草原沙漠化过程中土壤因素分析及其植物的生理响应

基于2001～2003年内蒙古锡林郭勒盟多伦县草原沙漠化过程中土壤因子（5个指标）与不同耐胁迫类型植物的生理响应（7个指标）的相关分析,得到的结果是：①羊草（敏感型）各生理指标与土壤含水量及土壤C／N比的相关水平较高（P〈0．01）,其中以MDA和ABA与土壤因子的相关性较高（P〈0．01）。②糙隐子草和冷蒿（积极忍耐型）MDA只与土壤C／N比关系均极显著相关（P〈0．01）．同时ABA与反映土壤的5个指标的关系亦极显著相关（P〈0．01）。③扁蓿豆（迟钝型）对土壤物理性质的敏感性要高于土壤的化学性质,土壤营养元素的衰减并没有成为制约其生长发育的主导因子。另外在扁蓿豆的7个生理指标中MDA与土壤的相关性最高（P〈0．01）,而ABA与土壤因子均不相关（P〉0。05）。④综合植物生理指标与土壤因子的相关分析,多数植物的MDA和ABA在沙漠化胁迫环境下反应较强。⑤不同类型植物在沙漠化过程中对土壤因子的响应机制不同,其中敏感型对土壤水分、C／N比响应较强,而积极忍耐型对土壤反应的主导因素不突出,总体上土壤因子中C／N比与植物的生理响应关系密切。     

Analysis on the soil factor and physiological response of the plants in the process of sandy desertification on grassland

The aim was to find the most practical measure to father desertification on grassland. Three-year research was carried out from 2001 to 2003 in Duolun County, Xilin Gol, Inner Mongolia, China. A series of degradation gradients or stages were established by clustering analysis, and corresponded to 5 community types. Five community types were selected as the sampling sites. Four common plant populations (i.e., Leymus chinensis, Cleistogenes squarrosa, Artemisia frigida and Melilotoides ruthenica) were chosen because of their different physiological responses to sandy desertification. The correlation analysis was made between the soil factor (5 soil indices) and the physiological response of per plant population (7 physiological indices). The results showed that in the course of the sandy desertification on grassland, the physiological response of L. chinensis, an impressible type, had more significant correlations with the soil moisture and C/N in the soil than others (P < 0.01) relatively. The soil moisture and C/N in the soil are likely the key factors for the damage on a physiological level. Its malondialdehyde (MDA) and abscisic acid (ABA) had more significant correlations than others with 5 soil indices as a whole (P < 0.01). C. squarrosa and A. frigida are of resistant types. Only the correlations of C/N among 5 soil indices with both MDAs were consistent and very significant (P < 0.01). Both ABA relations to 5 soil indices were consistent, and, similarly, were very significant (P < 0.01). M. ruthenica, a retarded type, was more sensitive to soil physical character (the soil moisture and the content of clay) than soil chemical character (the content of C, the total N and C/N in the soil), suggesting that the degradation of nutritious elements in the soil is not the leading factor in holding back its growth. Its MDA showed a more significant correlation (P < 0.01) than others as a whole, but its ABA did not show a significant correlation with each of the soil indices (P > 0.05). The synthesis result showed that MDA and ABA in the plants responded intensively to desertification stress. For each of the stress resistant types, there were different soil response mechanisms under different stages. The impressible type responded intensively to the soil moisture and C/N. The response of the resistant type to the soil factor did not appear to be a dominant factor. Altogether, the physiological response of plants mostly had a significant correlation with the C/N in the soil.     

旅游干扰对土壤生态系统的影响研究进展

为了解旅游对土壤生态环境的影响,综述了近40年来有关旅游干扰对土壤环境因子、植物、土壤动物和土壤微生物影响的研究进展。旅游干扰致使土壤紧实度、容重、pH、重金属含量升高,氮(N)、磷(P)、水分、有机质含量降低;旅游干扰导致地表植物的高度、盖度、多样性、丰富度、均匀度下降,伴人种植物增多;游客活动区土壤动物的种类、数量、密度均小于缓冲区和背景区,土壤线虫、节肢动物对旅游干扰比较敏感;旅游干扰使土壤酶活性、微生物丰度与多样性显著下降。旅游干扰对土壤生态系统的上述影响与游道、步道等游客活动中心地带的距离呈负相关。将来可构建旅游地生态数据库,从个体、细胞、分子等微观水平深入探讨旅游干扰对土壤生态系统的胁迫机理,发展旅游与环境的和谐共生关系,实现旅游业的可持续发展。     

Effect of the insecticide nerametrine EK-15 on the activity of soil microorganisms

The effect of the insecticide Nerametrine EK-15 (containing an active supercypermetrine component) on nitrification, nitrogen fixation, CO₂ production and cellulase activity of soil microorganisms was investigated. Four soil types were sampled from various localities. Supercypermetrine at 31 pmol/kg soil affected remarkably the metabolic activity of all soil samples tested by producing CO₂ after a 1-d exposure. After a 14-d exposure no difference in the metabolic activity related to CO₂ production was noticed in the case of garden soil where the insecticide at 31 pmol/kg soil and the unaffected control were used. As far as other samples are concerned, the supercypermetrine concentration amounting to 31 pmol/kg soil explicitly inhibited the metabolic activity of soil microorganisms. On the other hand, concentrations of 0.61 and 6.1 pmol/kg soil stimulated the metabolic activity of soil in the locality of Senica. The soil samples enriched with nutrients (organic nitrogen in urea) manifested an evident inhibition at 31 pmol/kg soil. The nitrification activity of all soil types was interrupted at 61 pmol/kg soil. Supercypermetrine 0.12 pmol/L stopped completely nitrogen fixation withA. chroococcum and that corresponding to 0.3 pmol/L stopped aerobic cellulase decomposition.     

Effect of organic manuring on the activities of the enzymes hydrolysing sucrose and urea and on soil aggregation

Summary The effect of organic manuring with farm-yard manure, maize stalk, and Pongamia cake (Pongamia glabra) at 1 per cent organic carbon level on the activities of the enzymes hydrolysing sucrose and urea, in relation to changes in soil microbial populations and on soil reaction and aggregation was investigated in a red sandy loam soil. Farm yard manuring did not alter the invertase activity to any appreciable extent; but both maize stalk and Pongamia cake enhanced the invertase activity of the soil significantly. While appreciable increase in urease activity was also observed due to the application of both maize stalk and Pongamia cake, the latter treatment maintained the soil urease activity at a higher level.No definite correlation could be observed between the changes in the microbial populations and the enzyme activities during the incubation period. The pH of the soil treated with Pongamia cake was considerably increased. Organic manuring significantly increased aggregation of soil particles and maximum soil aggregation was observed in the case of maize stalk application.     

基于文献计量的青藏高原土壤呼吸研究进展

为了深入了解青藏高原土壤呼吸的研究现状与研究前沿,以中国知网数据库(CNKI)和Web of Science核心合集数据库中的相关文献为数据源,基于文献计量的分析方法,运用Citespace和VOSviewer等软件,通过对国内外发文趋势分析、高频关键词共现分析及国家、机构、作者合作网络分析等,总结了青藏高原土壤呼吸的研究热点与研究趋势。结果表明：(1)国内外青藏高原土壤呼吸的研究在逐年上升,外文研究的增长速率大于中文研究。(2)国内外关于青藏高原土壤呼吸的合作网络较为松散。(3)青藏高原土壤呼吸的研究大体划分为三个阶段：起步阶段(1978—2005年)、增长阶段(2006—2013年)、快速发展阶段(2014年—至今),研究方法、研究尺度都在不断发展。(4)目前土壤呼吸领域研究内容以青藏高原土壤呼吸与全球气候变化、氮添加与土壤呼吸、土壤呼吸与土壤温度、土壤呼吸与过度放牧为主。研究指出：在未来,应该加强对于青藏高原碳动态的连续观测,完善不同类型生态系统土壤呼吸研究。同时,探索放牧等生态系统管理措施对青藏高原土壤呼吸的影响机制。这些结果为国内外青藏高原土壤呼吸研究方向提供了可靠情报支持。     

Considerations on the use of the p-nitrophenyl phosphomonoesterase assay in the study of the phosphorus nutrition of soil borne fungi

The p-nitrophenyl phosphomonoesterase assay (pNPPase) is commonly used to measure cell-wall-associated and extracellular phosphatase activity of soil fungi. pNPPases are usually assayed in the context of fungal nutrition, where inorganic P supply might be enhanced by the mineralisation of monoester organic P sources in the soil. The importance of the assay to the P nutrition of soil fungi is considered based on the evidence currently available including the consistency of methodological approach. The nature of organic P in the soil and the relevance of the assay to some specific soil substrates is discussed, particularly the chemistry and bioavailability of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate and the lower inositol phosphates. The evidence for the long-term stability of pNPPases in the soil is examined in the light of the persistence of pNPPase in soils. The role of persistent extracellular fungal pNPPases in the soil P cycle is discussed. Conclusions from pNPPase based studies must be based upon an appreciation of the constraints of the assay and the complex chemistry of organic P and pNPPase in the soil.     

The Effect of Soil Treatment on the Response of the Soil Microflora to the Herbicide Dalapon

Responses of the soil microflora to the herbicide dalapon have been examined using three different soil treatments. The parameters examined were bacterial numbers and dehydrogenase activity. The effects of dalapon were less marked in soil cores sprayed with dalapon than in disturbed soil samples with herbicide incorporated throughout. Air-drying of soil reduced the rate of disappearance of dalapon. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to the problems of designing sensitive tests which avoid exaggerated or abnormal effects of the agricultural chemical under test.     

Influence of organic soil amendments on Verticillium dahliae and on the microbial composition of the strawberry rhizosphere

A technique was developed for assessing the saprophytic activity of Verticillium dahliae, using a strawberry root extract medium. The germination of conidia and microsclerotia, and mycelial growth in soil, was inhibited by the addition of chitin, laminarin, wheat straw and oven-dried green clover as soil amendments. A significant decrease in the number of viable propagules of the pathogen counted from soil, and in disease severity, was obtained with chitin and laminarin. More bacteria and actinomycetes were recorded from the rhizosphere of plants grown in chitin-amended soil than from those in natural soil.     

黑河中游荒漠绿洲区土地利用的土壤养分效应

土地利用影响地表覆被状况和生态过程,关系到土壤肥力与土壤碳库功能"源-汇"关系的改变。黑河中游甘州区和临泽县是我国西北干旱区典型的荒漠绿洲区,以土壤表层(0-20 cm)养分变化为对象,利用2011-2012年甘州区和临泽县的土壤野外调查数据和该区全国第二次土壤普查数据,对两时期土壤表层养分(土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾及pH值)的变化特征进行比较研究。结果表明:研究区土壤有机质、全磷含量分别降低了3.54%和12.5%;而全氮、全钾和pH值分别增加了74.4%、98.2%和4.9%。全国第二次土壤普查时期,荒漠、耕地与草地三者在各土壤养分上没有显著差异,但林地在土壤有机质、全氮、全钾上显著高于前三者。2011-2012年,耕地土壤的全磷、全氮与其它土地利用存在显著差异。土地利用的保持和改变对土壤养分变化有着重要影响,耕地的长期耕作使得土壤有机质含量降低4.94%,全氮增加86.93%,全磷减少5.02%,土壤碱性增强;荒漠植被的自然演替使土壤有机质含量增加66.21%,全氮增加71.70%,全磷含量减少37.33%,土壤碱性变弱。所以,耕地扩张及其长期耕作活动将导致地力退化并有盐碱化风险,而荒漠等自然生态系统保护有利于土壤肥力的改善和土壤固碳功能的发挥。     

不同土地利用方式对黄河三角洲土壤物理特性的影响

黄河三角洲是我国成土最快的河口三角洲之一,探索其土地利用过程中不同土地利用方式对土壤物理性质的影响,对该区土壤肥力保持和土地资源的持续利用具有重要意义。选择黄河三角洲棉田、麦田、苇地、碱蓬地和裸地等5种不同的土地利用方式,通过野外调查与室内分析,研究不同土地利用方式下土壤主要物理特性的变异特征及影响因素。结果显示,与裸地土壤相比,有植被土地利用方式土壤容重降低,土壤孔隙度、团聚体水稳性、饱和含水量与毛管含水量也有相应的提高;土壤有机碳和速效氮、有效磷含量均有显著增加,土壤总盐分含量呈显著降低趋势。在所研究土壤中,土壤物理性质依麦田-棉田-苇地-碱蓬地-裸地的次序从最佳向最差过渡。逐步回归分析和相关分析表明土壤容重、团聚体平均重量直径和毛管孔隙度是土壤毛管含水量的主要影响因子,团聚体水稳性主要由大于0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量和毛管孔隙度决定,土壤总盐分含量影响土壤饱和导水率;大于0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量分别与土壤有机碳含量(r=0.8323)、速效氮含量(r=0.7558)和有效磷含量(r=0.9049)具有正相关关系。因此,黄河三角洲地区土地利用应以增加有机质的投入,提高土壤水稳性团聚体形成为基础,促进土壤良好结构形成。这些结果为该区土壤肥力提高和土壤资源可持续利用提供参考依据。     

天山北坡积雪消融对不同冻融阶段土壤温湿度的影响

积雪作为一种特殊的覆被,直接影响着土壤温度、土壤水分分布及其冻结深度、冻结速率等,影响当地的生态水文过程。利用2017年11月1日至2018年3月31日天山北坡伊犁阿热都拜流域的土壤含水率资料,划分土壤不同冻融阶段,结合积雪不同阶段,进而分析积雪消融对季节性冻土温湿度的影响。结果表明:在整个土壤冻融期间,土壤温湿度的变化取决于积雪深度、大气温度和雪面温度的高低,且与其稳定性有关。土壤冻结阶段,土壤温湿度持续下降,表层土壤温湿度受气温影响较大,且波动明显,而深层土壤的温湿度变化平缓;土壤完全冻结时,有稳定积雪覆盖,由于积雪的高反射性、低导热性,影响着地气之间的热量传递,因此土壤的温湿度变化较为平稳,积雪有一定的保温作用;冻土消融阶段,气温回升,积雪消融,地表出露,各层土壤温度随气温变化而变化,且越靠近地表,土壤温度越高,变幅越大,与冻结期完全相反。由于融雪水的下渗,土壤湿度快速增加。进一步分析积雪与土壤温湿度的相关性得出,积雪对土壤温湿度的影响分不同时期,对土壤温度的影响主要在积雪覆盖时,对土壤湿度的影响主要是在积雪消融时期,这对于研究该地生态水文循环及后续融雪性洪水的模拟与预报具有一定的参考价值。     

基于电磁感应技术的土壤剖面盐分空间分布建模研究

土壤盐渍化问题是干旱半干旱地区农业发展的主要障碍,也是制约荒漠植物生长状况的关键因素之一,严重影响到绿洲生态环境的稳定与安全。研究土壤剖面盐分的分布情况,能及时探究盐渍化对生态的影响。以渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为研究靶区,利用电磁感应仪技术与传统采样方法获取该地区典型地块的土壤电导率,剖析其剖面分布特征,在建立磁感式表观电导率和土壤样本实测电导率之间的线性混合模型的基础上,采用自然邻近插值方法解析和评估研究区土壤剖面盐分的空间分布特征。结果表明:研究区土壤电导率具有较强的表聚性与空间变异强度,土壤主体属于中度盐渍化类型;基于各深度层土壤电导率与磁感表观电导率所构建的3种线性混合模型均能达到0.01的显著性水平,其中磁感表观电导率两种模式相结合解译模型预测精度最高;自然邻近法插值结果直观反映研究区土壤剖面盐分的空间分布状况,与水平模式和垂直模式相结合的土壤盐分解译模型相结合则能够更有效的提高土壤盐分空间分布的预测精度。研究结果表明,借助构建的土壤盐分解译模型可对研究区土壤盐渍化空间分布情况进行快速监测与评估,为该区土壤盐渍化的防治提供了一定的技术支撑。     

Research progress on the effects of soil erosion on vegetation

The relationship between vegetation and soil erosion deserves attention due to its scientific importance and practical applications. A great deal of information is available about the mechanisms and benefits of vegetation in the control of soil erosion, but the effects of soil erosion on vegetation development and succession is poorly documented. Research shows that soil erosion is the most important driving force for the degradation of upland and mountain ecosystems. Soil erosion interferes with the process of plant community development and vegetation succession, commencing with seed formation and impacting throughout the whole growth phase and affecting seed availability, dispersal, germination and establishment, plant community structure and spatial distribution. There have been almost no studies on the effects of soil erosion on seed development and availability, of surface flows on seed movement and redistribution, and their influences on soil seed bank and on vegetation establishment and distribution. However, these effects may be the main cause of low vegetation cover in regions of high soil erosion activity and these issues need to be investigated. Moreover, soil erosion is not only a negative influence on vegetation succession and restoration, but also a driving force of plant adaptation and evolution. Consequently, we need to study the effects of soil erosion on ecological processes and on development and regulation of vegetation succession from the points of view of pedology and vegetation, plant and seed ecology, and to establish an integrated theory and technology for deriving practical solutions to soil erosion problems.     

Research progress on the effects of soil erosion on vegetation

The relationship between vegetation and soil erosion deserves attention due to its scientific importance and practical applications. A great deal of information is available about the mechanisms and benefits of vegetation in the control of soil erosion, but the effects of soil erosion on vegetation development and succession is poorly documented. Research shows that soil erosion is the most important driving force for the degradation of upland and mountain ecosystems. Soil erosion interferes with the process of plant community development and vegetation succession, commencing with seed formation and impacting throughout the whole growth phase and affecting seed availability, dispersal, germination and establishment, plant community structure and spatial distribution. There have been almost no studies on the effects of soil erosion on seed development and availability, of surface flows on seed movement and redistribution, and their influences on soil seed bank and on vegetation establishment and distribution. However, these effects may be the main cause of low vegetation cover in regions of high soil erosion activity and these issues need to be investigated. Moreover, soil erosion is not only a negative influence on vegetation succession and restoration, but also a driving force of plant adaptation and evolution. Consequently, we need to study the effects of soil erosion on ecological processes and on development and regulation of vegetation succession from the points of view of pedology and vegetation, plant and seed ecology, and to establish an integrated theory and technology for deriving practical solutions to soil erosion problems.     

黄土高原马栏林区不同森林类型的土壤肥力研究

用灰色关联分析法对黄土高原马栏林区主要森林类型优势层生长状况与土壤养分因子的关联性进行分析,并对土壤肥力进行评价。结果表明腐殖质层和有机质是影响森林乔木层生长的主导土壤因子,其次是全氮和碱解氮,然后依次为速效钾、速效磷、全磷、pH值。土壤肥力的综合评价排序总体结果显示,辽东栎占优势的林型肥力最高,油松林、山杨占优势的混交林居中,辽东栎+白桦混交林较差,而白桦占优势的混交林最差。人工油松林对土壤有一定的改良作用;而多数混交林的土壤肥力高于以其中某一树种占优势的林型,但以辽东栎为优势种的林型比辽东栎混交林土壤肥力高,且辽东栎的重要值百分数越大,其土壤肥力越高。     

Considerations on the behavior of long-lived radionuclides in the soil

The migration of radionuclides from waste repositories to the biosphere potentially leads to a contamination of soil. Due to the importance of food production, the mobilisation and accumulation behaviour of long-lived radionuclides in the soil plays a key role in performance assessment studies. In this paper, the main features and processes that control radionuclide behaviour in soil, such as pH, redox potential and sorption to organic and inorganic soil components, are discussed for the radionuclides ³⁶Cl, ⁷⁹Se, ¹²⁹I, ⁹⁹Tc, ²³⁷Np and ²³⁸U, that are usually most relevant in long-term safety assessments of nuclear waste. The interaction of radionuclide behaviour in soil with environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity as well as farming practices are discussed. The possible impact of future soil development on long-term behaviour in soil are taken into consideration. Due to the physiological constraints of plant growth, appropriate soil conditions for growth will probably not be substantially different from current requirements, bearing in mind that sustainable agriculture strives for optimal plant growth. Against this background, present-day parameters may in general be considered appropriate for roughly estimating the behaviour of radionuclides in the soil-plant system. Received: 18 October 2000 / Accepted: 20 March 2001     

The effect of soil strength on the yield of wheat

Although it is well-known that high soil strength is a constraint to root and shoot growth, it is not clear to what extent soil strength is the main physical stress that limits crop growth and yield. This is partly because it is difficult to separate the effects of soil drying and high soil strength, which tend to occur together. The aim of this paper is to test the hypothesis that for two different soil types, yield is closely related to soil strength irrespective of difference in soil water status and soil structure. Winter (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Hereward) and spring wheat (cv. Paragon) were grown in the field on two soils, which had very different physical characteristics. One was loamy sand and the other sandy clay loam; compaction and loosening treatments were applied in a fully factorial design to both. Crop growth and yield, carbon isotope discrimination, soil strength, water status, soil structure and hydraulic properties were measured. The results showed that irrespective of differences in soil type, structure and water status, soil strength gave a good prediction of crop yield. Comparison with previous data led to the conclusion that, irrespective of whether it was due to drying or compaction (poor soil management), soil strength appeared to be an important stress that limits crop productivity.     

热带次生林火烧前后土壤节肢动物群落组成和分布特征的变化

西双版纳山区 ,刀耕火种轮歇农业是一种以火和休闲为特征的传统农业耕作方式 ,短期种植 ( 1～3年 ) ,长期休闲 ( 6～ 8年到 2 0年以上 )的点播种植农业 ,是人类最直接与森林生态系统的相互作用 ,成为人类对热带山区生态环境适应的一种生存方式 ,具有悠久的历史[1 ] 。随人口压力的增长 ,对粮食和其他农林产品需求的增加 ,迫使土地轮歇周期的缩短和在坡度较大的地方进行耕作 ,造成土壤侵蚀、养分流失、生物多样性减少 ,加上刀耕火种的粗放性、普遍性 ,使热带森林生态系统遭到严重破坏[1 1 ] 。有关西双版纳地区刀耕火种对植被演替[9,1 4 ] 、…     

黄土高原沟壑区小流域坡地土壤养分分布特征

坡地土壤质量退化以及生产力下降是限制坡地植被恢复的主要因素，而坡地土壤质量和生产力在很大程度上取决于土壤养分状况。通过野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法，研究了黄土高原沟壑区坡地土壤养分分布特征，结果表明坡地土壤主要养分含量均随土壤层次的加深而降低，其中以有机碳和全氮降低最多，而硝、铵态氮和全磷降低较少；坡地不同土层土壤有机碳和全氮表现出较大的变异性，土壤铵态氮和全磷的变异较小。0．005～0．05mm土壤颗粒含量随土层加深而增加，0．05～1mm颗粒含量随土层加深而降低；〈0．005mm土壤颗粒含量在0～40cm土层变异很大，而0．005～0．05mm和0．05～1mm的土壤颗粒在所有土层变异都很小。有机碳、全氮、全磷和〈0．005mm颗粒从坡顶向下呈增加的趋势，其分布与坡度和坡长有关，其变异性随坡度和坡长的增加而增大。坡面较长时，〈0．005mm颗粒易于在坡面中、下部累积，坡度较大时则易于迁移出坡面。坡面土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷均在坡底部富集，其富集程度和位置因坡长和坡度而异，长缓坡有利于养分富集，短陡坡利于养分迁出。坡度较小时坡面不同位置土壤养分剖面分布主要由坡面土壤性质变异引起，随坡度的增加，土壤侵蚀便逐渐成为坡面养分分布的主导因子。坡上部碳、氮养分流失的深度也随坡度的增加而加深，而不同坡位全磷的剖面分布与坡度的关系较差。因此，在坡地土壤养分调控中必须综合考虑坡度和坡长因素。