《人体图谱:解剖学·组织学·病理学》书讯

由中国解剖学会理事长、国际解剖学工作者联盟(IFAA)国际会议主席、国际形态学大会(ICSMS)和亚太地区解剖学会(APICA)执行委员、全军解剖与组织胚胎学专业委员会主任委员、《神经解剖学杂志》主编、第四军医大学人体解剖与组织胚胎学教研室主任李云庆教授担任主译的《人体图谱:解剖学·组织学·病理     

A comprehensive analysis of P···π pnicogen bonds: substitution effects and comparison with Br···π halogen bonds

Journal of Molecular Modeling - Ab initio calculations were carried out in a systematic investigation of P···π pnicogen-bonded complexes XH2P···C2H2/C2H4 and...     

Non-canonical H-bonds in β-lactamases: importance of C–H···π interactions

β-Lactamase production is the common mechanism of resistance of β-lactam antibiotics. Knowledge of inter-residue interactions in protein structures increases our understanding of protein structure and stability. We have systematically analysed the contribution of C–H···π interactions to the stability of β-lactamases. Most of the interactions are long range and most of the interacting residues are evolutionarily conserved. The occurrence of C–H···π interactions in active sites and metal binding sites is very low in β-lactamases. Hence, C–H···π interactions are important determinants of stability in β-lactamases and they may not play a significant role in specificity. The results from this study provide valuable insights for understanding the stability patterns of β-lactamases and their relation to various other environmental preferences.     

“Efforts to Reprioritise the Agenda” in China: British American Tobacco's Efforts to Influence Public Policy on Secondhand Smoke in China

Background

Each year, 540 million Chinese are exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS), resulting in more than 100,000 deaths. Smoke-free policies have been demonstrated to decrease overall cigarette consumption, encourage smokers to quit, and protect the health of nonsmokers. However, restrictions on smoking in China remain limited and ineffective. Internal tobacco industry documents show that transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) have pursued a multifaceted strategy for undermining the adoption of restrictions on smoking in many countries.

Methods and Findings

To understand company activities in China related to SHS, we analyzed British American Tobacco''s (BAT''s) internal corporate documents produced in response to litigation against the major cigarette manufacturers to understand company activities in China related to SHS. BAT has carried out an extensive strategy to undermine the health policy agenda on SHS in China by attempting to divert public attention from SHS issues towards liver disease prevention, pushing the so-called “resocialisation of smoking” accommodation principles, and providing “training” for industry, public officials, and the media based on BAT''s corporate agenda that SHS is an insignificant contributor to the larger issue of air pollution.

Conclusions

The public health community in China should be aware of the tactics previously used by TTCs, including efforts by the tobacco industry to co-opt prominent Chinese benevolent organizations, when seeking to enact stronger restrictions on smoking in public places.     

Insights into the strength and nature of carbene···halogen bond interactions: a theoretical perspective

Halogen-bonding, a noncovalent interaction between a halogen atom X in one molecule and a negative site in another, plays critical roles in fields as diverse as molecular biology, drug design and material engineering. In this work, we have examined the strength and origin of halogen bonds between carbene CH₂ and XCCY molecules, where X?=?Cl, Br, I, and Y?=?H, F, COF, COOH, CF₃, NO₂, CN, NH₂, CH₃, OH. These calculations have been carried out using M06-2X, MP2 and CCSD(T) methods, through analyses of surface electrostatic potentials V _S(r) and intermolecular interaction energies. Not surprisingly, the strength of the halogen bonds in the CH₂···XCCY complexes depend on the polarizability of the halogen X and the electron-withdrawing power of the Y group. It is revealed that for a given carbene···X interaction, the electrostatic term is slightly larger (i.e., more negative) than the dispersion term. Comparing the data for the chlorine, bromine and iodine substituted CH₂···XCCY systems, it can be seen that both the polarization and dispersion components of the interaction energy increase with increasing halogen size. One can see that increasing the size and positive nature of a halogen’s σ-hole markedly enhances the electrostatic contribution of the halogen-bonding interaction.

Finding “Space” for Comanagement of Forests within the Neoliberal Paradigm: Rights,Strategies, and Tools for Asserting a Local Agenda

As neoliberalism continues to influence environmental governance, it affects notions about the appropriate level of community involvement in resource management. Under more recent iterations, hybrid forms of governance are emphasized, including government–civil society partnerships and approaches geared towards harnessing the strengths of local communities. Here we explore the characteristics of different resource management rights, strategies, and tools through which communities can find political space to assert their own agendas within a neoliberalized policy environment. We examine the successful use of some of these approaches by communities during the initial development of community forests policy and practice in British Columbia, Canada. While we confirm the complex, contingent and case-specific nature of opportunities for comanagement created through neoliberal policy elements, we suggest that space does exist for community forest bodies to assert local values, goals and strategies, demonstrating the creativity, ingenuity and determination of communities to attain a real voice in management.

Competition and interplay between the lithium bonding and hydrogen bonding: R3C···HY···LiY and R3C···LiY···HY triads as a working model (R=H, CH3; Y=CN, NC)

UMP2 calculations with aug-cc-pVDZ basis set were used to analyze intermolecular interactions in R₃C···HY···LiY and R₃C···LiY···HY triads (R=H, CH₃; Y=CN, NC), which are connected via lithium and hydrogen bonds. To better understand the properties of these systems, the corresponding dyads were also studied. Molecular geometries and binding energies of dyads, and triads were investigated at the UMP2/aug-cc-pVDZ computational level. Particular attention was paid to parameters such as cooperative energies, and many-body interaction energies. All studied complexes, with the simultaneous presence of a lithium bond and a hydrogen bond, showed cooperativity with energy values ranging between ?1.71 and ?9.03 kJ mol^?1. The electronic properties of the complexes were analyzed using parameters derived from atoms in molecules (AIM) methodology. Energy decomposition analysis revealed that the electrostatic interactions are the major source of the attraction in the title complexes.     

阿尔布雷希特·科塞尔附:约翰·米歇尔,菲伯斯·莱文

在遗传学发展史上,遗传物质DNA(或RNA)的发现和鉴定经历了一个漫长而曲折的过程。从1869年米歇尔的“核素”以及1879年科塞尔对核素的研究,到1944年艾弗里关于DNA是遗传物质的论断,再到1953年华生和克里克对DNA双螺旋空间结构的阐明,前后花了80余年的时间,数十位科学家投入了这     

《河南昆虫志·鳞翅目:蝶类》

蝴蝶是倍受人们喜爱的一类观赏昆虫,由于其身上艳丽的斑纹和丰富多彩的姿态,被人们誉为会飞的花朵。由河南省昆虫学会组织、王治国主编的本志书概述了蝴蝶的分类地位、外部形态、生物学特性和与人类的关系;记载了河南蝴蝶１０科１４７属２７４种和亚种,其中包括４１新记录种,２未定名种;每种蝴蝶均有俗名、学名、形态特征、生活习性、分布等;给出了分科、分属及种类检索表;附有８４属翅脉脉相图和２５０种雄性外生殖器解剖图;最后附有蝴蝶标本彩图８３７幅。是目前河南记载种类最全的蝴蝶资源性工具书。该书１９９８年５月由河南科…     

Sugar Industry Influence on the Scientific Agenda of the National Institute of Dental Research’s 1971 National Caries Program: A Historical Analysis of Internal Documents

Background

In 1966, the National Institute of Dental Research (NIDR) began planning a targeted research program to identify interventions for widespread application to eradicate dental caries (tooth decay) within a decade. In 1971, the NIDR launched the National Caries Program (NCP). The objective of this paper is to explore the sugar industry’s interaction with the NIDR to alter the research priorities of the NIDR NCP.

Methods and Findings

We used internal cane and beet sugar industry documents from 1959 to 1971 to analyze industry actions related to setting research priorities for the NCP. The sugar industry could not deny the role of sucrose in dental caries given the scientific evidence. They therefore adopted a strategy to deflect attention to public health interventions that would reduce the harms of sugar consumption rather than restricting intake. Industry tactics included the following: funding research in collaboration with allied food industries on enzymes to break up dental plaque and a vaccine against tooth decay with questionable potential for widespread application, cultivation of relationships with the NIDR leadership, consulting of members on an NIDR expert panel, and submission of a report to the NIDR that became the foundation of the first request for proposals issued for the NCP. Seventy-eight percent of the sugar industry submission was incorporated into the NIDR’s call for research applications. Research that could have been harmful to sugar industry interests was omitted from priorities identified at the launch of the NCP. Limitations are that this analysis relies on one source of sugar industry documents and that we could not interview key actors.

Conclusions

The NCP was a missed opportunity to develop a scientific understanding of how to restrict sugar consumption to prevent tooth decay. A key factor was the alignment of research agendas between the NIDR and the sugar industry. This historical example illustrates how industry protects itself from potentially damaging research, which can inform policy makers today. Industry opposition to current policy proposals—including a World Health Organization guideline on sugars proposed in 2014 and changes to the nutrition facts panel on packaged food in the US proposed in 2014 by the US Food and Drug Administration—should be carefully scrutinized to ensure that industry interests do not supersede public health goals.     

·读作审编·《生物化学与生物物理进展》编辑部,亲爱的编辑同志:

根据本文第一作者提出的自抽连续离心原理,我们研制成自抽连续液/液离心分离机。 该机主要由驱动电机、转子、容器、机身及转速控制部分组成。容器上有进液槽、溢流槽、重液和轻液收集槽等。 转子外径为φ200mm,最大离心半径R=75mm,分离腔高h=36mm。 工作特点 该机适于在一段时期内分离同样样     

Hydrogen bonds determine the structures of the ternary heterocyclic complexes C₂H₄O···2HF, C₂H₅N···2HF and C₂H₄S···2HF: density functional theory and topological calculations

A theoretical study of structural, electronic, topological and vibrational parameters of the ternary hydrogen-bonded complexes C₂H₄O···2HF, C₂H₅N···2HF and C₂H₄S···2HF is presented here. Different from binary systems with a single proton donor, the tricomplexes have the property of forming multiple hydrogen bonds, which are analyzed from a structural and vibrational point of view, but verified only by means of the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM). As traditionally done in the hydrogen bond theory, the charge transfer between proton donors and acceptors was computed using the CHELPG calculations, which also revealed agreement with dipole moment variation and a cooperative effect on the tricomplexes. Furthermore, redshift events on proton donor bonds were satisfactorily identified, although, in this case, an absence of experimental data led to the use of a theoretical argument to interpret these spectroscopic shifts. It was therefore the use of the QTAIM parameters that enabled all intermolecular vibrational modes to be validated. The most stable tricomplex in terms of energy was identified via the strength of the hydrogen bonds, which were modeled as directional and bifurcated.     

Roles of electrostatic interaction and dispersion in CH···CH,CH···π, and π···π ethylene dimers

The structural, mechanical, electronic, and optical properties of orthorhombic Bi₂S₃ and Bi₂Se₃ compounds have been investigated by means of first principles calculations. The calculated lattice parameters and internal coordinates are in very good agreement with the experimental findings. The elastic constants are obtained, then the secondary results such as bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, anisotropy factor, and Debye temperature of polycrystalline aggregates are derived, and the relevant mechanical properties are also discussed. Furthermore, the band structures and optical properties such as real and imaginary parts of dielectric functions, energy-loss function, the effective number of valance electrons, and the effective optical dielectric constant have been computed. We also calculated some nonlinearities for Bi₂S₃ and Bi₂Se₃ (tensors of elasto-optical coefficients) under pressure.