旅游干扰对土壤生态系统的影响研究进展

为了解旅游对土壤生态环境的影响,综述了近40年来有关旅游干扰对土壤环境因子、植物、土壤动物和土壤微生物影响的研究进展。旅游干扰致使土壤紧实度、容重、pH、重金属含量升高,氮(N)、磷(P)、水分、有机质含量降低;旅游干扰导致地表植物的高度、盖度、多样性、丰富度、均匀度下降,伴人种植物增多;游客活动区土壤动物的种类、数量、密度均小于缓冲区和背景区,土壤线虫、节肢动物对旅游干扰比较敏感;旅游干扰使土壤酶活性、微生物丰度与多样性显著下降。旅游干扰对土壤生态系统的上述影响与游道、步道等游客活动中心地带的距离呈负相关。将来可构建旅游地生态数据库,从个体、细胞、分子等微观水平深入探讨旅游干扰对土壤生态系统的胁迫机理,发展旅游与环境的和谐共生关系,实现旅游业的可持续发展。

Review on the effects of tourism disturbance on soil ecosystem

In order to understand the impact of tourism on ecological environment, the research progresses of the impacts of tourism disturbance on soil ecosystem in the past 40 years were reviewed, including the impacts on soil environmental factors, plants, soil fauna, and microbes. Tourism disturbance increased soil compaction, soil bulk density, pH, and heavy metal contents, while decreased the content of N, P, water and organic matter. Tourism disturbance decreased the height, coverage, diversity, richness, and evenness of plants, while increased species which are associated with human. The quantities and densities of soil fauna in tourism areas were lower than those in buffer areas and background areas. The soil nematode and arthropod were sensitive to tourism disturbance. Tourism disturbance decreased soil enzyme activity, and also decreased the coverage, diversity, richness, and evenness of soil microbes. In addition, the above effects of tourism disturbance on plants, soil fauna, and soil microbes were negatively correlated with the distance to tourism activity centers, e.g. tourism paths and footpaths. In the future, it is important to build an eco-database of tourism destinations, investigate the stress mechanisms of tourism disturbance on soil ecosystems at the micro-level of individuals, cells, and molecules, so as to construct a harmonious symbiotic relationship between tourism and environment, and realize the sustainable development of tourism.