湖南柿竹园矿区土壤重金属含量及植物吸收特征

矿区重金属污染十分严重,寻找和发现适合当地气候与土壤条件的重金属耐性植物是矿区植被恢复和污染土壤修复的前提。对我国湖南柿竹园有色金属矿区调查发现,该地区选矿厂的重金属污染问题普遍比尾砂库严重。选矿厂土壤砷、镉、铅、锌严重超标,尾砂库周围也受到不同程度的重金属污染。土壤重金属胁迫效应影响着植物物种分布,选矿厂物种分布较少,相比之下尾砂库的植物多样性较为丰富。柿竹园矿区植物对重金属的吸收表现为富集型(如蜈蚣草Pteris Vittata L .和苎麻Boehmerianivea (L .) Gaud.)、根部囤积型(如攀倒甑Patrinia villosa和木贼Equisetum hyemale)和规避型(如蔓出卷柏Selaginelladavidii Franch和芒草Miscanthus sinensis Andlerss)等3种类型。     

Metal concentrations and mycorrhizal status of plants colonizing copper mine tailings: potential for revegetation

A field survey of metal concentrations and mycorrhizal status of plants growing on copper mine tailings was conducted in Anhui Province, China. Available phosphorus and organic matter in the tailings were very low. High concentrations of Pb, Zn, As and Cd as well as Cu were observed on some sites. The dominant plants growing on mine tailings belonged to the families Gramineae and Compositae, and the most widely distributed plant species were Imperata cylindrica, Cynodon dactylon and Paspalum distichum. Coreopsis drummondii also grew well on the arid sites but not on wet sites. Very low or zero arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization was observed in most of the plants, but extensive mycorrhizal colonization was recorded in the roots of C. drummondii and C. dactylon. Metal concentrations in plant tissues indicated that l.cylindrica and P. distichum utilized avoidance mechanisms to survive at high metal concentrations. The investigation suggests that remediation and revegetation of heavy metal contaminated sites might be facilitated by selection of tolerant plant species. Isolation of tolerant AM fungi may also be warranted.     

Metal concentrations and mycorrhizal status of plants colonizing copper mine tailings: potential for revegetation

A field survey of metal concentrations and mycorrhizal status of plants growing on copper mine tailings was conducted in Anhui Province, China. Available phosphorus and organic matter in the tailings were very low. High concentrations of Pb, Zn, As and Cd as well as Cu were observed on some sites. The dominant plants growing on mine tailings belonged to the families Gramineae and Compositae, and the most widely distributed plant species were Imperata cylin-drica, Cynodon dactylon and Paspalum distichum. Coreopsis drummondii also grew well on the arid sites but not on wet sites. Very low or zero arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization was observed in most of the plants, but extensive mycorrhizal colonization was recorded in the roots of C. drummondii and C. dactylon. Metal concentrations in plant tissues indicated that /. cylindrica and P. distichum utilized avoidance mechanisms to survive at high metal concentrations. The investigation suggests that remediation and revegetation of heavy metal con     

铅锌尾矿上自然定居植物

在凡口1#铅锌尾矿库内共有10种植物自然定居,这些植物主要生长在尾矿库的边缘区域.植物在尾矿上的生长、分布明显受到表层尾矿某些物理性质如稳定状况、含水量等的影响,尾矿中的营养物质含量与植物的生长高度以及群落盖度有一定的关系.杜虹花(Callicarpa pedunculata)体内的Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd含量大小顺序为叶>根>茎,而盐肤木(Rhuschinensis)和美丽胡枝子(Lespedeza     

Metal concentrations and mycorrhizal status of plants colonizing copper mine tailings: potential for revegetation

A field survey of metal concentrations and mycorrhizal status of plants growing on copper mine tailings was conducted in Anhui Province, China. Available phosphorus and organic matter in the tailings were very low. High concentrations of Pb, Zn, As and Cd as well as Cu were observed on some sites. The dominant plants growing on mine tailings belonged to the families Gramineae and Compositae, and the most widely distributed plant species wereImperata cylindrica, Cynodon dactylon andPaspalum distichum. Coreopsis drummondii also grew well on the arid sites but not on wet sites. Very low or zero arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization was observed in most of the plants, but extensive mycorrhizal colonization was recorded in the roots ofC. drummondii andC. dactylon. Metal concentrations in plant tissues indicated that /.cylindrica andP. distichum utilized avoidance mechanisms to survive at high metal concentrations. The investigation suggests that remediation and revegetation of heavy metal contaminated sites might be facilitated by selection of tolerant plant species. Isolation of tolerant AM fungi may also be warranted.     

Heavy metal localisation in mycorrhizas ofEpipactis atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser (Orchidaceae) from zinc mine tailings

Summary The metal distribution within mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal roots ofEpipactis atrorubens collected from zinc mine tailings and an area rich in heavy metal ores (both located in southern Poland) was investigated. The tailings, consisting of postflotation material, were characterised by high levels of toxic elements such as Zn, Pb, and Cd, while soil outside the tailings was also strongly enriched in heavy metals. Atomic absorption spectrometry and proton-induced X-ray emission analysis revealed that heavy metals were mostly accumulated within orchid roots. Elemental maps from proton-induced X-ray emission showed that plant root epidermis and fungal coils which had developed within cortical cells of roots collected from the zinc mine tailings were the main places of Zn and Pb accumulation, associated with increased concentrations of Fe, Cd, Ti, Mn, Si, Ca, and S. The mean content of Pb and Zn in the coils was 4 to 5 times higher than in the root epidermis. In mycorrhizal roots from the tailings a statistically significant decrease in Pb and Zn content towards the inside of the root was observed. The mean content of Pb in coils from roots of plants growing outside the tailings was about 1% of the concentration in root coils from the tailings. Coils selected from orchid roots originating from a site outside the tailings contained comparatively high concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Cu, which was probably due to the high content of these elements in the soil. The results presented suggest a biofiltering effect against heavy metals by orchid mycorrhizal fungi.     

Soil Seed Bank as an Input of Seed Source in Revegetation of Lead / Zinc Mine Tailings

The goal of the present study was to assess a soil seed bank as an input seed source for revegetating lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine tailings. The seed bank source was abandoned farmland, whose top 10‐cm layer of topsoil contained 6,850 ± 377 seeds/m² from 41 species. The seeds in the soil were principally distributed in the upper 0–2 cm, which held 75.8% of total seeds and 92.7% of species composition. The top 2‐cm layer of topsoil may be sufficient to serve the purpose of providing a seed source for revegetation on derelict lands, including mined lands. Four different thicknesses of topsoil (1, 2, 4, and 8 cm, redistributed from the total 0–10‐cm layer from the farmland) were field‐tested on the Pb/Zn mine tailings. There was no significant difference in seedling density among the 4 thickness treatments. Many seeds in the treatments with more than 1‐cm of topsoil were unable to emerge from the deeper layer. Seedlings in plots with topsoil of 1‐, 2‐ and 4‐cm failed to establish within 1 year due to the extremely high acidity (pH 2.39 to 2.76). A shallow layer of topsoil cannot neutralize the sulfuric acid generated from oxidation of pyrites in the tailings. For establishment of seedlings on metalliferous lands, an insulating layer such as subsoil, building rubble, or domestic refuse is necessary before covering with valuable topsoil. The woody legume Leucaena leucocephala grown on the tailings with a topsoil cover of 8‐cm was the most dominant species. Lead was accumulated in root, branch, stem bark, and xylem, which accounted for more than 80% of the total metal concentration in the plant. This portion of Pb will reside in the plant for a long period, while the smaller portion of Pb in the leaf (about 15%) could be returned to the environment as litter during growth. Woody plants may have an advantage in metal‐phyto‐remediation over herbaceous plants.     

NATURAL REVEGETATION OF ALKALINE TAILING HEAPS AT TAXCO,GUERRERO, MEXICO

The aim of this research was to identify adapted native plant species with potential for use in phytoremediation of a metalliferous mine tailings heap in Guerrero, Mexico. Physico-chemical characterization, total, DTPA-extractable and fractionation of metals in rhizospheric and non-rhizopheric samples were carried out to gain information about their potential risks. Metal concentrations in plant and bioconcentration factors (BCF) were also determined. Organic matter (OM) and total N contents were higher in the rhizospheric samples, which could improve the conditions for plant establishment. Total Cu, Zn, and Pb concentration were above those for normal soils. The highest metals concentration was found in the residual and organic fractions. Eleven plant species were recorded at the site; three behaved as metal accumulator plants: Gnaphalium chartaceum (accumulator of Cu, Mn, Zn, and Pb), Wigandia urens and Senecio salignus (1027 and 2477 mg kg^?1 of Zn). These species and Brickellia sp. presented high Pb-BCF; they may be suitable for metals phytoextraction. Seven species behaved as excluder plants; Guardiola tulocarpus, Juniperus flaccida, and Ficus goldmanii, presented low BCFs. These species are well suited to cope with the toxic conditions, and they could be propagated for revegetation and stabilization of these residues and to decrease metal bioavailability.     

5种栎树幼苗对铅锌尾矿砂的耐性与植被恢复前景

通过盆栽试验,评价栎属植物在铅锌尾矿中的生长响应及植被恢复前景.分析比较了覆瓦栎、猩红栎、樱皮栎、舒玛栎和白栎5种栎树幼苗在铅锌矿砂中生长30个月后的生物量、根系形态及其对营养元素和重金属的吸收及转移特征.结果表明: 5种栎树在矿砂中均能生长,其中,猩红栎和白栎的生物量较对照有下降趋势,其他3种栎树的生长与对照相比无显著差异;栎树根系生物量均较对照有不同程度增加(猩红栎除外),且仅猩红栎侧根形态学参数较对照有所减少.重金属胁迫下,栎树根系和茎中营养元素浓度较对照无显著变化.5种栎树体内重金属浓度均较低,且其生物富集系数和转移系数均小于1.但樱皮栎叶片和茎中Cd浓度分别为22.4和15.1 mg·kg^-1,转移系数为2.3,显著高于其他4种栎树.除猩红栎以外,其他参试栎树均可作为有潜力的污染土壤修复树种.其中舒玛栎的耐性较高、生物富集系数和转移系数较低,是适合在尾矿区造林和生态修复的优选树种.     

Native plant communities in an abandoned Pb-Zn mining area of northern Spain: implications for phytoremediation and germplasm preservation

Plants growing on metalliferous soils from abandoned mines are unique because of their ability to cope with high metal levels in soil. In this study, we characterized plants and soils from an abandoned Pb-Zn mine in the Basque Country (northern Spain). Soil in this area proved to be deficient in major macronutrients and to contain toxic levels of Cd, Pb, and Zn. Spontaneously growing native plants (belonging to 31 species, 28 genera, and 15 families) were botanically identified. Plant shoots and rhizosphere soil were sampled at several sites in the mine, and analyzed for Pb, Zn and Cd concentration. Zinc showed the highest concentrations in shoots, followed by Pb and Cd. Highest Zn concentrations in shoots were found in the Zn-Cd hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens (mean = 18,254 mg Zn kg(-1) DW). Different metal tolerance and accumulation patterns were observed among the studied plant species, thus offering a wide germplasm assortment for the suitable selection of phytoremediation technologies. This study highlights the importance of preserving metalliferous environments as they shelter a unique and highly valuable metallicolous biodiversity.     

Uptake of heavy metals by native species growing in a mining area in Sardinia, Italy: discovering native flora for phytoremediation

This study assessed the distribution and availability of plant uptake of Zn, Pb, and Cd present in an abandoned mine at Ingurtosu, Sardinia (Italy). Geological matrix samples (sediments, tailings, and soil from a nearby pasture site) and samples of the predominant plant species growing on sediments and tailings were collected. Mean values of total Zn, Pb and Cd were respectively (mg kg(-1)) 7400, 1800, and 56 in tailings, 31000, 2900, and 100 in sediments, and 400, 200, and 8 in the pasture soil. The metal concentration values were high even in the mobile fractions evaluated by simplified sequential extraction (Zn 7485-103, Pb 1015-101, Cd 47-4 mg kg(-1)). Predominant native species were identified and analyzed for heavy metal content in various tissues. Among the plant species investigated Inula viscosa, Euphorbia dendroides, and Poa annua showed the highest metal concentration in aboveground biomass (mean average of Zn: 1680, 1020, 1400; Pb: 420, 240, 80; Cd: 28, 7, 19 mg kg(-1), respectively). The above mentioned species and A. donax could be good candidates for a phytoextraction procedure. Cistus salvifolius and Helichrysum italicus generally showed behavior more suitable for a phytostabilizer.     

Accumulation properties of As,Cd, Cu,Pb and Zn by four wetland plant species growing on submerged mine tailings

Plants may reduce element leakage from submerged mine tailings by phytostabilisation. However, high shoot concentrations of elements might disperse them and could be harmful to grazing animals. The aim of this investigation was to find out which of the three properties; low-accumulation, root accumulation or shoot accumulation of elements, occur in four of the most common wetland species growing on an old submerged mine tailings and if their properties can be determined by a hydroponic experiment. Above- and below-ground parts of Salix (mixed tissue from S. phylicifolia and S. borealis), Carex rostrata, Eriophorum angustifolium, and Phragmites australis were sampled and analysed for Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb and As. Differences in uptake and translocation properties of the same plant species were observed between field-grown plants and plants grown in hydroponics. These differences were probably due to processes in the soil–root interface. Thus, hydroponic screening studies should not be used to find suitable species for vegetation of wet-covered mine tailings. Most species were found to have restricted translocation of elements to the shoot, i.e. they were root accumulators, and only the shoot concentrations of Salix for Cd and Zn and E. angustifolium for Pb might be toxic to grazing animals. Thus, plant establishment on submerged tailings can be a safe method to stabilise the metals.     

多花黑麦草在酸化铅锌尾矿上的定植和生长

铅锌矿尾矿上设置长喙田菁压青和不压青处理,在此基础上研究多花黑麦草的萌发、生长和重金属积累情况．结果表明,种植长喙田菁改善了尾矿理化性状,尤其是提高了有机质、全N、有效态磷和K的含量．尾矿的强酸性环境(pH<3)是影响黑麦草在其上定植的主要因素．施用石灰可暂时改善尾矿酸度,但实验结束时尾矿酸度几乎完全恢复原状．因此,施用石灰可能只对种子发芽产生作用．大多数情况下多花黑麦草能在尾矿上萌发、生长和定植,并产生较大的生物量(DM1．4～3．2t·km^-2),表现出对酸性尾矿环境的一定的适应性．与未栽培长喙田菁的对照相比,栽培长喙田菁处理以及栽培长喙田菁并压青处理分别使多花黑麦草的生物量提高了4．8％～39．5％和7．7％～139．5％,其中压青处理又比不压青处理提高了2．7％～75．8％．“长喙田菁-多花黑麦草”植被系列是一个成功的铅锌矿尾矿废弃地复垦的先锋阶段     

Vegetation pattern and heavy metal accumulation at a mine tailing at Gyöngyösoroszi, hungary

Vegetation at an abandoned heavy metal bearing mine tailing may have multifunctional roles such as modification of water balance, erosion control and landscape rehabilitation. Research on the vegetation of mine tailings can provide useful information on tolerance, accumulation and translocation properties of species potentially applicable at moderately contaminated sites. Analyses of the relationship between heavy metal content (Pb, Zn and Cu) and vegetation in a mine tailing were carried out. These analyses included: (1) spatial analysis of relationship among heavy metal distribution, pH and vegetation patterns, and (2) analysis of heavy metal accumulation and translocation in some plant species. Presence of vegetation was found to be significantly dependent on pH value, which confirms that phytotoxicity is a function of element concentration in solution, which is primarily controlled by pH value in mine tailings. Among the most abundant plant species, dewberry (Rubus caesius), vipersbugloss (Echium vulgare), scarlet pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) and narrowleaf plantain (Plantago lanceolata) accumulate significant amounts of Pb, Cu and Zn, while in the case of annual bluegrass (Poa annua) only Pb can be measured in elevated contents. Considering the translocation features, scarlet pimpernel, narrowleaf plantain, and dewberry accumulate heavy metals primarily in their roots, while heavy metal concentration in vipersbugloss and annual bluegrass is higher in the shoots.     

Aquatic and terrestrial plant species with potential to remove heavy metals from storm-water

Remediation of storm-water polluted with heavy metals should be possible in percolation systems, ponds, or wetlands. The aim of this work was to find plant species for such systems that are efficient in the uptake of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb. Plants were collected from percolation and wetland areas and analyzed for heavy metal concentrations. Results showed that submersed and free-floating plants had the capacity to take up high levels of Cu, Zn, and Pb into their shoots. With roots having a concentration factor above 1, the terrestrial plants show efficient stabilization of Cd and Zn and emergent plants show corresponding stabilisation of Zn. In addition, Potamogeton natans, Alisma plantago-aquatica, and Filipendula ulmaria were used in a controlled experiment. The shoots of P. natans and the roots of A. plantago-aquatica were found to accumulate even higher concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Pb than found in the field-harvested plants. Similar results were found for Cd in shoots and Pb in roots of F. ulmaria. Our conclusion is that submersed plant species seem to be the most efficient for removal of heavy metals from storm-water.     

六种植物对Pb的吸收与耐性研究

 为了选择和筛选重金属Pb的耐性与富集植物,在温室砂培盆栽条件下对铅锌尾矿区附近生长的6种植物(山野豌豆（Vicia amoena Fisch）、草木樨(Melilotus suavena Ledeb)、披碱草(Elymus dahuricus Turca)、酸模（Rumex acetosa）、紫苜蓿(Medicago sativa)和羽叶鬼针草(Bidens maximowicziana Oett))体内Pb的含量与分布、重金属Pb的迁移总量、根系的耐性指数做了研究;拟定了６种植物对Pb的耐性临     

Rapid plant-cover establishment on gold mine tailings in southern New Zealand: glasshouse screening trials

The use of a short-term vegetation cover to temporarily control the negative environmental effects of inactive tailings ponds is notfrequently practiced during operational mining, but could have some merit This article reports on a glasshouse trial designed to examine some of the issues associated with short-term vegetation: fast germination of a high proportion of seed, the ability of seedlings to survive in unamended substrates, and potentially toxic substrate. Five nonindigenous plant species were tested--barley (Hordeum vulgare), rye corn (Secale cereale), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multifiorum), red clover (Trifolium pratense), and lucerne (Medicago sativa)--in five different types of substrate: unamended tailings, tailings and fertilizer, tailings and greenwaste, biosolid-blend compost, and local topsoil. The nutrient and heavy metal status (As, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb) of each substrate type was determined Plant species performance was monitored over 14 wk Substrate metal concentrations were low except for As, which was elevated in all substrate types. Plants in unamended tailings grew less vigorously than plants in tailings and compost or in topsoil. Plant performance in tailings and fertiliser was greatly suppressed following a high fertilization rate. Metal uptake in plants was highest for As (0.4-77 mg kg(-1) DW) and Cu (5.3-50.3 mg kg(-1) DW). Future field trials are necessary to authenticate findings, but barley and rye corn are promising species for a short-term tailings cover.     

Extremely High Phosphate Sorption Capacity in Cu-Pb-Zn Mine Tailings

Elevated inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentrations in pore water of amended tailings under direct revegetation may cause toxicity in some native woody species but not native forbs or herb species, all of which are key constituents in target native plant communities for phytostabilizing base metal mine tailings. As a result, Pi sorption capacity has been quantified by a conventional batch procedure in three types of base metal mine tailings sampled from two copper (Cu)-lead (Pb)-zinc (Zn) mines, as the basis for Pi-fertiliser addition. It was found that the Pi-sorption capacity in the tailings and local soil was extremely high, far higher than highly weathered agricultural soils in literature, but similar to those of volcanic ash soils. The Langmuir P-sorption maximum was up to 7.72, 4.12, 4.02 and 3.62 mg P g^-1 tailings, in the fresh tailings of mixed Cu-Pb-Zn streams (MIMTD7), the weathered tailings of mixed Cu-Pb-Zn streams (MIMTD5), EHM-TD (fresh Cu-stream, high magnetite content) and local soil (weathered shale and schist), respectively. Physicochemical factors highly correlated with the high Pi-sorption in the tailings were fine particle distribution, oxalate and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate extractable Fe (Fe_O and Fe_d), oxalate-extractable Al and Mn, and the levels of soluble Cd and Zn, and total S and Fe. Large amounts of amorphous Fe oxides and oxyhydroxides may have been formed from the oxidation of pyritic materials and redox cycles of Fe-minerals (such as pyrite (FeS₂), ankerite (Ca(Fe Mg)(CO₃)₂ and siderite (FeCO₃), as indicated by the extractable Fe_O values. The likely formation of sparingly soluble Zn-phosphate in the Pb-Zn tailings containing high levels of Zn (from sphalerite ((Zn,Fe)S, ZnS, (Zn,Cd)S)) may substantially lower soluble Zn levels in the tailings through high rates of Pi-fertiliser addition. As a result, the possibility of P-toxicity in native plant species caused by the addition of soluble phosphate fertilizers would be minimal.     

六种植物对Pb的吸收与耐性研究

为了选择和筛选重金属Pb的耐性与富集植物,在温室砂培盆栽条件下对铅锌尾矿区附近生长的6种植物(山野豌豆（Vicia amoena Fisch）、草木樨(Melilotus suavena Ledeb)、披碱草(Elymus dahuricus Turca)、酸模（Rumex acetosa）、紫苜蓿(Medicago sativa)和羽叶鬼针草(Bidens maximowicziana Oett))体内Pb的含量与分布、重金属Pb的迁移总量、根系的耐性指数做了研究;拟定了６种植物对Pb的耐性临     

Growth of Vetiveria zizanioides and Phragmities australis on Pb/Zn and Cu mine tailings amended with manure compost and sewage sludge: a greenhouse study

The Lechang lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine and Dabao Shan copper (Cu) mine are located at the north of Guangdong Province in southern China. The residual tailings were permanently stored in tailings ponds which required revegetation to reduce their impact on the environment. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver) and Phragmities australis (common reed) for the reclamation of Pb/Zn and Cu mine tailings and to evaluate the effects of organic amendments using manure compost (11.00, 22.03, 44.05 and 88.10 t/ha) and sewages sludge (11.00, 22.03, 44.05 and 88.10 t/ha) on the revegetation of these tailings. The results revealed that the applications of manure compost or sewage sludge not only increased N, P and K concentrations, but also decreased DTPA-extractable Pb and Zn contents in Pb/Zn tailings and DTPA-extractable Cu contents in Cu tailings. For Pb/Zn mine tailings, application of sewage sludge increased the yields of both species (highest yield at 44.05 t/ha), but not manure compost. For Cu mine tailings, application of manure compost (highest yield for both species at 44.05 and 22.03 t/ha for vetiver and common reed accordingly) or sewage sludge (highest yield at 22.03 and 44.05 t/ha for vetiver and common reed accordingly) increased the yield of both species. In general, vetiver achieved a higher yield when compared with common reed, under the same treatment. Plant tissue analysis showed that application of manure compost and sewage sludge could significantly reduce Pb uptake and accumulation, but not Cu in both vetiver and common reed.