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菲氏叶猴与黑叶猴面颅形态的比较研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
本文对16个菲氏叶猴(Presbytis phayrei)和8个黑叶猴(P.francoisi)的成年头骨作了比较研究。经45项定性和定量的差异性分析表明,在种间22项达到显著或非常显著差异;菲氏叶猴为低颅型,而黑叶猴为正颅型;菲氏叶猴面颅比黑叶猴更凸出,枕骨大孔比黑叶猴更向嘴侧;黑叶猴比菲氏叶猴有更发育的视力;在犬齿与颅长的相关性中,黑叶猴比菲氏叶猴显示了更强的相关性。 相似文献
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菲氏叶猴和黑叶猴的齿弓 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
本文对菲氏叶猴(Presbytis phayrei)和黑叶猴(Presbytis francoisi)成年头颅的上下齿弓进行了比较研究。结果说明,在黑叶猴中,由于与颧骨眶低点相连,垂直于M~3根部齿弓的距离非常显著地大于菲氏叶猴,因而其面颅体积显著性地大于菲氏叶猴,而且菲氏叶猴的面颅比黑叶猴更为凸出。在对齿弓的对称性研究时发现,除黑叶猴的上齿弓向右偏离外,别的都向左侧发生偏离。这种偏离似乎与用手优势相联系。在进行多变量分析时发现,两种叶猴所研究的变量下颌的比上颌的发生了更大的变异。进一步证实了运动的器官比固定的器官易产生变异。 相似文献
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黑叶猴是分布于我国广西、贵州、重庆南部和越南北部喀斯特石山特有的灵长类,全世界不足2000只,其中四分之三以上分布在我国。黑叶猴隶属于哺乳纲灵长目猴科疣猴亚科乌叶猴属,该属是疣猴亚科种类最多的一个属,共有20个种。根据系统演化,这个属可以分为戴帽叶猴种组、郁乌叶猴种组、银叶猴种组和黑叶猴种组,其中黑叶猴种组包括了我国的黑叶猴、白头叶猴、越南的金头叶猴、德氏叶猴、越南乌叶猴、印支乌叶猴和老挝乌叶猴,这7个种只生活在喀斯特石山环境,所以它们又被称为石山叶猴,其中黑叶猴扩散能力最强,是分布范围最广和分布纬度最高的种类。 相似文献
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开展近缘物种觅食行为比较对理解动物的行为可塑性及适应性具有重要意义。白头叶猴(Trachypithecus leucocephalus)和黑叶猴(T.francoisi)是近缘物种,体形大小相近,社会结构和栖息环境相似,是广西崇左白头叶猴国家级自然保护区喀斯特季节性雨林中邻域分布的灵长类。为了探索两个物种在喀斯特生境中是否有相似的觅食策略,我们于2012年1-12月采用瞬时扫描取样法对两种叶猴的觅食行为进行研究。结果表明,白头叶猴与黑叶猴在不同时段均为叶食性,树叶是两种叶猴各个时段主要食物,其中白头叶猴日均取食树叶77.0%±4.4%,黑叶猴日均取食68.9%±8.3%,两者对树叶的采食比例均没有显著的日时段差异(白头叶猴:χ2=6.602,df=11,P=0.830;黑叶猴:χ2=11.393,df=11,P=0.411)。两种叶猴的觅食行为都在猴群清晨离开夜宿石洞后和进入过夜山洞前的时段中频繁发生。白头叶猴在09:00-10:59和16:00-17:59出现觅食高峰,时间占比分别为41.7%和46.3%;黑叶猴同样在09:00-10:59和16:00-17:59的时间段内发生高频率的觅食行为,时间占比分别为31.3%和38.0%。此外,两种叶猴的觅食时间在大部分时段中的差异并不明显。白头叶猴和黑叶猴在石灰岩生境中具有相似的觅食策略,这意味着两种叶猴在取食生态学上可能采取相似的保护措施。 相似文献
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喀斯特石山是一类特殊环境,生存在喀斯特石山的动物形成特殊的行为机制以适应这一特殊的环境。石山叶猴是仅分布于喀斯特石山地区的珍稀濒危灵长类动物,属疣猴亚科乌叶猴属的一个种组,包括黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi)、白头叶猴(T.leucocephalus)、德氏叶猴(T.delacouri)、金头叶猴(卡巴叶猴,T.poliocephalus)、越南乌叶猴(T.hatinhensis)、印支黑叶猴(T.ebenus)、老挝乌叶猴(T.laotum)7种。迄今为止,对分布于中国的黑叶猴和白头叶猴的生态学已有较多研究,而对其他石山叶猴的研究较缺乏。本文对中国黑叶猴和白头叶猴的种群生态学、行为生态学、保护生物学研究进行综述,以促进叶猴生态学理论的发展和完善,为我国特有珍稀濒危动物保护提供基础资料。未来研究应关注石山叶猴的种群历史以及对栖息地破碎化和气候变化的适应机制等问题。 相似文献
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保护动物(灵长类和食肉类)列入国家保护的灵长类动物有:一级:蜂猴、熊猴、台湾猴、尾猴、菲氏叶猴、灰叶猴、黑叶猴、金丝猴、滇金丝猴、白眉长臂猿、黑长臂猿等十一种。二级:红面猴、猕猴、四川短尾猴等三种。列入国家保护的食肉类动物有:一级:马来熊、大熊猫、紫... 相似文献
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黑叶猴和灰叶猴的线粒体DNA限制性片段长度多态研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文以15种限制性内切酶分析黑叶猴和灰叶猴种内及种间mtDNA多态。从各个样品中分别检出了41—50个酶切位点。综合15种限制内酶的酶切类型,在2只黑叶猴和2只灰叶猴中分别检出了两种限制性类型,并与其4个地理来源相对应。结合恒河猴和红面猴的资料,构建了4种猴科动物的分子系统树。结果表明,黑叶猴和灰叶猴种内的分歧分别始于30和35万年以前,两种叶猴的分离始于190万年以前,猴亚科和疣猴亚科的分离应早于1100万年。叶猴属在中国的扩散不是很晚才发生的。 相似文献
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Pages G Lloyd E Suarez SA 《Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology》2005,76(6):342-346
Resource use is known to influence the ranging behaviour of primates, and this effect may be pronounced when the resource is uncommon in the environment. Here we investigate the effect of geophagy on the ranging behaviour of Phayre's leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus phayrei) in the Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. UTM coordinates were collected via GPS from the group centre every 30 min during all-day follows of one study group over a 4-month period. On days during which the group visited a distant saltlick (n = 3), the monkeys travelled significantly further (p < 0.001), significantly faster (p < 0.001) and with fewer stops compared to non-saltlick days (n = 61). Saltlick visits also increased the home range size from 73.7 ha to 93.4 ha. Increased daily path length, increased travel speed and consistent pace are necessary because of the distance from the saltlick to the regularly used portion of the home range, and these reflect the import- ance of soil consumption to the leaf monkeys. 相似文献
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Wen Wang Michael R. J. Forstner Ya-ping Zhang Zi-min Liu Yu Wei Hua-qiang Huang Hong-guang Hu You-xin Xie Deng-hu Wu Don J. Melnick 《International journal of primatology》1997,18(3):305-320
The phylogeny of Chinese leaf monkeys, especially the snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus), has not been thoroughly investigated using molecular sequence data, perhaps due to their rarity in the wild and their poor representation in institutional collections. Despite several proposed classifications, systematic relationships of these species remain poorly defined and this has hindered their conservation. To clarify the phylogenetic relationships of the leaf monkey clade in China, we sequenced the mitochondrial ND3, ND4L, ND4, tRNA
Arg
, tRNA
His
, tRNA
Ser
, and tRNA
Leu
genes for Rhinopithecus bieti, R. roxellana, Trachypithecus francoisi, T. f. leucocephalus, and T. phayrei as well as Pygathrix nemaeus and Colobus guereza. We included a total of 2252 characters for each individual, excluding gaps in primary sequences. Our interpretation of the results from character-and distance-based phylogenetic analyses suggest that (1) Pygathrix nemaeus is sister to Rhinopithecus rather than to Trachypithecus though it is quite divergent from the former; (2) the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey, Rhinopithecus bieti, represents a valid species; (3) the white-headed leaf monkey is not a distinct species, but instead is a subspecies of Trachypithecus francoisi (T. f. leucocephalus), though it should still be considered a separate evolutionary significant unit (ESU); and (4) because two individuals of the Phayrei's leaf monkey, T. phayrei, are genetically distinct from one another, a more extensive revision of the taxonomy of this putative species in China is needed. These results, plus ongoing work on the molecular systematics of the entire Asian leaf monkey radiation, can provide a sound basis for identifying the appropriate units of conservation for this endangered group of primates. 相似文献
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Mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences of old world monkeys: With special reference on evolution of Asian colobines 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The classification and phylogenetic relationships of the Old World monkeys are still controversial. For Asian colobines, from
three to nine genera were recognized by different primatologists. In the present study, we have sequenced a 424 bp mitochondrial
tRNAThr gene and cytochrome b gene fragment fromMacaca mulatta, Mandrillus sphinx, Mandrillus leucophaeus, Semnopithecus entellus, Trachypithecus vetulus, T. johnii, T. phayrei,
T. francoisi, Pygathrix nemaeus, Rhinopithecus roxellanae, R. bieti, R. avunculus, Nasalis larvatus, andColobus polykomos in order to gain independent information on the classification and phylogenetic relationships of those species. Phylogenetic
trees were constructed with parsimony analysis by weighting transversions 5 or 10 fold greater than transitions. Our results
support the following conclusions: (1) the Old World monkeys are divided into two subfamilies; (2) that among the colobines,Colobus, the African group, diverged first, andNasalis andRhinopithecus form a sister clade toPygathrix; (3) that there are two clades within leaf monkeys, i.e. 1)S. entellus, T. johnii, andT. vetulus, and 2)T. phayrei andT. francoisi; (4) thatRhinopithecus avunculus, R. roxellanae, andR. bieti are closely related to each other, and they should be placed into the same subgenus; (5) thatRhinopithecus is a distinct genus; and (6) that the ancestors of Asian colobines migrated from Africa to Asia during the late Pliocene
or early Pleistocene. 相似文献
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根据最优分配理论( optimal partitioning theory,OPT),在自然环境中,由于地上和地下资源在空间上的分离,陆生植物需要调整其地上和地下部分的生物量分配以平衡对资源的吸收。研究结果[1-2]显示:在植物地上资源严重受限时,叶片的生物量分配相对增加;而地下资源严重受限时,根的生物量分配相对增加。然而,植物的生物量分配对资源的响应较为复杂。首先,除了生物量分配,形态变化也是植物调节资源吸收的重要手段,例如,植物通过增加比叶面积提高对光照的吸收,通过调整比根长响应土壤养分的变化[3-4];并且,一些植物甚至以形态响应为主,生物量分配的变化并不明显[3,5]。此外,某些植物还有一些特殊的资源平衡方式,例如,克隆植物通过构件之间的养分传输平衡资源在空间上的分配不均[6];拥有特化储藏器官的植物可依靠大量储藏物质来平衡资源在时间上的分配不均[7]。植物所具有的丰富的资源响应方式决定了其多样的资源策略。 相似文献
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Heather M. Hassel-Finnegan Carola Borries Eileen Larney Mayuree Umponjan Andreas Koenig 《International journal of primatology》2008,29(5):1175-1187
Primate population assessments provide the basis for comparative studies and are necessary prerequisites in determining conservation
status. The most widely used assessment method is line transect sampling, which generates systematic data quickly and comparatively
inexpensively. In contrast, the presumably most reliable method is long-term monitoring of known groups, which is both slow
and costly. To assess the reliability of various analytical methods, we compared group and population densities for white-handed
gibbons (Hylobates lar carpenteri) and Phayre’s leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus) derived from transect walks with those from long-term group follows at Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. Our assistants
and we regularly walked a 4-km transect over 30 mo (480 km total), resulting in 155 gibbon sightings and 125 leaf monkey sightings.
We then estimated densities via 1) DISTANCE and 2) the Kelker method based on perpendicular distances (PD) or animal-to-observer
distances (AOD). We compared the 3 estimates to values based on known home ranges (95% kernels), accounting for home range
overlap, combined with group size data. Analyses of line transect data consistently overestimated group densities for both
species, while underestimating group size for leaf monkeys. Quality of results varied according to the group size and spread
of each species. However, we found, in accordance with previous studies, that values derived via AOD (or its derivations)
matched most closely with population estimates based on home range data. 相似文献
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Amy Lu Carola Borries Nancy M. Czekala Jacinta C. Beehner 《American journal of primatology》2010,72(12):1073-1081
Understanding female reproductive characteristics is important for assessing fertility, interpreting female behavior, and designing appropriate conservation and captive management plans. In primate species lacking morphological signs of receptivity, such as most colobines, determination of reproductive parameters depends on the analysis of reproductive hormones. Here, we use fecal hormone analysis to characterize cycle patterns (N=6 females) and gestation length (N=7 females) in a group of wild Phayre's leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus) in Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. We found that both fecal estrogen (fE) and progestin (fP) levels showed clear biological patterns indicative of ovulation and conception. However, because fP patterns were inadequate in determining the end of the luteal phase, we used fE rather than fP patterns to delineate menstrual cycle parameters. We found a mean cycle length of 28.4 days (N=10), with follicular and luteal phases of 15.4 (N=10) and 12.5 days (N=14), respectively. On average, females underwent 3.57 (N=7) cycles until conception. Average gestation length was 205.3 days (N=7), with fE levels increasing over the course of pregnancy. Overall, the reproductive characteristics found for Phayre's leaf monkeys were consistent with results for other colobine species, suggesting that fecal hormone monitoring, particularly for fE metabolites, can provide useful reproductive information for this species. Am. J. Primatol. 72:1073–1081, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
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金丝猴躯干骨及四肢骨的研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellanae Milne-Edwards)仅产我国,是闻名世界的稀有珍贵动物之一。有关金丝猴形态学的研究,国外由于材料之难得而研究甚少,Hill(1966)的《灵长类的比较解剖学和分类学》专著中对金丝猴属亦仅在分类和分布上作了简述;即使国内,以往亦多偏重于外部形态及生态生物学的观察研究,而对其内部系统解剖方面亦报道不多。近年来,我们进行了金丝猴的一些系统解剖工作,本文仅将在研究其躯干骨和四肢骨的基础上,同时与黑叶猴(Presbytis francoisi Pousa-rgues)和猕猴(Macaca mulatta Zimmermann)进行对比,以期阐明其结构特点和与后二者的差异,为丰富其系统形态学的内容积累资料,亦为进一步探讨其分类地位提供依据。 相似文献