茶多酚与锌联合应用对口腔致臭菌产臭水平的影响

目的评价茶多酚与锌联合应用对口腔致臭菌产臭水平的影响。方法选择口腔主要3种致臭菌[牙龈卟啉单胞菌(P.g),中间普氏菌(P.i),具核梭杆菌(F.n)],观察不同比例混合的茶多酚与锌离子溶液在4 h后对3种致臭菌产生挥发性硫化物水平的影响,挥发性硫化物值通过HalimeterTM测得,记录数据,并进行数据的统计分析处理。结果当茶多酚与锌离子的体积比为1.5︰0.5、1.0︰1.0、0.5︰1.5时,抑制P.g产VSCs的能力最优;当茶多酚与锌离子的体积比为1.0︰1.0、0.5︰1.5时,抑制P.i及F.n产VSCs的能力最优。结论茶多酚与锌离子联合应用的最佳体积比可能为1.0︰1.0、0.5︰1.5,此时抑制3种致臭菌产VSCs的效果均较好。     

义齿口臭的相关因素研究

目的:探讨义齿口臭的的相关因素。方法:选择62例无牙周疾病且全身健康(心血管系统疾病除外)的上颌义齿修复者,鼻闻法检查口臭程度(OR值),使用便携式口气测量仪(halitosis)测量VSCs量,记录义齿使用时间、菌斑指数(plaque index,PLI)。结果:Spearman相关分析法显示口臭值与义齿使用时间、PLI存在正相关(r=0.73,r=0.52,P<0.01),义齿口臭OR值与VSCs量存在正相关(r=0.62,p<0.01),义齿使用时间与PLI也有一定的相关性(r=0.259,P<0.05)。结论:口臭值、VSCs量与聚甲基丙烯酸脂基托义齿使用时间、PLI均有关系,义齿口臭的气体成份不完全同于其它口源性口臭。     

口源性口臭患者主要厌氧菌的分布

目的分析口臭患者龈下菌斑和舌苔上主要相关厌氧菌的分布情况。方法选择口腔门诊中口臭患者29例,鼻闻法来确定产臭部位和非产臭部位;分别采集龈下菌斑和舌苔标本接种在非选择性培养基和核梭杆菌选择性培养基,厌氧培养5d后记录非选择性培养基上生长的细菌总数、产黑色素细菌总数及核梭杆菌选择性培养基上生长的目的菌总数。结果29例患者中,15例患者的口臭主要来源于龈缘菌斑,10例主要来源于舌苔,4例患者的口臭由龈缘菌斑和舌苔共同产生;产臭部位和非产臭部位相比,细菌总数、产黑色素菌和具核梭杆菌数都明显上升（P〈0．01）。结论口源性口臭患者口气变化与产黑色素细菌、核梭杆菌相关。     

采用RAPD分析臭鼻克雷伯菌临床菌株的基因型

臭鼻克雷伯菌是重要的条件致病菌 ,常引起老人及婴幼儿重症护理病房的交叉感染及爆发流行 ,对其进行流行病学监测有重要的医学意义。用随机引物聚合酶链式反应 (RAPD)对 37株臭鼻克雷伯菌临床菌株基因组DNA进行分型 ,分析扩增产物的指纹图谱。实验结果表明 ,37株臭鼻克雷伯菌RAPD后可出现不同的指纹图谱 ,根据特异泳带C ,J ,F ,Q的有无 ,可将其分 7型 (I～VII)。RAPD可用于检测臭鼻克雷伯菌基因组DNA的异质性 ,是医院内感染分子流行病学研究的好方法。     

固氮作用

872207弗兰克氏菌的氮代谢〔会,灸万5 towers,M.D.…厂Abst.Annu.Am.50。.Mierbiol一1986 2201丈一159〔i杀自DBA,1986,5(17),86一08516〕 用丙酸盐作初始碳源,用氮、钱、谷酸胺 (g1n)或天门冬酞胺(asn)作唯一氮源检测弗兰克氏菌(Fra滋ia)的生长。此菌最适宜以按作唯一N源,随后     

一株新的具有脱色能力的琼脂分解菌

本文报道了一株具有脱色能力的琼脂分解菌的分离、脱色现象及细菌学鉴定结果。该菌株分离自琼脂生产工厂周围的土壤中。它能在琼脂培养基上脱除废糖蜜的黑褐色色素,能分解淀粉和琼脂,利用纤维素生长,液化明胶。培养新分离菌不需要生长因子,不产生吲哚、硫化氢、荧光色素及扩散性色素。新分离菌是假单胞菌属的一个新种,定名为井式假单胞菌(Pseudo-monas wellantypicum n．Sp．)。     

Ⅰ、Ⅱ型糖尿病和透析患者的肠道内环境与生化指标的比较研究

对Ⅰ、Ⅱ型糖尿病及透析患者的肠道内环境和血液指标进行了比较观察.肠内细菌群的检测采用光冈复合式法;氨和硫化物的测定,采用Terada的方法;吲哚及臭素等的测定方法采用同吉原方法.临床主要生化指标观察方法,采用美国康宁644电解质分析仪和美国RA-1000全自动生化分析仪.随机选取住院的Ⅰ、Ⅱ型糖尿病以及透析患者各10名对肠道内环境以及血离子、肾功能进行检测分析.结果表明:(1)肠内细菌群变化:Ⅰ型糖尿病患者,双歧杆菌数为7.73±0.44(log CFU/g),占肠内总菌数的百分率为(0.84±0.75)‰.腐败菌数亦为8.14±0.37.Ⅱ型糖尿病患者,双歧杆菌数为7.88±0.34(log CFU/g),占肠内总菌数的百分率为(2.40±3.18)‰.腐败菌数亦为7.99±1.15.透析患者,双歧杆菌数为7.76±0.42(log CFU/g),占肠内总菌数的百分率为(0.78±0.92)‰.腐败菌数亦为8.33±0.50.并检测到绿脓杆菌,其检出率为40%.(2)腐败物质的变化:Ⅰ型糖尿病患者粪便中氨为823±67.2(μg/g);硫化物为50.7±16.0;粪便中苯、甲酚、吲哚、粪臭素等的变化,吲哚、粪臭素分别为57.1±12.1、53.5±11.2(μg/g).Ⅱ糖尿病患者粪便中氨为759.9±62.9(μg/g);硫化物为30±8.3.吲哚、粪臭素分别为40.1±9.9、36.5±9.1(μg/g).透析患者粪便中的氨为1 006.6±164.9(μg/g);硫化物为80±9.9.吲哚、粪臭素分别为78.7±9.7、77.9±10.1(μg/g).(3)血清无机离子的检测结果:Ⅱ型糖尿病人的肾功、尿素、肌酐,尿素、肌酐、尿酸结果在正常范围内,肾脏无实质性损伤,但结果为正常值的上限,尿素:5.24±2.11(mmol/L),肌酐:93.8±6.15(μmol/L),尿酸:0.27±0.04(mmol/L),有肾损伤的可能.Ⅰ型糖尿病人的肾脏已有轻度的实质性损害,尿素:7.75±2.29(mmol/L),肌酐:120.1±62.91(μmol/L),尿酸:0.29±0.04(mmol/L).透析病人的肾脏已严重实质性损伤,尿素:44.2±10.50(mmol/L),肌酐:702.32±164.98(μmol/L),尿酸:0.43±0.13(mmol/L).     

I、Ⅱ型糖尿病和透析患者的肠道内环境与生化指标的比较研究

对Ⅰ、Ⅱ型糖尿病及透析患者的肠道内环境和血液指标进行了比较观察.肠内细菌群的检测采用光冈复合式法;氨和硫化物的测定,采用Terada的方法;吲哚及臭素等的测定方法采用同吉原方法.临床主要生化指标观察方法,采用美国康宁644电解质分析仪和美国RA-1000全自动生化分析仪.随机选取住院的Ⅰ、Ⅱ型糖尿病以及透析患者各10名对肠道内环境以及血离子、肾功能进行检测分析.结果表明(1)肠内细菌群变化Ⅰ型糖尿病患者,双歧杆菌数为7.73±0.44(log CFU/g),占肠内总菌数的百分率为(0.84±0.75)‰.腐败菌数亦为8.14±0.37.Ⅱ型糖尿病患者,双歧杆菌数为7.88±0.34(log CFU/g),占肠内总菌数的百分率为(2.40±3.18)‰.腐败菌数亦为7.99±1.15.透析患者,双歧杆菌数为7.76±0.42(log CFU/g),占肠内总菌数的百分率为(0.78±0.92)‰.腐败菌数亦为8.33±0.50.并检测到绿脓杆菌,其检出率为40%.(2)腐败物质的变化Ⅰ型糖尿病患者粪便中氨为823±67.2(μg/g);硫化物为50.7±16.0;粪便中苯、甲酚、吲哚、粪臭素等的变化,吲哚、粪臭素分别为57.1±12.1、53.5±11.2(μg/g).Ⅱ糖尿病患者粪便中氨为759.9±62.9(μg/g);硫化物为30±8.3.吲哚、粪臭素分别为40.1±9.9、36.5±9.1(μg/g).透析患者粪便中的氨为1 006.6±164.9(μg/g);硫化物为80±9.9.吲哚、粪臭素分别为78.7±9.7、77.9±10.1(μg/g).(3)血清无机离子的检测结果Ⅱ型糖尿病人的肾功、尿素、肌酐,尿素、肌酐、尿酸结果在正常范围内,肾脏无实质性损伤,但结果为正常值的上限,尿素5.24±2.11(mmol/L),肌酐93.8±6.15(μmol/L),尿酸0.27±0.04(mmol/L),有肾损伤的可能.Ⅰ型糖尿病人的肾脏已有轻度的实质性损害,尿素7.75±2.29(mmol/L),肌酐120.1±62.91(μmol/L),尿酸0.29±0.04(mmol/L).透析病人的肾脏已严重实质性损伤,尿素44.2±10.50(mmol/L),肌酐702.32±164.98(μmol/L),尿酸0.43±0.13(mmol/L).     

噬菌体-指示菌模型检测固型板材抗病毒性能的方法研究

在抗病毒材料检测方法中.大多利用具有高致病性的病毒直接进行实验室操作,这会给研究人员带来一定的不安全性.为了建立一种安全、快速、灵敏的检测固型板材抗病毒性能的方法,利用噬菌体-指示菌模型.分别对风干法、玻片覆盖法和薄膜覆盖法检测固型板材抗病毒性能进行研究.利用大肠埃希菌噬菌体M13和大肠埃希菌作为噬菌体-指示菌模型,以固型板材抗菌不锈钢板作为试验材料.抗菌不锈钢板与噬菌体作用18 h后.测定噬菌体存活数量.实验结果表明,风干法、玻片覆盖法和薄膜覆盖法检测的噬菌体杀死率分别为66.0%、30.4%和19.3%.风干法的检测效果明显优于其他2种方法.利用噬菌体-指示菌模型,采用风干法检测固型板材抗病毒性能具有可行性和实用性.     

复合诱变选育高效转化DHEA为7α,15α-diOH-DHEA的菌株及其转化工艺优化

结合酮康唑抗性筛选法,采用亚硝基胍和低能氮离子注入复合诱变方法筛选得到一株高效生物转化去氢表雄酮(D H E A)为3β,7α,1 5α-三羟基雄甾-5-烯-1 7-酮(7α,1 5α-d i O H-D H E A)的菌株亚麻刺盘孢C o l l e t o t r i c h u m l i n i S T-1,该突变株在底物D H E A投料浓度为1 0 g/L时产物摩尔得率达到3 4.2%,较出发菌株提高了4 6.2%。在此基础上进行培养基组分的优化,采用P l a c k e t t-B u r m a n实验设计考察转化培养基中各组分对产物摩尔得率的影响,有效筛选出葡萄糖、酵母粉和M g S O4·7 H2O浓度对产物摩尔得率影响显著,继而采用最陡爬坡路径逼近最大响应区域,并利用中心组合响应面设计实验对3个显著性因素的最佳水平进行研究,得到最适转化培养基组分为(g/L):葡萄糖2 6.3 4;酵母粉1 2.1 5;玉米浆3.0 0;F e S O4·7 H2O 0.0 1 5;M g S O4·7 H2O0.1 4;K H2P O40.9 0。采用该优化培养基,菌株C.l i n i S T-1的产物摩尔得率达到4 9.3%,较优化前提高了4 4.2%。     

Intelligent Bayes Classifier (IBC) for ENT infection classification in hospital environment

Electronic Nose based ENT bacteria identification in hospital environment is a classical and challenging problem of classification. In this paper an electronic nose (e-nose), comprising a hybrid array of 12 tin oxide sensors (SnO₂) and 6 conducting polymer sensors has been used to identify three species of bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) responsible for ear nose and throat (ENT) infections when collected as swab sample from infected patients and kept in ISO agar solution in the hospital environment. In the next stage a sub-classification technique has been developed for the classification of two different species of S. aureus, namely Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and Methicillin Susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). An innovative Intelligent Bayes Classifier (IBC) based on "Baye's theorem" and "maximum probability rule" was developed and investigated for these three main groups of ENT bacteria. Along with the IBC three other supervised classifiers (namely, Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Probabilistic neural network (PNN), and Radial Basis Function Network (RBFN)) were used to classify the three main bacteria classes. A comparative evaluation of the classifiers was conducted for this application. IBC outperformed MLP, PNN and RBFN. The best results suggest that we are able to identify and classify three bacteria main classes with up to 100% accuracy rate using IBC. We have also achieved 100% classification accuracy for the classification of MRSA and MSSA samples with IBC. We can conclude that this study proves that IBC based e-nose can provide very strong and rapid solution for the identification of ENT infections in hospital environment.     

Phylogenetic characterization of Centipeda periodontii, Selenomonas sputigena and Selenomonas species by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis.

The nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequences for oral Gram-negative anaerobic motile bacteria, Centipeda periodontii, Selenomonas sputigena and Selenomonas species (formerly S. sputigena type strain), were determined in order to unveil their relationship to other oral motile bacteria. To determine the phylogenetic characterization of these bacteria, their 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained and compared with those from the ribosomal sequence databases previously reported. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of these bacteria were similar to those of Selenomonas ruminantium and Schwartzia succinivorans isolated from rumens, and to Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus isolated from spoiled beer. Among oral bacteria, the nucleotide sequence analysis of these bacteria revealed high nucleotide similarity to Veillonella species, whereas low similarity to oral motile bacteria such as Campylobacter species. Phylogenetic analysis clearly confirmed that C. periodontii and two Selenomonas species were classified as relatives of a group besides Selenomonas, Schwartzia, and Pectinatus species, and not as close relatives to oral motile bacteria, such as Campylobacter species. These results suggest that such oral Gram-negative anaerobic motile bacteria are close relatives of oral bacteria.     

Coexistence of antibiotic-producing and antibiotic-sensitive bacteria in biofilms is mediated by resistant bacteria

Antibiotic-sensitive bacteria have been found to coexist with antibiotic-producing bacteria in biofilms, but little is known about how the former develop in such an environment. Here we isolated pyocyanin-sensitive bacteria belonging to the genus Brevibacillus from a biofilm derived from soil extract and based on the preestablished biofilm of a pyocyanin producer, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain P1. In addition, pyocyanin-resistant strains belonging to the genus Raoultella were isolated from the same biofilm. Microbial relationships within biofilms were examined by using three strains, strain P1, Brevibacillus strain S1, and Raoultella strain R1, each of which individually formed a biofilm within 2 days in a flow cell. Strain S1 did not fully develop on the preestablished biofilm of strain P1 during 4 days of cultivation, whereas a mutant of strain P1 which was deficient in pyocyanin production allowed strain S1 to cocolonize within a biofilm. On the other hand, strain R1 developed on the biofilm of strain P1 regardless of pyocyanin production. When mixed 1:1 inocula of strains S1 and R1 were introduced into the strain P1 biofilm, all three species were found in the 4-day biofilm. In the mixed biofilm, strain S1 was surrounded by the layer of strain R1 and seemed to be separated from strain P1 and the outflow solution. However, strain S1 did not survive in a three-species mixed culture under planktonic conditions. These results indicate that the survival of sensitive bacteria in biofilm with a pyocyanin producer is achieved by covering them with a layer of resistant bacteria. We also evaluated the influence of antibiotic production on the producer.     

高效产氢细菌新种--Ethanologenbacterium sp.X-1的分离鉴定及其产氢效能

为获得高效产氢发酵细菌 ,采用改进的厌氧Hungate培养技术 ,从生物制氢反应器CSTR中分离一株产氢细菌X 1。对该株细菌进行了形态学特征、生理生化指标、16SrDNA和 16S 2 3SrDNA间隔区序列分析等研究。结果表明与最相近的种属Clostridiumcellulosi和Acetanaerobacteriumelongatum等的 16SrRNA基因序列同源性为 94 %以下。16S 2 3SrRNA间隔区基因序列比对分析显示保守区域仅为tRNAAla和tRNAIle序列 ,其它可变部位没有同源性区域 ,鉴定为新属Ethanologenbacteriumsp .。该株细菌为专性厌氧杆菌 ,代谢特征为乙醇发酵 ,葡萄糖发酵产物主要为乙醇、乙酸、H2 和CO2 。在pH4 0和 36℃条件下最大产氢速率是 2 8 3mmolH2 (gdrycell·h)。经鉴定和产氢效能分析表明该菌株是一新属的高效产氢细菌     

Protection from virulent Salmonella groups B and D after the peroral immunization of chicks with a hybrid of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella dublin]

Chickens over 10 days old, infected orally with virulent salmonellae, were found to remain alive. Histologic investigation showed the development of mild enteritis and more pronounced, lasting for more than two weeks, inflammation of the cecum, dissemination and focal lesions in the liver (granulomas, necrosis). In experiments on the oral immunization of 3-day old chickens the bivalent hybrid of S. typhimurium vaccine strain 274 and S. dublin induced only pronounced blast transformation in lymphatic follicles of the cecum, hyperplasia of activated macrophages and formation of granulomas from these macrophages and lymphocytes. After oral challenge of the immunized chickens with virulent salmonellae of group B (S. typhimurium) and group D (S. enteritidis, S. gallinarum-pullorum) the chickens exhibited sharply pronounced protection against adhesion, colonization and invasion, and a few penetrating bacteria were rapidly destroyed by immune macrophages. Hybrid strain 274/O9 proved to be suitable for use as oral bivalent vaccine against salmonellosis in chickens.     

Hansschlegelia plantiphila gen. nov. sp. nov., a new aerobic restricted facultative methylotrophic bacterium associated with plants

A new genus, Hansschlegelia, and a new species, Hansschlegelia plantiphila, are proposed for three strains of methanol-utilizing bacteria isolated from lilac buds (strain S(1)(T)), linden buds (strain S(2)) and blue spruce needles (strain S(4)), which were selected in winter at -17 degrees C. These bacteria are aerobic, Gram-negative, colorless, non-motile short rods that multiply by binary fission and employ the ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) and the serine pathways for C(1) assimilation. The strains have a limited number of growth substrates and use methanol, methylamine, formate, CO(2)/H(2) and glycerol as carbon and energy sources. Only strain S(1)(T) grows with ethanol and inulin. The strains are neutrophilic and mesophilic, and synthesize phytohormones (auxins and cytokinins) and vitamin B(12). Their major cellular fatty acids are saturated C(16:0), straight-chain, unsaturated C(18:1)(omega)(7) and cyclopropane C(19 cyc) acids. The main ubiquinone is ubiquinone-10 (Q-10). The dominant phospholipids are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin). The DNA G+C content is 68.5+/-0.2 mol%. The strains share almost identical 16S rRNA gene sequences, a high DNA-DNA hybridization value (72-86%) and represent a novel lineage of autotrophic methanol-utilizing bacteria within the Alphaproteobacteria. Collectively, these strains comprise a new genus and species H. plantiphila gen. nov., sp. nov., with strain S(1)(T) (VKM B-2347(T), NCIMB 14035(T)) as the type strain.     

Pseudomonas kuykendallii sp. nov.: A Novel γ-Proteobacteria Isolated From a Hexazinone Degrading Bioreactor

Three strains of Gram-negative bacteria designated strains H2(T), H6, and H7 were isolated from bioreactors that degraded the herbicide hexazinone. Similar morphological characteristics, cellular fatty acid profiles, and 16S rRNA gene sequences show that the isolates are members of the same species. These characteristics also show that the isolates belong to the genus Pseudomonas with P. graminis, P. putida, and P. stutzeri as close relatives. The 16S rRNA gene of the H2(T) strain differed from that of type strains for P. graminis, P. putida, and P. stutzeri by 1.9, 2.5, and 2.7 %, respectively, indicating that the H2(T), H6, and H7 strains are related to P. graminis, P. putida, and P. stutzeri but are different enough to represent a novel species. The G+C content of the three strains averaged 61.2 ± 0.8 mol% which is similar to the values reported for P. graminis (61), P. putida (61.6), and P. stutzeri (62.2-65.5). The major cellular fatty acids present in the H2(T) strain were C(18:1) ω7c/C (18:1) ω6c (34.3 %), C(16:1) ω6c/C(16:1) ω7c (27.4 %), C(16:0) (20.6 %), C(12:0) (7.9 %), C(12:0) 3-OH (4.5 %), and C(10:0) 3-OH (3.1 %). The name Pseudomonas kuykendallii sp. nov. is proposed for these bacteria.     

Regulatory Adaptation of Staphylococcus aureus during Nasal Colonization of Humans

The nasopharynx is the main ecological niche of the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Although colonization of the nares is asymptomatic, nasal carriage is a known risk factor for endogenous staphylococcal infection. We quantified S. aureus mRNA levels in nose swabs of persistent carriers to gain insight into the regulatory adaptation of the bacterium to the nasal environment. We could elucidate a general response of the pathogen to the surrounding milieu independent of the strain background or the human host. Colonizing bacteria preferentially express molecules necessary for tissue adherence or immune-evasion whereas toxins are down regulated. From the analysis of regulatory loci we found evidence for a predominate role of the essential two-component system WalKR of S. aureus. The results suggest that during persistent colonization the bacteria are metabolically active with a high cell surface turnover. The increased understanding of bacterial factors that maintain the colonization state can open new therapeutic options to control nasal carriage and subsequent infections.     

猪霍乱沙门菌载体介导猪瘟病毒DNA免疫研究

构建了猪瘟病毒(CSFV)主要保护性抗原E2基因的真核表达质粒pVAXE2。将其电转化猪霍乱沙门氏菌C500疫苗株,得到了携带pVAXE2质粒的猪霍乱沙门氏菌工程菌株S.C500/pVAXE2,对该菌株的特征、培养特性和生化特性进行了鉴定。分别用1×10⁸CFU、2×10⁹CFU S.C500/pVAXE2经口服或肌肉注射免疫小鼠和家兔,间接ELISA检测免疫动物的特异性抗体,在第三次免疫后2周用20ID50猪瘟兔化弱毒和致死量猪霍乱沙门氏菌强毒株对免疫兔进行攻击。结果表明,S.C500/pVAXE2保持了猪霍乱沙门氏菌原有形态特征、培养特性和生化特性,免疫鼠和兔都产生了抗CSFV和猪霍乱沙门菌的ELISA抗体,免疫家兔能抵抗猪瘟兔化弱毒株和猪霍乱沙门氏菌强毒株的攻击。显示了以S.C500为DNA运输载体构建二联或多联猪用疫苗的可行性。     

牛、羊胆囊内肠道菌的分离鉴定

本文对育肥屠宰的牛、羊胆囊进行了细菌学调查,其胆囊内细菌的污染情况是:被检的79例牛羊胆囊,有31例带菌,带菌率为31/79。在32例牛胆囊,有12例带菌,带菌率为12/32;47例羊胆囊,有19例带菌,带菌率为19/47。共分离出菌37株(牛2例、羊4例同时检出2株菌,其余均为1株)。按照Bergey氏《细菌鉴定手册》第8版的分类系统,经鉴定这些菌分别属5科8属中的10种菌(内含1株酵母菌及1株未定菌):大肠埃希氏菌、肠球菌、产气肠杆菌、普通变形杆菌、柠檬酸细菌,粪产硷杆菌、乳酸杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌。调查结果表明:正常情况下牛、羊胆囊内是无菌的。胆囊内检出的细菌是属污染菌,且均为肠道菌。