广西百色盆地及永乐盆地始新世反刍类的再研究,兼论Indomeryx,Notomeryx,Gobiomeryx和Prodremotherium的系统位置

为鉴定广西百色、永乐两盆地新采集的始新世反刍类,重新研究了中科院古脊椎动物 与古人类研究所以往发现于该地的全部有关标本,将原订的右江印度鼷鹿（Ｉｎｄｏｍｅｒｙｘ ｙｏｕｊｉａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ）并入百色南方鼷鹿（Ｎｏｔｏｍｅｒｙｘ ｂｅｓｅｎｓｉｓ　Ｑｉｕ, １９７８）,记述了大南方鼷鹿（新种） （Ｎｏｔｏｍｅｒｙｘ ｍａｊｏｒ　ｓｐ． ｎｏｖ．）和戈壁原驰鹿（未订种）（Ｇｏｂｉｏｍｅｒｙｘ ｓｐ．）,将印度鼷鹿属 （Ｉｎｄｏｍｅｒｙｘ）、南方鼷鹿属（Ｎｏｔｏｍｅｒｙｘ）、戈壁原驰鹿属（Ｇｏｂｉｏｍｅｒｙｘ）和原驰鹿属 （Ｐｒｏｄｒｅｍｏｔｈｅｒｉｕｍ）从Ｇｅｌｏｃｉｄａｅ科中分出并归为一个新科：原驰鹿科（新科） （Ｐｒｏｄｒｅｍｏｔｈｅｒｉｄａｓ Ｆａｍ．ｎｏｖ．）。     

我国首次发现的丘齿鼷鹿

这里记述的丘齿鼷鹿(Dorcabune)的材料是我国广西柳城楞寨山硝岩洞(由于出产大量的巨猿化石又称“巨猿洞”)中采集的偶蹄类化石的一部分。丘齿鼷鹿的材料,(?)在巨猿洞大量的哺乳动物化石中数量甚少,仅发现了十个牙齿,它的发现对我国第四纪哺乳动物的研究,特别是对柳城巨猿洞动物群的性质的确定以及地层对比,有重要的意义。     

文本百色盆地及永乐盆地始新世反刍类的再研究,兼论Indomeryx …

为鉴定广西百色,永乐两盆地新采集的始新世反刍类,重新研究了中科院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所以往发现于该地的全部有关标本,将原订的右江印度鼷鹿（Ｉｎｄｏｍｅｒｙｘｙｏｕｊｊａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ）并入百色南方鼷鹿（ＮｏｔｏｍｅｒｙｘｂｅｓｅｎｓｉｓＱｉｕ,１９７８）,记述屯大南方鼷鹿（新种）（Ｎｏｔｏｍｅｒｙｘｍａｊｏｒｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）和戈原驰鹿（未订种）（Ｇｏｂｉｏｍｅｒｙｘｓｐ．）将印度鼷鹿属（Ｉｎｄｏ     

江苏泗洪下草湾中中新世脊椎动物群——8. Dorcatherium(Tragulidae,Artiodactyla)

本文记述了江苏泗洪下草湾动物群中最常见的一种化石,羚鼷鹿(Dorcatherium).材料包括六段破碎颌骨、若干肢骨和四百余颗单个牙齿.根据齿冠低、上颊齿齿带弱、下臼齿∑形结构清楚等特点,将它订为—新种:东方羚鼷鹿(Dorcatherium orientale sp. nov.).其地质时代大约相当于欧洲的 MN4.文中还讨论了鼷鹿科的分类问题,指出在牙齿构造上有三个类群:Dorcatherium, Dorcabune 和现生鼷鹿.     

嵴齿鼷鹿在我国首次发现

1964年古脊椎动物与古人类研究所新疆考察队在准噶尔盆地南缘进行调查时,在同一层中发现了一个属于Paraceratherium型的巨犀头骨、少量肢骨及一段偶蹄类的下牙床。巨犀化石将茌另文报导;偶蹄类化石,经研究,证实应属于一类原始的鼷鹿化石——嵴齿鼷鹿(Lophiomeryx)。原始鼷鹿化石在我国极少发现,过去仅在内蒙乌拉乌苏发现过一种     

走进鹿的世界

说起鹿,人们想到的或许就是灵巧的梅花鹿,其实全世界现存有40多种鹿,包括约39种鹿科动物,约5种麝科动物还有约3种鼷鹿科动物。与其他长角的动物相比,鹿最显著的特点是它的角每年脱落、重生,而非大家以为的分叉,因为有些鹿的角是终身不分叉的。     

鹿科动物线粒体控制区序列分析与系统进化

通过测定鹿科麂亚科中的小麂、赤麂和黑麂的线粒体全基因组,从而定位它们的控制区,并从GenBank获得鹿科另外3个亚科9种动物的线粒体控制区全序列。利用MEGA软件计算了各物种控制区序列的碱基组成、遗传距离和遗传相似度,通过比较序列同源性,以羊线粒体控制区序列为外群,构建NJ分子系统树,探讨了鹿科4个亚科12种动物的系统进化关系。序列分析表明,鹿科12种动物控制区序列的碱基长度在909～1049bp之间,A T含量约占62．06％,其中363个核苷酸位点存在变异(约占34％)。系统进化关系结果表明：(1)以线粒体控制区构建的鹿科12种动物分子系统树基本与NCBI分类一致;(2)美洲鹿亚科驼鹿属驼鹿在鹿科这12种动物中处于最为原始的地位;(3)小麂比赤麂和黑麂更为原始;(4)獐亚科獐属的獐与美洲鹿亚科狍鹿属的狍鹿和美洲狍鹿聚为一支。     

中国境内与巨猿伴生的偶蹄类化石

1956年在广西大新黑洞发现了第一个具有明确地点和层位的巨猿化石地点。此后在广西的柳城和武鸣、湖北建始、广西巴马、重庆巫山、广西田东和崇左、贵州毕节及海南昌江也陆续发现了有明确地点和层位的巨猿化石地点。其中田东有么会洞和吹风洞两个地点,崇左有三合大洞、泊岳山、缺缺洞、百孔洞、岩亮洞和合江洞等地点群。这些地点均分布在长江以南,在31°N以南、19°N以北、105°E以东、110°E以西的范围内。与巨猿伴生的大哺乳动物中,种类及标本数量占有显著比例的偶蹄类总计有30个种类,可以归入5个科。其中具有代表性的偶蹄类是最后河马齿河猪(Hippopotamodon ultimus)、小猪(Sus xiaozhu)、裴氏猪(S. peii)、麂属(Muntiacus sp.)、凤岐祖鹿(Cervavitus fenqii)、黑鹿亚属(Cervus (Rusa))及广西巨羊(Megalovis guangxiensis)。如果在新的化石地点找到这些代表性种类,就有可能发现新的巨猿化石,突破巨猿现有的分布范围。在上述30个种类中从新近纪延续下来的属有河马齿河猪、猪、丘齿鼷鹿(Dorcabune)、麝(Moschus)、麂(Muntiacus)、副麂(Paracervulus)、后麂(Metacervulus)、祖鹿、羚羊(Gazella)和转角羚(Spirocerus)共10个。早更新世出现的种有17个,其中未能延续到中更新世的种有10个;早更新世出现的属有7个,均为牛科成员。与巨猿伴生的偶蹄类中牛科动物指示存在局部的草原草甸环境,其余偶蹄类均指示阔叶森林和灌木林环境。猪科、黑鹿和水牛还指示存在零星水域。杂食的巨猿在食性上与猪科有部分重叠而有一定的竞争关系,和粗食的牛科几乎没有重叠和直接的竞争,而和嫩食的鼷鹿科、麝科和鹿科只有少量重叠。与巨猿伴生的偶蹄类均是食肉类的捕食对象,从而为巨猿分担了大部分被捕食的危险,因此与巨猿伴生的偶蹄类有利于巨猿的生存和繁衍。     

河南许昌灵井遗址的晚更新世鹿科化石新种类

记述了在近几年从河南省许昌市灵井旧石器遗址出土的1个鹿科化石新亚种: 灵井山西轴鹿新亚种(Axis shansius lingjingensis sub sp.nov.)和1个属、种未定的潜在新种。前者角冠的主枝呈琴弓状, 并有一定程度的螺旋状, 目前是轴鹿属在晚更新世的唯一代表;后者的角冠在角环上方同一位置向不同的方向伸出3个分枝, 与鹿亚科其他成员的角冠在角环上方只有主枝和眉枝(或第一枝)的情况完全不同,而介于晚中新世的皇冠鹿(Stephanocemas)和中、晚更新世的大角鹿(Megaloceros)之间。     

新疆准噶尔盆地的巨犀化石

1964年中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所新疆考察队在准噶尔盆地南缘进行调查时,根据新疆石油管理局的同志们所提供的线索,从玛纳斯系褐色层的中部采集到一个相当完整的巨犀头骨和下牙床,这是迄今为止世界上保存最完好的一枚巨犀头骨。在同一层位的另一地点还找到了一段蝽齿鼷鹿的下牙床。这些化石对于确定一直没有化石依据的褐色层的地质时代很有意义。嵴齿鼷鹿化石已经研究发表(邱占祥,1965,古脊椎动物与古人类,九卷四期);本文是对上述巨犀材料的研究。准噶尔巨犀 Dzungariotherium orgosensis gen.et sp.nov.(图版Ⅰ—Ⅲ)     

New remains of primitive ruminants from Thailand: evidence of the early evolution of the Ruminantia in Asia

A new tragulid, Archaeotragulus krabiensis , gen. n. et sp. n., is described from the late Eocene Krabi Basin (south Thailand). It represents the oldest occurrence of the family which was previously unknown prior to the Miocene. Archaeotragulus displays a mixture of primitive and derived characters, together with the M structure on the trigonid, which appears to be the main dental autapomorphy of the family. We also report the occurrence at Krabi of a new Lophiomerycid, Krabimeryx primitivus , gen. n. et sp. n., which displays affinities with Chinese representatives of the family, particularly Lophiomeryx . The familial status of Iberomeryx is discussed and a set of characters is proposed to define both Tragulidae and Lophiomerycidae. Results of phylogenetic analysis show that tragulids are monophyletic and appear nested within the lophiomerycids. The occurrence of Tragulidae and Lophiomerycidae in the upper Eocene of south-east Asia enhances the hypothesis that ruminants originated in Asia, but it also challenges the taxonomic status of traguloids within the Ruminantia.     

A review of the distribution of all species of deer (Tragulidae, Moschidae and Cervidae) in China

Twenty-one species of deer occur in China: one species of Tragulidae, three species of Moschidae and 17 species of Cervidae. The foundation of this review is the research conducted in the early 1940s by Allen, combined with the research and investigation by the authors and other Chinese specialists since that time. This paper focuses on the tentative distribution of these species of deer for future research efforts.     

A highly repetitive DNA component common to all Cervidae: its organization and chromosomal distribution during evolution

In recent work we have isolated and characterized a highly repetitive DNA (MMV satellite IA) from Muntiacus muntjak vaginalis, the species with the most reduced karyotype in the Cervidae family. We have now analysed the genomes of nine related species for the presence of MMV satellite IA components, and have determined their organization and chromosomal distribution. Repetitive satellite IA type DNA is present in all species of the Cervidae, and also in the bovine, but not in a species of the Tragulidae suggesting that these sequences were generated after the phylogenetic separation of Bovidae and Tragulidae. Studies on the organization of the satellite IA DNA in the various species revealed three main repeat lengths: 1400, 1000 and 807 bp. The relative proportion of satellite IA sequences present in any one of the three registers is strikingly different within the various species and can be correlated with the phylogeny of the Cervidae. The chromosomal locations of the satellite IA sequences were determined in seven species by in situ hybridization. It turned out that the chromosomal rearrangements leading to the reduction in the number of chromosomes during karyotype evolution have led to the elimination of satellite I DNA at most locations. In all tandem fusions, the satellite IA sequences located at the centromeres of the ancestral acrocentric chromosomes are lost. In contrast, during the centric fusion that generates the M. m. vaginalis X chromosome satellite IA sequences are amplified. Sequence motifs, which are known to be involved in recombinational events are present in the satellite IA and might have contributed to the unique karyotype variation in the Cervidae.     

Molecular and morphological phylogenies of ruminantia and the alternative position of the moschidae

The ruminants constitute the largest group of ungulates, with >190 species, and its distribution is widespread throughout all continents except Australia and Antarctica. Six families are traditionally recognized within the suborder Ruminantia: Antilocapridae (pronghorns), Bovidae (cattle, sheep, and antelopes), Cervidae (deer), Giraffidae (giraffes and okapis), Moschidae (musk deer), and Tragulidae (chevrotains). The interrelationships of the families have been an area of controversy among morphology, palaeontology, and molecular studies, and almost all possible evolutionary scenarios have been proposed in the literature. We analyzed a large DNA data set (5,322 nucleotides) for 23 species including both mitochondrial (cytochrome b, 12S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and 16S rRNA) and nuclear (kappa-casein, cytochrome P-450, lactoferrin, and alpha-lactalbumin) markers. Our results show that the family Tragulidae occupies a basal position with respect to all other ruminant families, confirming the traditional view that separates Tragulina and Pecora. Within the pecorans, Antilocapridae and Giraffidae emerge first, and the families Bovidae, Moschidae, and Cervidae are allied, with the unexpected placement of Moschus close to bovids rather than to cervids. We used these molecular results to assess the homoplastic evolution of morphological characters within the Ruminantia. A Bayesian relaxed molecular clock approach based on the continuous autocorrelation of evolutionary rates along branches was applied to estimate the divergence ages between the major clades of ruminants. The evolutionary radiation of Pecora occurred at the Early/Late Oligocene transition, and Pecoran families diversified and dispersed rapidly during the Early and Middle Miocene. We propose a biogeographic scenario to explain the extraordinary expansion of this group during the Cenozoic era.     

Molecular phylogeny of musk deer: a genomic view with mitochondrial 16S rRNA and cytochrome b gene

The phylogenetic status of the infra order Pecora is controversial, even though it is supported by paleontological, morphological, and molecular evidence. We analyzed two mitochondrial genes (i.e., 16S rRNA and cytochrome b) to resolve the phylogenetic position of pecoran species, i.e., the Bovidae, Cervidae, and Moschidae endemic to the Indian subcontinent. We used phylogenetic analysis based on different algorithms, including neighbor joining, maximum parsimony, Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood, minimum evolution, median joining network, along with multidimensional scaling, and DNA word analysis. Our results established the basal position of Tragulidae and the monophyly of the infra order Pecora within the Suborder Ruminantia. Our results also demonstrated that Bovidae, Cervidae, and Moschidae are allied with the placement of musk deer as more closely related to bovids than to cervids. Molecular dating based on sequence analysis shows that the radiation of Pecora occurred during the early Oligocene and that the majority of the pecoran families radiated and dispersed rapidly during the Oligocene/Miocene transition.     

A malaria parasite of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and its relation with known species of Plasmodium in other ungulates

With the exception of the human malaria parasites, the mammalian species of Plasmodium have a fairly restricted geographical distribution, while the incidence of the infection in the different orders of mammals is patchy. A few species have been described in ungulates in the Old World Tropics, but Plasmodium odocoilei sp.nov. of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) of Texas is the first example to be found in the New World. It was discovered in an adult specimen that had had its spleen removed. Only the blood stages of the parasite are known, but these show various remarkable features: the presence of large vacuoles in the cytoplasm, and the enormous distortion and discoloration of the infected red blood cell. The phylogeny of the parasite is discussed in relation to that of the vertebrate host and it is suggested that Cervid stock crossed the Bering Land Bridge in the Pliocene Age, carrying a plasmodial infection that was the common source of malaria in the Old World Tragulidae and in the New World Odocoileus.     

A complete phylogeny of the whales, dolphins and even-toed hoofed mammals (Cetartiodactyla)

Despite the biological and economic importance of the Cetartiodactyla, the phylogeny of this clade remains controversial. Using the supertree approach of matrix representation with parsimony, we present the first phylogeny to include all 290 extant species of the Cetacea (whales and dolphins) and Artiodactyla (even-toed hoofed mammals). At the family-level, the supertree is fully resolved. For example, the relationships among the Ruminantia appear as (((Cervidae, Moschidae) Bovidae) (Giraffidae, Antilocapridae) Tragulidae). However, due to either lack of phylogenetic study or contradictory information, polytomies occur within the clades Sus, Muntiacus, Cervus, Delphinidae, Ziphiidae and Bovidae. Complete species-level phylogenies are necessary for both illustrating and analysing biological, geographical and ecological patterns in an evolutionary framework. The present species-level tree of the Cetartiodactyla provides the first opportunity to examine comparative hypotheses across entirely aquatic and terrestrial species within a single mammalian order.     

New phylogenetic perspectives on the Cervidae (Artiodactyla) are provided by the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene.

The entire mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene was compared for 11 species of the artiodactyl family Cervidae, representing all living subfamilies, i.e., the antlered Cervinae (Cervus elaphus, C. nippon, Dama dama), Muntiacinae (Muntiacus reevesi), and Odocoileinae (Odocoileus hemionus, Mazama sp., Capreolus capreolus, C. pygargus, Rangifer tarandus, Alces alces); and the antlerless Hydropotinae (Hydropotes inermis). Phylogenetic analyses using Tragulidae, Antilocapridae, Giraffidae and Bovidae as outgroups provide evidence for three multifurcating principal clades within the monophyletic family Cervidae. First, Cervinae and Muntiacus are joined in a moderately-to-strongly supported clade of Eurasian species. Second, Old World Odocoileinae (Capreolus and Hydropotes) associate with the Holarctic Alces. Third, New World Odocoileinae (Mazama and Odocoileus) cluster with the Holarctic Rangifer. The combination of mitochondrial cyt b and nuclear k-casein sequences increases the robustness of these three clades. The Odocoileini + Rangiferini clade is unambiguously supported by a unique derived cranial feature, the expansion of the vomer which divides the choana. Contrasting with current taxonomy, Hydropotes is not the sister group of all the antlered deers, but it is nested within the Odocoileinae. Therefore, Hydropotes lost the antlers secondarily. Thus, the mitochondrial cyt b phylogeny splits Cervidae according to plesiometacarpal (Cervinae + Muntiacinae) versus telemetacarpal (Odocoileinae + Hydropotinae) conditions, and suggests paraphyly of antlered deer.     

The paleoenvironment of Sivapithecus parvada

Remains of the hominoid Sivapithecus parvada and a diversity of mammalian taxa are preserved at locality Y311 (ca. 10 Ma) in the Siwalik Nagri Formation of northern Pakistan. Bovids (Bovidae, Artiodactyla) are the most abundant mammals next to tragulids (Tragulidae, Artiodactyla) at locality Y311 and provide a means for reconstructing the paleoenvironments that would have been available to Sivapithecus parvada. A functional model indicates a linkage between habitat and several femoral characters among extant bovids. Based on this model, we infer that forested habitats predominated at locality Y311 but that some less densely covered areas may also have been present. Paleoenvironments in the earlier Chinji Formation appear comparable to those at locality Y311, although the presence of a continuous canopy in the former is more certain. Thus, adaptive changes in the bovid fauna from the Chinji through the Nagri Formations appear to have preceded the shift to predominantly C4 grasslands which, based on other lines of evidence, occurred locally (and possibly globally) between 8 and 6 Ma. The paleoenvironments of locality Y311 and the Chinji Formation localities appear different from the paleoenvironment of Kenyapithecus at Fort Ternan in Kenya, where the presence of continuous canopy is unlikely. The Fort Ternan fauna is dominated by two genera of bovids. One of these is adapted to light cover while the other appears better adapted to heavy cover. Sivapithecus and Kenyapithecus lived in different ecological settings probably characterized by varying degrees of vegetative cover.     

An exploration of diversity among the Ostertagiinae (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) in ungulates from Sub-Saharan Africa with a proposal for a new genus

Abomasal nematodes (Ostertagiine: Trichostrongyloidea) representing a previously unrecognized genus and species are reported in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer) from Kenya, Uganda, and South Africa. Africanastrongylus buceros gen. nov. et sp. nov. is characterized by a symmetrical tapering synlophe in the cervical region and a maximum of 60 ridges in males and females. Bursal structure is 2-2-1, with subequal Rays 4/5, massive Rays 8, and Rays 9/10, and a massive dorsal lobe that is reduced in length, laterally and dorsally inflated, and positioned ventral to externodorsal rays. Spicules are tripartite, and the gubernaculum is broadly alate in the anterior. A proconus is present. Among ostertagiines with a 2-2-1 bursa (Cervicaprastrongylus, Hyostrongylus, Mazamastrongylus, Sarwaria, Spiculopteragia, and Teladorsagia) specimens of Africanastrongylus are differentiated from respective genera based on the structure of the cervical synlophe, patterns of dorsal, externodorsal, lateral, and ventral rays, and configuration of the genital cone, gubernaculum, and spicules. Among 13 genera of the Ostertagiinae in the global fauna, 3 are entirely limited in distribution to Africa, including Africanastrongylus, Longistrongylus, and Pseudomarshallagia. Another 5 genera including Cervicaprastrongylus, Hyostrongylus, Marshallagia, Ostertagia, and Teladorsagia are represented as mosaics, with diversity centered in Eurasia or the Holarctic. Genera not represented in the African fauna include Camelostrongylus among Caprinae and some Antelopinae from Eurasia, Mazamastrongylus and Spiculopteragia in Cervidae from the Holarctic and Eurasia, respectively, Orloffia in Cervidae and Bovidae from the Holarctic, and Sarwaria among Tragulidae and Bovinae in southern Asia. The diverse nature of the ostertagiine fauna, with a disproportionate number of endemic genera relative to other regions of the northern hemisphere, may reflect the timing of episodic expansion events for artiodactyls into Africa from Eurasia during the Tertiary and Quaternary.