螺旋藻-壳寡糖生物被膜抑制剂的制备、表征及活性评价

病原菌形成的生物被膜严重威胁人类健康,显著增强了病原菌的耐药性,针对生物被膜的特效药物亟待研究。从虾、蟹壳等中提取得到的壳寡糖是一种天然碱性寡糖,具有良好的杀菌效果,但其对生物被膜的抑制作用仍有待提高。螺旋藻（Spirulina,SP）是一种表面带负电荷的微藻,其与壳寡糖形成的复合物可能发挥协同增效杀灭生物被膜深处病原菌的作用。针对提升壳寡糖的抑生物被膜作用,本研究首先通过浊度法筛选得到了杀菌效果显著的壳寡糖,并通过静电吸附作用将壳寡糖与螺旋藻结合,完成螺旋藻@壳寡糖（Spriulina@Chitooligosaccharides,SP@COS）复合物的制备。通过测定zeta电位、粒径和荧光标记等方法表征了壳寡糖和螺旋藻的结合情况,紫外-可见吸收光谱（ultraviolet-visible absorbance spectroscopy,UV-Vis）结果显示出螺旋藻对壳寡糖的包封率达90%,负载率达16%。制备的SP@COS对细菌、真菌生物被膜都有明显的增效抑制作用,且这种抑制效果主要是通过深入生物被膜内部、破坏细胞结构所实现。这些结果显示了螺旋藻-壳寡糖复合物具备作为生物被膜抑制剂的潜力,为提高壳寡糖的抑生物被膜作用、解决病原菌的危害提供了理论基础与新的思路。     

壳聚糖纳米粒介导基因转染的影响因素及改性修饰

壳聚糖带正电荷,可与带负电荷的DNA结合形成纳米级的多聚复合物(纳米粒)。作为一种基因载体,壳聚糖对DNA具有很好的结合和保护作用,对生物体无毒、相容性好,被广泛应用于基因转染及基因预防和治疗中。壳聚糖的主要缺点是转染效率较低,但对其进行改性或修饰后,有可能提高其转染效率。     

系列海洋特征性寡糖抗紫外辐射构效关系研究

本文通过测定在紫外光胁迫下系列海洋特征性寡糖——褐藻寡糖、岩藻寡糖和壳寡糖分别对革兰氏阴性、阳性菌的抗辐射保护作用,并结合特征性寡糖的紫外吸收光谱及清除自由基能力初步探讨海洋活性寡糖抗紫外辐射作用机理及同分子量级海洋寡糖链间构效关系。结果表明三种活性寡糖均具有抗紫外线辐射作用,其效果与寡糖浓度呈正相关。三种海洋寡糖,抗辐射效果依次为褐藻寡糖>壳寡糖>岩藻糖。通过构效关系研究表明,抗辐射过程中特征性糖链的双键紫外吸收作用在细菌抗辐射保护过程中起主导作用,而特征性糖链的清除自由基能力具有辅助作用。     

壳寡糖作用于巨噬细胞的机制初探

研究壳寡糖对免疫系统中巨噬细胞作用的具体机制.结合流式细胞仪和激光共聚焦实验检测壳寡糖与巨噬细胞相互作用,通过凝胶阻滞实验在体外验证壳寡糖的胞内定位.实验结果证明壳寡糖与巨噬细胞相互作用过程如下,先与细胞膜结合,然后进入细胞内,最后定位在细胞核的核酸(DNA/RNA)上.     

功能性壳寡糖的生物学活性

低分子量壳寡糖的生物学活性是最近的研究热点,诸多研究肯定了壳寡糖在抗肿瘤、神经退行性疾病、糖尿病和高血糖及抗氧化等领域的应用价值。壳寡糖的抗肿瘤作用依赖于免疫刺激;抗氧化作用与其分子结构中的羟基和氨基有关;神经保护作用与抗氧化损伤及抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性相关。另外,壳寡糖的生物相容性好等特点也暗示了其在药物研究和功能食品开发领域的应用价值。本文综述了壳寡糖在人类重大疾病防治领域的作用及作用机制的研究进展,探索了壳寡糖生物活性的研究方向。     

酶法制备壳寡糖对番茄灰霉病病菌抑制机理初探

目的：研究酶降解法制备的壳寡糖对番茄灰霉病病菌的抑制机理。方法：测定壳寡糖对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝发育、孢子萌发的抑制作用以及对菌丝形态、细胞膜透性和对菌丝体可溶性蛋白质含量的影响。结果：当壳寡糖处理浓度为1.5mg/mL以上时,对菌丝生长的抑制率达70%以上,EC50为0.72mg/mL。当处理浓度为6mg/mL时,对分生孢子的抑制率显著优于其他浓度水平,达87.4%,EC50为1.48mg/mL。显微观察,浓度为0.8mg/mL的壳寡糖处理可诱导菌丝分枝增多、菌体分隔增加,分生孢子形成受到抑制。此外壳寡糖能够引起菌丝细胞膜透性发生变化,造成菌丝体内含物的渗漏。壳寡糖处理66 h后,菌丝体可溶性蛋白含量比对照降低了36.7%。结论：壳寡糖对番茄灰霉病病菌抑制机理的探究为研究壳寡糖这一新型生物农药的作用机制提供依据。     

利用纳米材料制作多肽疫苗佐剂的思考

纳米粒子与生物体有着密切的关系,DNA/蛋白质复合体就在15～20 nm之间,多种病毒颗粒也是纳米级的超微粒子.多肽抗原需要与适当载体形成复合物才能诱导有效的免疫应答,但载体效应难以避免.纳米佐剂可以避免载体效应的发生,而且还是巨噬细胞(Mφ)、树突状细胞(DC)的首选吞噬目标.纳米化的有机药物可提高其生物利用度、制剂的均匀性、分散性和吸收性;脂质体可使药物更快地到达靶向部位,而且特异性更强.目前主要用理化的方法制作纳米材料,几乎所有的生化药品,特别是DNA药物的研究开发都可引入纳米材料,多肽疫苗的分子佐剂更是如此.     

壳寡糖对不结球白菜子叶离体培养再生体系的影响

以不结球白菜（Brassica campestris L．ssp．chinensis Makino）子叶为外植体,考察壳寡糖对不结球白菜子叶离体培养再生体系的影响。在添加外源激素6．BA和NAA的条件下,比较了不同浓度（0．5、1．0、2．0和10．0mg·L^-1）壳寡糖对不结球白菜子叶形成愈伤组织、再生芽和再生不定根的影响。实验结果表明,低浓度的壳寡糖能促进子叶形成愈伤组织、再生芽。壳寡糖促进子叶形成愈伤组织和再生芽的最适浓度为0．5mg·L^-1,与其他浓度壳寡糖处理组相比,该浓度壳寡糖促进了子叶愈伤组织的形成,使出愈率达到92％。此外,该浓度壳寡糖能提高子叶的芽再生频率,使再生率达到80％,同时再生芽长度、叶绿素含量及外植体总鲜重达到最大,均显著高于对照组。然而,壳寡糖对再生芽生根有抑制作用,形成的不定根数目、平均根长和最长根长度均小于对照组。     

壳寡糖对葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导结肠炎小鼠的保护作用

本研究旨在研讨壳寡糖(COS)对DSS诱导溃疡性结肠炎小鼠的保护作用,为进一步开发利用壳寡糖提供依据。本实验通过饮用含3%葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)的水7天造模,将50只雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为5组:空白组、模型组、阳性组(SASP,50 mg/kg)和壳寡糖低、高剂量组(70和140 mg/kg)。通过体重变化和疾病活动指数、病理学评分、髓过氧化物酶活性评估壳寡糖的作用。通过ELISA检测结肠炎症因子水平。结果显示,壳寡糖干预后能降低DSS诱导小鼠的体重损失、DAI和MPO活性(P0.05),显著降低结肠组织的IL-6和TNF-α水平(P0.05),其中壳寡糖低剂量组能极显著改善结肠缩短症状、保护结肠结构(P0.01),效果优于高剂量组。表明人体推荐剂量的壳寡糖(70 mg/kg)对DSS诱导的结肠炎小鼠具有良好的保护作用,可能与抑制中性粒细胞浸润和炎症有关。     

酶法制备壳寡糖及其生物学功能

用正交试验方法考察温度、酶浓度、pH对蜗牛酶降解壳聚糖的影响,筛选蜗牛酶降解壳聚糖的最佳反应条件,采用SDS-PAGE方法分析降解产物,制备具有生物学功能的壳寡糖。用不同浓度的壳寡糖处理人肝癌HepG2细胞,观察细胞形态学变化,MTT法检测壳寡糖对其增殖的影响,琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA变化,流式细胞术检测凋亡率(AR)。结果表明:蜗牛酶降解壳聚糖的产物主要是聚合度为4以上的寡糖,更多的接近壳六糖。最佳反应条件为pH 4.0、温度40℃、酶和底物质量比为4∶50;壳寡糖质量浓度在2~4 mg/mL时,对HepG2细胞增殖有抑制效应,细胞经壳寡糖处理48 h后,开始空泡化,DNA出现明显的凋亡条带,AR明显高于对照组。在最佳反应条件下蜗牛酶能较好地降解壳聚糖,制备的壳寡糖在一定浓度范围内能通过诱导HepG2细胞发生凋亡而抑制其增殖,其作用呈浓度依赖性。     

Rapid measurement of deoxyribonuclease I activity with the use of microchip electrophoresis based on DNA degradation

Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) activity in serum has been shown to be a novel diagnostic marker for the early detection of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, the conventional method to measure DNase I activity is time-consuming. In the current study, to develop a rapid assay method for DNase I activity for clinical purposes, a microchip electrophoresis device was used to measure DNase I activity. Because DNase I is an endonuclease that degrades double-stranded DNA endo-nucleolytically to produce oligonucleotides, degradation of the DNA standard caused by DNase I action was detected using microchip electrophoresis. We detected DNase I activity within 10 min. This is the first study to apply microchip electrophoresis for the detection of DNase I activity; furthermore, it seems plausible that reduction of analysis time for DNase I activity could make this novel assay method using microchip electrophoresis applicable in clinical use.     

The lrp gene product regulates expression of lysU in Escherichia coli K-12.

In Escherichia coli K-12, expression of the lysU gene is regulated by the lrp gene product, as indicated by an increase in the level of lysyl-tRNA synthetase activity and LysU protein in an lrp mutant. Comparison of the patterns of protein expression visualized by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicated that LysU is present at higher levels in an lrp strain than in its isogenic lrp+ parent. The purified lrp gene product was shown to bind to sites upstream of the lysU gene and to protect several sites against DNase I digestion. A region extending over 100 nucleotides, between 60 and 160 nucleotides upstream from the start of the lysU coding sequence, showed altered sensitivity to DNase I digestion in the presence of the Lrp protein. The extent of protected DNA suggests a complex interaction of Lrp protein and upstream lysU DNA.     

仿刺参体壁总RNA提取方法的建立

目的:通过对TRIzol一步法进行改进,建立一种从富含胶原蛋白、多糖及色素的仿刺参体壁提取总RNA的有效方法。方法:样品在液氮中研磨并用TRIzol匀浆后再进行抽提;对TRIzol一步法提取的总RNA进行DNaseⅠ消化和酚氯仿抽提,用2.5mol/L的醋酸钾沉淀,并加入适量糖原(10mg/mL)与RNA共沉淀。结果:琼脂糖凝胶电泳和紫外分光光度法以及RT-PCR检测结果表明,改进的方法能够有效去除基因组DNA、蛋白、多糖及色素的污染,RNA的产率提高。结论:制备的总RNA纯度高,完整性好,能够满足mRNA差异显示RT-PCR等分子生物学研究的要求,是一种提取仿刺参体壁及其他富含黏多糖、胶原蛋白和色素的动物组织总RNA的有效方法。     

DNA polymerase I and a protein complex bind specifically to E. coli palindromic unit highly repetitive DNA: implications for bacterial chromosome organization.

Starting from a crude E. coli extract, two activities which specifically protect highly repetitive bacterial DNA sequences (called PU for Palindromic Unit or REP for Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic sequence) against a digestion with Exonuclease III have been purified. We show that one of these activities is due to the DNA polymerase I (Pol I). This constitutes the first indication for a specific interaction between Pol I and a duplex DNA. This interaction requires the presence of PU. It was confirmed and analyzed by native gel electrophoresis and DNase I footprinting experiments. The other activity contained at least five polypeptides. Its binding to PU DNA sequences was confirmed by native gel electrophoresis. Implications for the possible origin and functions of PU are discussed.     

Response of isolated nuclei to phospholipid vesicles: analysis of chromatin sensitivity to DNase I and micrococcal nuclease

Phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) multilamellar vesicles (MLV) affect chromatin structure as analysed by DNase I sensitivity. The kinetics of DNA solubilisation during the digestion of nuclei indicates that phosphatidylserine causes an increase in DNase accessibility while phosphatidylcholine slightly reduces this accessibility. The effect of phosphatidylserine has also been analysed by means of isokinetic sucrose gradients and agarose gel electrophoresis of nuclear DNA solubilised by micrococcal nuclease. This analysis indicates that phosphatidylserine induces a very rapid production of mononucleosome subunits as compared with untreated nuclei.     

Purification and some properties of deoxyribonuclease whose synthesis is controlled by gene 49 of bacteriophage T4.

An enzyme which specifically cleaves very-fast-sedimenting DNA of bacteriophage T4 is synthesized after infection of T4, and its synthesis is controlled by gene 49 [1,2]. This enzyme has been proved to be a DNase [2]. We have purified this DNase 3000-fold from extracts of E. coli infected with T4. The purified preparation was practically free from other DNases, and the DNase activity was not detectable in cells infected with a mutant defective in gene 49. The enzyme activity from cells infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant of gene 49 was also temperature-sensitive, suggesting strongly that gene 49 is a structural gene of the DNase. The molecular weight of the wild-type enzyme was estimated to be 50 x 10(3) by gel filtration chromatography. The purified DNase did not cleave native and denatured DNAs of T3 and T4, but cleaved renatured T3 DNA with enzymatically fragmented T3 DNA, indicating that gaps in the DNA duplex are structures susceptible to the DNase. Cleavage of the hybridized T3 DNA occurred when the fragmented DNA was phosphorylated at either the 3' or 5'-strand termini.     

Accessibility of histone H4 gene of Physarum polycephalum to DNase I during the cell cycle

DNase I was used as a probe to detect conformational changes of the H4 histone gene of Physarum polycephalum during the cell cycle. The degradation of histone genes was followed by gel electrophoresis and hybridization with a probe for the H4 histone gene. It was found that even during mitosis when chromatin is condensed into chromosomes, the histone genes are preferentially degraded by DNase I. The histone genes retain a characteristic structure which is recognized by DNase I during all stages of the cell cycle and thus independently of the biosynthesis of histones.