动;在迁地保护过程中,在尽可能多的居群中采样,以提高栽培居群的遗传多样性。     

粗山羊草居群间遗传分化及多样性的SSR分析

选用分布在粗山羊草14条染色体上的32对SSR引物,对来自中国河南、陕西、新疆和中东地区共147份粗山羊草材料进行遗传分化及多样性分析,结果表明在26个多态性位点中,等位基因数平均为4.15,Ne i基因多样性指数(He)平均为0.243,多态性信息含量指数(PIC)平均为0.226;居群间遗传变异差异明显,中东粗山羊草居群具有丰富的遗传变异(He=0.607,PIC=0.551),而来自陕西和河南的粗山羊草资源遗传多样性较低(He=0.055,PIC=0.047)和(He=0.024,PIC=0.021)。AMOVA分子变异分析显示,居群间遗传变异占总变异的52%,达到显著水平;河南粗山羊草和陕西粗山羊草间发生了一定的遗传分化(Fst=0.210),为研究中国粗山羊草资源的起源与分化问题提供了有用的信息与证据。     

重金属污染芒萁居群遗传分化的RAPD分析

利用随机扩增多态DNA标记技术(random amplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD)对自然生长的芒萁洁净居群和铅锌矿尾矿居群的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行分析。结果表明在170个检测位点中发现有102个位点呈多态性,在尾矿居群中有2个RAPD标记位点发生了丢失,推测可能为重金属的敏感基因片段;尾矿居群的多态位点百分率(52.94%)、Shannon信息指数(0.3059)和Nei基因多样性(0.2084)均略低于洁净居群(分别为53.53%、0.3196和0.2198),总的遗传多样性水平较高(分别为70.59%、0.3723和0.2472)。尾矿居群与洁净居群之间发生了一定的遗传分化(Φst=0.1900,Gst=0.1339),但居群间的变异程度远远小于居群内的变异程度,居群间的基因流较大。重金属胁迫对芒萁居群的遗传分化有较大程度的影响,可能是导致芒萁适应重金属污染的分化和微进化的一个重要驱动力。     

山东实生板栗居群遗传多样性ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术对山东省内的10个板栗居群共279个个体的遗传多样性水平及居群遗传结构进行了研究。10个引物共检测到116个位点,其中101个位点为多态位点,占87.07%。POPGENE分析结果表明:板栗具有丰富的遗传变异(在物种水平上,He=0.2697,H0=0.3999;在居群水平上,PPL=64.58,He=0.2004,H0=0.3010)。Neis遗传多样性分析和AMOVA分析表明,各居群间产生了一定程度的遗传分化(GST=0.2414,FST=0.2224)。居群间一定程度的遗传分化可能是由于生境破坏和基因流的障碍(Nm=0.8743)引起。UPGMA聚类分析可知,临沭、莒南、郯城和费县4个居群优先聚成一支,而莱阳居群单独聚为一支。     

两广地区家蚕白僵菌的SSRs遗传多样性

为查明广东和广西地区家蚕Bombyx mori病原白僵菌的来源及其菌株间的相互关系, 本研究利用了微卫星标记（simple sequence repeats, SSRs）技术, 分别对采自广东、 广西蚕区的白僵菌菌株居群之间和居群之内的遗传多态性进行了研究。结果发现, 两广白僵菌居群之间的基因分化系数（Gst）是0.0590, 多态位点百分率（PPL）为97.73%, Nei氏基因多样性指数（H）为0.1896, Shannon氏信息多样性指数（I）为0.3165, 表明两广家蚕来源的白僵菌居群间的遗传分化较小; 两个居群内部的遗传多态性研究结果分别是广东白僵菌居群的PPL=68.18%, H=0.1910, I=0.3044, 而广西白僵菌居群的PPL=65.91%, H=0.1713, I=0.1791, 表明广东白僵菌居群的遗传多样性水平较高, 广西白僵菌居群遗传多样性水平相对较低。最后, 利用Nei氏遗传距离进行了两广地区白僵菌菌株间地理来源关系的聚类分析, 结果表明实验室保存菌株单独聚为类群Ⅰ, 而不同采集地的菌株聚为类群Ⅱ。结果反映了生产来源的白僵菌菌株存在遗传多态性和基因分化现象, 暗示了家蚕白僵病病原来源的复杂性, 还说明应用SSRs技术进行家蚕白僵病病原的溯源是一条可行的途径。     

黑龙江省野生秋子梨群体遗传结构的荧光AFLP分析

以来自黑龙江省海林市、东宁县和孙吴县3个居群的90个野生秋子梨株系为试材,利用荧光AFLP标记技术对野生秋子梨群体遗传多样性及遗传结构进行了分析,旨在为野生秋子梨种质资源的保护和利用提供科学依据。结果表明:野生秋子梨3个居群种群水平多态性位点百分比(P)为82.95%,Nei’s基因多样度(H)为0.1467,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.2397,野生秋子梨遗传多样性水平较低;3个居群的多态性位点百分比、基因多样度及Shannon信息指数比较,东宁居群>海林居群>孙吴居群,居群水平上东宁居群的遗传多样性较丰富;基因分化系数(GST=0.1008)显示,野生秋子梨的遗传变异主要发生在居群内;野生秋子梨居群间存在较大的基因流动(Nm=4.4603),说明3个野生秋子梨居群间存在着较频繁的基因交流;UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,3个居群是相对独立的孟德尔群体,且海林居群和东宁居群的遗传关系较近。3个居群中东宁居群遗传多样性最丰富,是进行原生境保护优先考虑的居群。     

On a method of estimating the genetic correlation between characters measured in different experimental units

Summary Yamada's method of estimating genetic co-variances between traits measured in different experimental units is discussed. It is shown that if the data are unbalanced, this method gives biased estimates of genetic covariances unless the traits have identical genetic and residual variances. An alternative unbiased procedure is suggested.     

植物种质群体遗传结构改变的测度

本文旨在探讨植物种质资源保存中由于人为和自然缘故导致遗传结构改变的评价指标和评价方法.在介绍植物种质资源保存研究一些基本概念的基础上,归纳了测度种质库(收集品)遗传潜势的6种遗传多样性统计指标,包括同一变异层次的类型数、类型分布均衡度、遗传相似性与遗传距离、遗传方差与遗传变异系数、多元变异指数以及亲本系数.指出若无遗传丰富度相伴,单有遗传离散度并未提供遗传多样性的完整测度.探讨了人为条件导致植物种质资源遗传结构改变的遗传流失、环境胁迫所致植物种质资源遗传结构改变的遗传脆弱性和种子扩繁所引发的植物种质资源遗传结构改变的遗传漂变和遗传漂移等的统计指标.文末给出了自花授粉植物和异花授粉植物群体适宜样本容量研究的个例.     

Genetic differentiation among local populations of Asian elephant

Electrohoretically detectable enetic variation for 29 kinds of blood protein encoded by 33 loci was analyzed for 78 Asian eletants (Elephas maximus) which were collected from its four local populations: Sri Lanka, Souti India, Thailand and Nepal. Elehants in Sri Lanka are classified into the subspecies E.m. maximus, and those from the other tlree localities into the subspecies E. m. indicus. Six variable loci were detected, and one of them, the tetrazolium oxidase locus, was observed to show a complete allele substitution between the subspecies. Average heterozgosity within local populations were in a range of 0.0152 ? 0.0303. Whereas the Nei's genetic distance among three local populations of the subspecies indicus were 0.0013 ? 0.0031, the distance between the subspecies indicus and maximus were 0.0328 ? 0.0370, indicating that the two subspecies were well differentiated genetically.     

Remarkable genetic divergence of Gymnodiptychus dybowskii between south and north of Tianshan Mountain in northwest China

Gymnodiptychus dybowskii is endemic to Xinjiang, China and has been locally listed as protected animals. To investigate its genetic diversity and structure, specimens were collected from six localities in Yili River system and Kaidu River. Fragments of 1092bp Cyt b gene were sequenced for 116 individuals. A total of 21 haplotypes were found in all samples, and no haplotype was shared between Yili River system and Kaidu River population. Sequence comparisons revealed 123 variable sites, with eight singleton sites and 115 parsimony informative sites. For all the populations examined, the haplotype diversity (h) was 0.8298 ± 0.0226, nucleotide diversity (π) was 0.2521 ± 0.1202, and average number of pairwise nucleotide differences (k) was 275.3369 ± 118.5660. AMOVA analysis showed that the differences were significant for total populations except for Yili River system populations. The pairwise F_st values revealed same conclusion with AMOVA analysis: Kaidu River population was divergent from Yili River system populations. The genetic distance between two groups was 0.108 and the divergence time was estimated at 5.4–6.6 Ma, the uplift of Tianshan Mountain might have separated them and resulted in the genetic differentiation. The neutrality test and mismatch analysis indicated that both two groups of G. dybowskii had went through population expansion, the expansion time of Yili River system and Kaidu River population was estimated at 0.5859–0.7146 Ma and 0.5151–0.6282 Ma, respectively. The climate changes of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau might have influenced the demographic history of G. dybowskii.     

Loss of genetic diversity from heterogeneous self-pollinating genebank accessions

Genebank seed accessions of predominantly self-pollinating species may be stored either as bulked (mixed) seed lines or as pure line cultivars. If seed lines are bulked in storage then when considered over several regeneration cycles, loss of genetic diversity within heterogeneous self pollinating genebank accessions is shown to be severe. This within-accession loss of diversity represents opportunities foregone through the random loss of individual genotypes. Amongst working collections, the utility and repeatability of genebank accessions is paramount in the justification of the germ plasm resource. Therefore, the only practical solution to the management of predominantly self-pollinating species is to preserve individual accessions as pure lines.     

Study of the genetic code adaptability by means of a genetic algorithm

We used simulated evolution to study the adaptability level of the canonical genetic code. An adapted genetic algorithm (GA) searches for optimal hypothetical codes. Adaptability is measured as the average variation of the hydrophobicity that the encoded amino acids undergo when errors or mutations are present in the codons of the hypothetical codes. Different types of mutations and point mutation rates that depend on codon base number are considered in this study. Previous works have used statistical approaches based on randomly generated alternative codes or have used local search techniques to determine an optimum value. In this work, we emphasize what can be concluded from the use of simulated evolution considering the results of previous works. The GA provides more information about the difficulty of the evolution of codes, without contradicting previous studies using statistical or engineering approaches. The GA also shows that, within the coevolution theory, the third base clearly improves the adaptability of the current genetic code.     

Genetic diversity of natural populations of Larix principis-rupprechtii in Shanxi Province,China

Prince Rupprecht's Larch (Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.) is one of dominant components of middle and high elevation forests in North China. Shanxi Province is well known as “the Hometown of Prince Rupprecht's Larch” in China. In this study, six natural populations of this species across Shanxi were selected to investigate the genetic variation of the species using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Results showed that in comparison with some other species of Larix, higher genetic diversity was revealed at the species level for L. principis-rupprechtii (percentage of polymorphic loci PPL = 71.9%, Nei's gene diversity H_E = 0.225, Shannon information index I = 0.341). Most of genetic variation existed within populations (80.5%), while the genetic differentiation among populations was significant (p < 0.001) and higher (G_st = 0.194) than most other species of Larix. The differentiation can be attributed to the limited gene flow (N_m = 1.035) among populations, which could be due to the spatial isolation and habitat fragmentation. The six populations can be divided into three groups based on the Nei's genetic distances between populations (from 0.033 to 0.076). There was no significant correlation (r = 0.268, p > 0.05) between genetic distance and geographic distance among populations. The measures for in-situ or ex-situ conservation should be taken to preserve the genetic diversity of this species.     

Genetic diversity and population structure of the ark shell Scapharca broughtonii along the coast of China based on microsatellites

As a commercially important species in East Asia, the natural resources of Scapharca broughtonii have been suffering from severe population decline across its main habitats. In China, recovery efforts for S. broughtonii are in progress. To provide scientific bases for fisheries management and conservation program, genetic diversity and population structure of seven wild populations of S. broughtonii from the northern China coast was assessed using seven microsatellite loci in this study. High genetic diversity was present in all the seven populations, as observed in mean allelic richness per locus (11.3–12.5), and average expected heterozygosity (0.835–0.867). No significant difference in allelic richness or expected heterozygosity was observed among the seven populations. Pairwise F_ST estimates and NJ tree topologies based on D_C distances indicated that the seven populations fell into two groups, showing a clear division between the populations from the south and north of the Shandong Peninsula. Genetic differentiation was further analyzed using AMOVA and assignation tests. Genetic barrier analysis using Monmonier algorithm also confirmed that the Shandong Peninsula was the putative barrier separating the northern and southern populations. In addition, marine currents probably play an important role in high gene flow among three populations from the same marine gyre.     

Genetic structure of the population of Cabo Verde (West Africa): Evidence of substantial european admixture

The population of Cabo Verde was founded in the fifteenth century (1462), on the basis of slaves brought from the West African coast and a few Europeans, mainly from Portugal. The polymorphism of six red cell enzymes (ADA, AK1, ALAD, ESD, GLO1, and PGD) and ten plasma proteins (AHSG, BF, F13A, F13B, GC, HP, ORM, PLG, TBG, and TF) was studied in a sample of 268 individuals from Cabo Verde (West Africa). There is no statistical evidence of genetic heterogeneity between the two groups of islands which constitute the archipelago, Barlavento and Sotavento. The gene frequency distribution observed in Cabo Verde differs, in many markers, from that of West African populations, suggesting an important European influence. The proportion of Caucasian genes in the population of Cabo Verde has been calculated to be M = 0.3634 ± 0.0510, and the considerable dispersion of the locus-specific admixture estimates seems to indicate random drift has also played a role in the evolution of the allele frequencies in the archipelago. Partition of the variance of the mean estimate in evolutionary and sampling variance shows the evolutionary variance is more than ten times higher than the sampling variance. When dendrograms are constructed on the basis of different genetic distances, the population of Cabo Verde clusters with Afro-Americans, forming a different group from the populations of the African continent. This is interpreted as a consequence of the importance of Caucasian admixture both in Afro-Americans and in the population of Cabo Verde. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

转基因技术在玉米遗传育种中的应用

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