番茄COBRA基因克隆、表达模式及生物信息学分析

COBRA作为一种重要的胞外糖基磷脂酰肌醇(GP-I)锚定蛋白,影响植物细胞壁中纤维素含量及细胞的定向伸长。目前已有多个拟南芥、玉米及水稻的COBRA基因的突变体被研究。而有关番茄COBRA基因克隆的研究尚未见报道。本研究利用RT-PCR技术克隆了一个假定编码番茄COBRA蛋白的SlCOBRA基因,并在GenBank注册(JN398667)。序列测定和分析表明,该序列由6个外显子组成,编码444个氨基酸残基;氨基酸序列中存在COBRA蛋白的CCVS保守基序,N端的跨膜信号肽及C-末端的疏水性尾部和GPI锚定ω-位点。系统进化分析表明番茄SlCOBRA与拟南芥AtCOB具有80%氨基酸序列同源性,聚在一个分支上。Real-time PCR分析番茄各个组织中COBRA基因的表达结果表明番茄COBRA为组成型表达,在营养器官(根、茎、叶)中的表达量高于花和果实,尤其在成熟的果实中(从转色期到红熟期)表达量明显减少。     

哺乳动物精卵黏附和融合的分子基础

哺乳动物受精是一个多分子参与的多级过程,在精卵融合形成一个受精卵时达到顶点。新的研究已表明:精卵黏附后,精子膜从赤道区开始与卵膜融合;有精子膜上的去整合蛋白金属蛋白酶蛋白家族(ADAM)、Izumo、附睾蛋白DE、卵膜上的整合蛋白、四次跨膜蛋白CD9、CD81、糖基磷脂酰肌醇锚定蛋白等多种分子参与精卵黏附和融合过程。     

毛竹7个COBL基因的分子特征及表达分析

COBL家族基因编码糖基磷脂酰基醇锚定蛋白,主要参与调控植物细胞壁纤维素的含量和细胞的定向伸长.研究毛竹COBL基因的分子特征和表达模式,对揭示其材性快速形成机制具有重要意义.利用生物信息学方法对毛竹COBL家族成员进行全基因组分析,共鉴定出7个具有完整保守结构域的COBL家族基因成员(PeCOBL1～PeCOBL7),其内含子数量为0～7个,编码的蛋白均具有CCVS保守结构域和潜在的ω位点,仅4个成员(PeCOBL3,PeCOBL4,PeCOBL5和PeCOBL7)具有CBM功能域.亚细胞定位预测表明,PeCOBLs均定位于细胞膜上,为膜蛋白,属于GPI-APs超家族.系统进化与蛋白motifs预测分析发现,PeCOBLs各成员与水稻的亲缘关系更为接近,其氨基酸序列同源性更高.RT-qPCR结果显示,PeCOBLs在毛竹不同组织中的表达存在明显差异,其中在展开叶中表达量高(低)的基因,在未展开叶中表达量则相对较低(高);PeCOBLs在毛竹不同高度笋基部第一节的上、中、下三部分的表达量均存在一定的差异.基因共表达分析表明,PeCOBLs与多种蛋白酶基因呈现正向共表达,其中包含纤维素酶5和类纤维素合成酶D2基因,表明PeCOBLs参与纤维素合成的功能是与其他基因共同实现的.本研究为深入开展PeCOBLs功能研究提供了参考,有助于揭示该家族成员在调控毛竹纤维素含量和细胞定向伸长中的作用机制.     

牡丹PoSAD基因克隆与表达分析

以凤丹牡丹(Paeonia ostii)叶片为试验材料,采用RACE和RT-PCR方法,克隆得到凤丹牡丹硬脂酰-ACP去饱和酶基因SAD的cDNA全长,命名为PoSAD(GenBank登录号为KY038819)。序列分析表明,该基因cDNA序列全长1 559bp,其中开放阅读框1 197bp,编码398个氨基酸,3′端非编码区长172bp,5′端非编码区长123bp。多序列比对结果表明,凤丹牡丹PoSAD氨基酸序列含有2个保守结构域。系统发育分析结果显示,凤丹牡丹与蓖麻处于同一分支,其亲缘关系最近。TMHMM和TargetP亚细胞定位分析得知,PoSAD蛋白无跨膜区域,可能定位于叶绿体中发挥功能。组织特异性结果分析表明,PoSAD基因在凤丹牡丹的根、茎、叶、花瓣、雌蕊、雄蕊、种子中均有表达,且在花瓣中表达量最高,雌蕊中次之,在根中的表达量最低;不同时期种子中,60d表达量最高,80d次之,10d中表达量最低。     

香蕉水通道蛋白SIP2-1基因的克隆和表达分析

从香蕉中克隆了一个水通道蛋白(AQP)基因MaSIP2-1。序列分析表明,该基因存在一个完整的开放阅读框(ORF)717 bp,编码239个氨基酸。多序列比对和进化树分析表明,MaSIP2-1所编码的蛋白与其他植物中AQP编码的蛋白具有较高的一致性。其中与马来西亚野生香蕉、油棕、麻风树、野茶树的AQP编码的氨基酸序列的同源性较高,分别为98%、74%、65%和63%。器官特异性分析表明,Ma SIP2-1在香蕉的根、茎、叶片、花和果实中均有所表达,其中在茎中表达量较高。通过对其在干旱、高盐、低温、涝害胁迫下的表达结果分析显示,该基因响应干旱、高盐、涝害3种胁迫。     

普通烟草八氢番茄红素脱氢酶基因的原核表达及表达谱分析

基于NCBI数据库中本氏烟(Nicotiana benthamiana)的烟草八氢番茄红素脱氢酶PDS基因(ABE99707)的核苷酸序列,设计并合成特异性引物,以烟草栽培品种红花大金元叶片总RNA为模板,通过PCR方法获得了烟草NtPDS基因的cDNA片段。序列分析表明,该基因编码区为1749 bp,编码582个氨基酸,推测该蛋白等电点为7.53,理论分子量为65.04 kD。通过构建融合表达载体pET-32a-NtPDS,并转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),在37℃下经1 mmol/L IPTG诱导4 h表达后,产生了以可溶性蛋白形式存在的NtPDS融合蛋白,并通过Western blotting验证融合蛋白获得表达。利用半定量RT-PCR技术进行组织表达模式分析发现,该基因在烟草的叶片、花和茎中均有表达,在根中没有表达。该结果为进一步研究烟草八氢番茄红素脱氢酶NtPDS的活性和生物学功能奠定了基础。     

糖基化磷脂酰肌醇特异性磷脂酶D的研究进展

羧基端结合有糖基化磷脂酰肌醇（GPI）结构的膜蛋白,称为GPI锚定蛋白;此后不久又鉴定出一种GPI锚定蛋白专一性的磷脂酶D（GPI-PLD）。GPI-PLD能特异性地水解GPI、释放出锚定蛋白并调节锚定蛋白的表达和生物功能等,本文概述了近年来有关GPI-PLD的研究状况,包括它的组织和器官来源,生理功能、病理条件下的活性改变,分子结构以及cDNA克隆等。     

香蕉水通道蛋白SIP2-1基因的克隆和表达分析北大核心CSCD

从香蕉中克隆了一个水通道蛋白(AQP)基因MaSIP2-1。序列分析表明,该基因存在一个完整的开放阅读框(ORF)717 bp,编码239个氨基酸。多序列比对和进化树分析表明,MaSIP2-1所编码的蛋白与其他植物中AQP编码的蛋白具有较高的一致性。其中与马来西亚野生香蕉、油棕、麻风树、野茶树的AQP编码的氨基酸序列的同源性较高,分别为98%、74%、65%和63%。器官特异性分析表明,Ma SIP2-1在香蕉的根、茎、叶片、花和果实中均有所表达,其中在茎中表达量较高。通过对其在干旱、高盐、低温、涝害胁迫下的表达结果分析显示,该基因响应干旱、高盐、涝害3种胁迫。     

一种水稻酰基辅酶A结合蛋白cDNA的鉴定(英文)

对一水稻ｃＤＮＡ 克隆（Ｒ１９０８） 的分析表明, 其可能编码水稻酰基辅酶Ａ 结合蛋白（ａｃｙｌＣｏＡｂｉｎｄｉｎｇ ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ,ＡＣＢＰ）。Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ 杂交显示水稻（ Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．） 基因组中仅有一个该基因的拷贝。Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ 分析表明水稻的ＡＣＢＰ基因在水稻的根、茎、叶、叶鞘、黄化苗和幼穗中皆表达,而以黄化苗的绿苗叶鞘中的表达强度高于绿苗叶片。     

巴西橡胶树磷脂酰肌醇转移蛋白cDNA的克隆及其序列分析

本文从巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)差减cDNA文库中筛选到一个与磷脂酰肌醇转移蛋白(phos-phatidylinositol transfer protein)同源性较高的基因片段,并根据该基因片段序列信息,设计特异性引物,采用cDNA末端快速扩增技术RACE(rapid amplification of cDNA ends)进行差异片段的5'和3'端的扩增,并获得长度为1081bp的全长cDNA克隆R291(GenBank登陆号:AY589690)。序列分析表明,该基因包含702bp的开放阅读框,编码234个氨基酸,推测其蛋白质的分子量为26.8kD,等电点为6.51,有一个的跨膜螺旋区(氨基酸位点为83～103)。R291基因含有一个脂质结合保守区(Sec14p-like lipid-binding domain),具有CRAL-TRIO脂质结合结构域,推测该基因是一个磷脂酰肌醇转移蛋白基因。该基因的克隆将为橡胶树磷脂酰肌醇代谢的研究奠定了基础,将有助于进一步了解磷脂酰肌醇代谢与胶乳再生之间的关系。     

pGD vectors: versatile tools for the expression of green and red fluorescent protein fusions in agroinfiltrated plant leaves

We have constructed a matched set of binary vectors designated pGD, pGDG and pGDR for the expression and co-localization of native proteins and GFP or DsRed fusions in large numbers of plant cells. The utility of these vectors following agroinfiltration into leaves has been demonstrated with four genes from Sonchus yellow net virus, a plant nucleorhabdovirus, and with a nucleolar marker protein. Of the three SYNV proteins tested, sc4 gave identical localization patterns at the cell wall and nucleus when fused to GFP or DsRed. However, some differences in expression patterns were observed depending on whether DsRed or GFP was the fusion partner. In this regard, the DsRed:P fusion showed a similar pattern of localization to GFP:P, but localized foci appeared in the nucleus and near the periphery of the nucleus. Nevertheless, the viral nucleocapsid protein, expressed as a GFP:N fusion, co-localized with DsRed:P in a subnuclear locale in agreement with our previous observations (Goodin et al., 2001). This locale appears to be distinct from the nucleolus as indicated by co-expression of the N protein, DsRed:P and a nucleolar marker AtFib1 fused to GFP. The SYNV M protein, which is believed to be particularly prone to oligomerization, was detectable only as a GFP fusion. Our results indicate that agroinfiltration with bacteria containing the pGD vectors is extremely useful for transient expression of several proteins in a high proportion of the cells of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The GFP and DsRed elements incorporated into the pGD system should greatly increase the ease of visualizing co-localization and interactions of proteins in a variety of experimental dicotyledonous hosts.     

Establishment of insect cell lines expressing green fluorescent protein on cell surface based on AcMNPV GP64 membrane fusion characteristic

Displaying a protein on the surface of cells has been provided a very successful strategy to function research of exogenous proteins. Based on the membrane fusion characteristic of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus envelope protein GP64, we amplified and cloned N-terminal signal peptide and C-terminal transmembrane domain as well as cytoplasmic tail domain of gp64 gene into vector pIZ/V5-His with multi-cloning sites to construct the cell surface expression vector pIZ/V5-gp64. To verify that the vector can be used to express proteins on the membrane of insect cells, a recombinant plasmid pIZ/V5-gp64-GFP was constructed by introducing the PCR amplified green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene and transfected into insect cell lines Sf9 and H5. The transected cells were screened with zeocin and cell cloning. PCR verification results showed that the GFP gene was successfully integrated into these cells. Green fluorescence in Sf9-GFP and H5-GFP cells was observed by using confocal laser scanning microscopy and immunofluorescence detection indicated that GFP protein was located on the cell membrane. Western blot results showed that a fusion protein GP64-GFP of about 40 kDa was expressed on the membrane of Sf9-GFP and H5-GFP cells. The expression system constructed in this paper can be used for localization and continuous expression of exogenous proteins on insect cell membrane.     

Protein mislocalization in plant cells using a GFP‐binding chromobody

A key challenge in cell biology is to directly link protein localization to function. The green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐binding protein, GBP, is a 13‐kDa soluble protein derived from a llama heavy chain antibody that binds with high affinity to GFP as well as to some GFP variants such as yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). A GBP fusion to the red fluorescent protein (RFP), a molecule termed a chromobody, was previously used to trace in vivo the localization of various animal antigens. In this study, we extend the use of chromobody technology to plant cells and develop several applications for the in vivo study of GFP‐tagged plant proteins. We took advantage of Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated transient expression assays (agroinfiltration) and virus expression vectors (agroinfection) to express functional GBP:RFP fusion (chromobody) in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. We showed that the chromobody is effective in binding GFP‐ and YFP‐tagged proteins in planta. Most interestingly, GBP:RFP can be applied to interfere with the function of GFP fusion protein and to mislocalize (trap) GFP fusions to the plant cytoplasm in order to alter the phenotype mediated by the targeted proteins. Chromobody technology, therefore, represents a new alternative technique for protein interference that can directly link localization of plant proteins to in vivo function.     

毛竹油菜素内酯受体激酶基因的分子特征及表达模式分析

为探究毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)油菜素内酯(brassinolide,BL)受体激酶基因的分子特征和表达模式,采用生物信息学方法对毛竹中BL受体激酶基因进行了分析,并应用实时定量PCR技术对基因的表达模式进行了研究。结果表明,在毛竹基因组中共获得8条BL受体激酶基因同源序列(PeBRLs),分别属于4个亚家族。8个PeBRLs编码858~1 224氨基酸,分子量为92~130 kDa。PeBRLs结构相对保守,激酶区均具有BL受体激酶特有的3个保守结构域;除PeBRL1-1具有2个跨膜结构域外,其余PeBRLs只有1个跨膜结构域。8个PeBRLs全部定位在细胞膜上,属于典型的膜嵌合蛋白。实时定量PCR结果显示,每个亚家族成员基因的组织特异性表达模式基本一致,但不同亚家族之间差异明显;在不同发育阶段的竹笋中,PeBRLs的表达呈现为4种变化趋势。因此,8个PeBRLs在毛竹不同组织和笋的不同发育阶段可能发挥着不同的作用。     

茶树CsPAL3基因的亚细胞定位及遗传转化

苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL)由多基因家族编码,是花青素等多酚物质合成途径的起始酶,对其合成具有调控作用。以紫化茶树武夷奇种C18为材料,采用Gateway技术体系分别构建了茶树的CsPAL3过表达载体pGWB502:CsPAL3和pGWB505:CsPAL3:GFP,并成功将其转入根癌农杆菌GV3101。注射烟草瞬时表达激光共聚焦扫描显微镜可观察到GFP绿色荧光,结果表明CsPAL3主要集中在细胞核和细胞膜中。通过侵染拟南芥,筛选纯合子,获得稳定表达的转CsPAL3基因拟南芥。实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)检测发现,CsPAL3在转CsPAL3基因拟南芥中的根部表达量显著高于叶片,且CsPAL3基因受光照调控。该结果为进一步研究茶树CsPAL3基因功能以及促进茶树花青素合成与积累的分子调控机理提供科学依据。     

Expression of double foreign protein types following recombinant baculovirus infection of stably transfected Drosophila S2 cells

We sought to develop a platform for simultaneous, regulatable expression of double foreign protein types in cell culture. Drosophila melanogaster Schneider line 2 (S2) insect cells that stably express human erythropoietin (hEPO) were infected with a recombinant baculovirus containing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene. Since baculovirus cannot replicate in nonpermissive S2 cells, baculovirus infection did not affect cell growth or viability. Expression of each foreign protein was under the control of the inducible metallothionein (MT) promoter. Addition of copper sulfate to infected, stably transfected cells resulted in simultaneous expression of both GFP and hEPO. Induced hEPO expression profile and levels were similar in both control and infected cells, indicating that baculovirus infection also did not affect expression of stably introduced foreign gene. GFP protein levels were regulated by the infection dose of recombinant baculovirus, while hEPO expression remained constant. hEPO levels were much higher (30-fold) than GFP, indicating plasmid-based introduced gene copies have higher expression than baculovirus-based introduced genes. These data suggest the baculovirus/stable S2 cell system can be used to produce a major target protein by plasmid-based stable transfection, and assistant proteins by recombinant baculovirus infection. Such a system appears to be very attractive as a multiple protein expression platform for engineering metabolic pathways in cell culture.     

Isolation and functional analysis of a Brassica juncea gene encoding a com-ponent of auxin efflux carrier

Polar auxin transport plays a divergent role in plant growth and developmental processes including root and embryo development, vascular pattern formation and cell elongation. Recently isolated Arabidopsis pin gene family was believed to encode a component of auxin efflux carrier (G(?)lweiler et al, 1998). Based on the Arabidopsis pin1 sequence we have isolated a Brassica juncea cDNA (designated Bjpin1), which encoded a 70-kDa putative auxin efflux carrier. Deduced BjPIN1 shared 65% identities at protein level with AtPINl and was highly homologous to other putative PIN proteins of Arabidopsis (with highest homology to AtPIN3). Hydrophobic analysis showed similar structures between BjPINl and AtPIN proteins. Presence of 6 exons (varying in size between 65 bp and 1229 bp) and 5 introns (sizes between 89 bp and 463 bp) in the genomic fragment was revealed by comparing the genomic and cDNA sequences. Northern blot analysis indicated that Bjpin1 was expressed in most of the tissues tested, with a relatively h     

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

The production of recombinant membrane proteins for structural and functional studies remains technically challenging due to low levels of expression and the inherent instability of many membrane proteins once solubilized in detergents. A protocol is described that combines ligation independent cloning of membrane proteins as GFP fusions with expression in Escherichia coli detected by GFP fluorescence. This enables the construction and expression screening of multiple membrane protein/variants to identify candidates suitable for further investment of time and effort. The GFP reporter is used in a primary screen of expression by visualizing GFP fluorescence following SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Membrane proteins that show both a high expression level with minimum degradation as indicated by the absence of free GFP, are selected for a secondary screen. These constructs are scaled and a total membrane fraction prepared and solubilized in four different detergents. Following ultracentrifugation to remove detergent-insoluble material, lysates are analyzed by fluorescence detection size exclusion chromatography (FSEC). Monitoring the size exclusion profile by GFP fluorescence provides information about the mono-dispersity and integrity of the membrane proteins in different detergents. Protein: detergent combinations that elute with a symmetrical peak with little or no free GFP and minimum aggregation are candidates for subsequent purification. Using the above methodology, the heterologous expression in E. coli of SED (shape, elongation, division, and sporulation) proteins from 47 different species of bacteria was analyzed. These proteins typically have ten transmembrane domains and are essential for cell division. The results show that the production of the SEDs orthologues in E. coli was highly variable with respect to the expression levels and integrity of the GFP fusion proteins. The experiment identified a subset for further investigation.     

Cordon Bleu serves as a platform at the basal region of microvilli,where it regulates microvillar length through its WH2 domains

Cordon Bleu (Cobl) is a WH2-containing protein believed to act as an actin nucleator. We show that it has a very specific localization in epithelial cells at the basal region of microvilli, a localization unlikely to be involved in actin nucleation. The protein is localized by a central region between the N-terminal COBL domain and the three C-terminal WH2 domains. Ectopic expression of Cobl shortens apical microvilli, and this requires functional WH2 domains. Proteomic studies reveal that the COBL domain binds several BAR-containing proteins, including SNX9, PACSIN 2/syndapin 2, and ASAP1. ASAP1 is recruited to the base of microvilli by binding the COBL domain through its SH3. We propose that Cobl is localized to the basal region of microvilli both to participate in length regulation and to recruit BAR proteins that associate with the curved membrane found at the microvillar base.