甘肃玉门大山口动物群层位及北祁连区二叠和三叠纪地层

重新研究了甘肃玉门含大山口动物群的地层,讨论了北祁连区二叠和三叠系划分,指出西大沟组存在误用,建议将上三叠统的西大沟组更名,将中二叠统产大山口动物群的西大沟组更名为青头山组,并将青头山剖面指定为青头山组命名剖面.     

黔西地区卡以头组叶肢介动物群北大核心CSCD

黔西地区发育良好的陆相二叠系-三叠系界线地层,近年来该地区的二叠纪-三叠纪过渡期陆相生物群研究较多,主要包括植物化石和孢粉化石。文中研究了产自该地区卡以头组的叶肢介动物群,并对部分标本采取电镜扫描来研究其微细结构,共分类描述2属11种及3个未定种,其中Euestheria属有5种和2个未定种,Palaeolimnadia属有6种和1个未定种。该研究既丰富了黔西地区二叠纪-三叠纪之交的生物群面貌,对于探讨这一重大地质突变期陆相生物群演变具有指示作用,也为陆相二叠系-三叠系界线的划分和对比提供了重要参考依据。     

贵州紫云坝寨上泥盆统弗拉阶中的放射虫Helenifore robustum动物群

作者在贵州紫云县坝寨上泥盆统弗拉阶响水洞组硅质岩中发现了Helenifore robustum放射虫动物群,共描述7属13种,其中包括1个未定种和2个新种.作者还讨论了这个动物群的特征及与国内外的对比关系,并指出产于我国云南、贵州、广西和泰国北部的这个动物群是属于古特提斯洋中原地型浮游动物群,而在美国内华达州Roberts 山脉推覆体的硅质岩和澳大利亚东部新英格兰造山带的硅质粉砂岩中发现的这个动物群是后来的板块运动把这些含有H.robustum动物群的地层碎块拼贴到北美和东澳大陆上去的结果,属于异地型动物群.     

中三叠世脊椎动物生物地层的高精度时间校准:铀-铅锆石法测定的中国肯氏兽动物群和永和鳄年代（英文）

四足动物组合带是全球陆相三叠系对比的有力手段,但是迄今为止中三叠世的四足动物组合尚没有可靠的时间框架。报道了5个采自二马营组和铜川组,与四足动物化石共同产出的火山凝灰岩样品的锆石化学剥蚀-热电离质谱法年龄。结果表明中国肯氏兽动物群时代为安尼期晚期,而永和鳄的时代为拉丁期早期。通过生物地层对比,这一结果还为其他中三叠世的四足动物组合,如南非的犬颌兽带上部、俄罗斯的引鳄动物群以及新疆的克拉玛依组提供了准确的年龄。鄂尔多斯盆地下中三叠统界线应低于二马营组底界。     

广西百色盆地田东凹陷中三叠世有孔虫

广西百色盆地边缘出露三叠纪地层,盆地中间沉积早第三纪陆相沉积物。田东凹陷位于盆地的东端,在其部分边缘及凹陷的许多钻孔中发现三叠纪地层。在三叠系碳酸盐岩中发现了丰富的有孔虫化石。本文首次正式报道此区三叠纪有孔虫动物群。本文材料是广西石油局勘探研究院提供的,后一作者在工作中制作了大量三叠系石灰岩岩芯和岩屑薄片,经我们对其中所含的有孔虫鉴定后,认识到这些有孔虫动物群大部分属于中三叠世晚期,部分属于中三叠世早期。其后在这些地层中又发现了牙形石、六射珊瑚、海相双壳类,其分布时代与有孔虫是一致的。陈周庆、张富田同志摄影,臧晓泉同志清绘图件,特此致谢。     

黔西地区卡以头组叶肢介动物群

黔西地区发育良好的陆相二叠系-三叠系界线地层,近年来该地区的二叠纪-三叠纪过渡期陆相生物群研究较多,主要包括植物化石和孢粉化石。文中研究了产自该地区卡以头组的叶肢介动物群,并对部分标本采取电镜扫描来研究其微细结构,共分类描述2属11种及3个未定种,其中Euestheria属有5种和2个未定种,Palaeolimnadia属有6种和1个未定种。该研究既丰富了黔西地区二叠纪-三叠纪之交的生物群面貌,对于探讨这一重大地质突变期陆相生物群演变具有指示作用,也为陆相二叠系-三叠系界线的划分和对比提供了重要参考依据。     

西藏南部江孜地区早白垩世甲不拉组底栖有孔虫动物群的发现

根据最新的国际年代地层表,侏罗/白垩系界线是显生宇系一级唯一没有GSSP(全球界线层型与点位)的界线。位于特提斯喜马拉雅北亚带的江孜地区,发育了连续的侏罗/白垩系界线地层,是目前国内海相侏罗/白垩纪界线生物地层学研究最具潜在竞争力的地区之一。本文在西藏南部江孜地区甲不热北沟剖面甲不拉组底部往上3.9米处及19.3米处首次发现了胶结壳底栖有孔虫动物群,共计4属11种:Ammobaculites agglutinans,Ammobaculites sp.1,Ammobaculites sp.2,Ammobaculites sp.3,Ammobaculites sp.4,Ammobaculites sp.5,Glomospira charoides,Haplophragmoides gigas minor,Haplophragmoides sp.1,Haplophragmoides sp.2,Reophax texanus。根据该动物群重要分子的地质时限推测,甲不拉组底部往上3.9米处就已经属于白垩系地层。因此甲不拉组底部胶结壳有孔虫动物群的发现支持了将甲不拉组划归白垩系的意见。     

浙江煤山剖面二叠纪末的小有孔虫动物群

通过对浙江长兴煤山剖面长兴阶上部和二叠系三叠系界线地层进行系统切片和研究,共鉴别出小有孔虫化石18属50种。这一丰富的有孔虫动物群,不仅进一步完善了长兴阶标准剖面的化石资料,而且也为研究二叠纪末的生物灭绝形式提供了新的依据。     

论类三角蚌类——兼论藏东的景星动物群

论述亚洲白垩纪广泛分布的非海相双壳类类三角蚌类的分类、演化和起源,并讨论景星动物群的时代及TPN动物群的组合划分.认为类三角蚌类分5个科,各科有独立的、相互平行的演化系列;该类群最早形成于特提斯东部边缘地区的边缘隔离体环境,根据有关内部构造研究,其起源可能与海相三角蛤类有关.类三角蚌类经历过3个演化阶段:早期阶段,即爆发性成种阶段,以景星动物群为代表;藏东的生物地层研究表明,景星动物群时代是Tithonian-Berriasian期;中期阶段,即辐射阶段,以TPN动物群为代表,时代为Hauterivian-Turonian期,或Valanginian-Turonioan期,此阶段还可再分出5个组合,可用于地层划分和对比;晚期阶段,即衰退阶段,以Pseudohyria 动物群为代表,时代为晚白垩世中一晚期.     

滇西保山地区丁家寨组、卧牛寺组牙形刺的时代

本首次描述了滇西保山卧牛寺组及永德丁家寨组的Rabeignathus牙形刺动物群,其中2个新种：Rabeignathus yunnanensis sp．nov．,R．ritterianus sp．nov．,并划分出3个牙形刺带,进一步确定了古生物地层工作争论已久的卧牛寺组的时代为Artinskian晚期-Kungurian早期;丁家寨组上段为Sakmarian晚期-Artinskian早期。该牙形刺动物群为暖温型动物群,结合保山地块当时的古地磁资料,丁家寨组、卧牛寺组沉积之时,应处于边缘冈瓦纳区。卧牛寺组玄武岩喷发时间的确定,预示了保山地块从边缘冈瓦纳区分离出来的时间为Artinskian晚期。     

Diverse earliest Triassic ostracod fauna of the non‐microbialite‐bearing shallow marine carbonates of the Yangou section,South China

Since diverse ostracod faunas in the immediate aftermath of the latest Permian mass extinction are mainly found within Permian–Triassic boundary microbialites (PTBMs), the idea of an ostracod ‘microbial‐related refuge’ has been proposed. Here, we report a diversified earliest Triassic ostracod fauna from the Yangou section in South China, where no PTBMs were deposited, providing evidence inconsistent with this ‘microbial‐related refuge’ hypothesis. In addition, a significant ostracod extinction is recorded, corresponding with the earliest Triassic mass extinction (ETME). This ETME of ostracods is associated with size increases and a length/height ratio (L/H) decrease, indicating varied evolutionary patterns of shape and size of ostracods through the Permian–Triassic (P‐Tr) extinction events. Although the nature of these biotic changes is somewhat unclear, the temporally varied ‘refuge zone’ scenario provides us with a window to reconstruct the environmental dynamics of ecosystem changes during the P‐Tr transition.     

广西南部二叠纪长兴期放射虫动物群

广西南宁南部柳桥区的长兴组上部硅质岩中存着精美的长兴期晚期放射虫动物群,共有24属39例,其中3个新种,其中以Latentifistularia最为常见,其次是Albaillllidae和Entactiniidae,属于二叠纪晚期的Neoalbaillella optima组合。半生生物有有孔虫、海绵骨针、腕足动物等。多数属在接近二叠纪－三叠世界线附近消失,但生物群中已出现少量三叠纪分子。     

New beetles (Insecta,Coleoptera) from the Lower Triassic of European Russia

Fossil remains of beetles are described from two Lower Triassic localities: Entala (Induan) and Tikhvinskoe (Olenekian). Only one beetle fossil was previously known from the Lower Triassic of Tikhvinskoe. The fossils are rather few and poorly preserved, but they are worth describing as finds rare for the Lower Triassic. Five fossils from Entala most probably belong to beetles of the same species of the formal genus Pseudochrysomelites. Beetles of this genus are especially abundant in deposits close to the Permian–Triassic boundary and can be considered “disaster taxa.” There are no known cases, either in the Permian or in the Middle–Upper Triassic, of a random sample of five specimens belonging to a single species. This suggests that in the Entala oryctocenosis the species diversity of beetles is extremely low. All three beetle fossils found in Tikhvinskoe belong to beetles of different species, showing that diversity had already started to increase. However, it remained low, and all fossils belong to the formal family Schizocoleidae, and two of the three belong to the same genus, Pseudochrysomelites. The Khei-Yaga locality, which immediately follows Tikhvinskoe in time (topmost Olenekian or early Anisian), already contains beetles of the families Asiocoleidae and Permosynidae. In the Lower Anisian of the Buntsandstein, such typical Mesozoic beetles as Cupedidae and Coptoclavidae have been recorded. The appearance of such advanced beetles as early as the Lower Anisian suggests that the famous Permian–Triassic crisis was not as deep as it is usually believed, and many beetles survived it, disappearing, however, from the fossil record in the Early Triassic.     

Nonmarine ostracodes at the Permian–Triassic boundary of the central part of the East European Platform

Extensive geological and paleontological materials from the upper Permian and the Lower Triassic of the East European Platform had been accumulated by the end of the 20th century. Recently obtained new data indicate the stratigraphic continuity of the East European Permian–Triassic succession. The Permian–Triassic boundary is in many sections associated with the boundary between the Zhukovian and Vokhmian regional stages. New stratigraphic data have led to the revision of the temporal distribution of Zhukovian and Vokhmian ostracodes. In contrast to previous ideas, the rapid development of genus Gerdalia already began in the Zhukovian time rather than in the Vokhmian. At the same time, the first Darwinula of the Triassic type also appeared in the Zhukovian. A proportion of the Permian species were found to cross the boundary between Zhukovian and Vokhmian. The degree of similarity between the Permian and Triassic ostracode assemblages turns out to be much higher than previously recognized.     

安徽巢湖地区早三叠世菊石序列

由于地处低纬度下扬子碳酸盐缓坡台地较深水区 ,安徽巢湖地区的下三叠统由一系列泥、灰岩旋回层组成 ,并含有丰富的菊石化石。通过对巢北平顶山和马家山一带上二叠统顶部和下三叠统多条剖面的系统研究 ,建立了在华南乃至低纬度特提斯地区具有代表性的、以属级分类单位为基础的下三叠统菊石生物地层序列 (从下而上 ) :Ophiceras Lytophiceras带、Gyronites Prionolobus带、Flemingites Euflemingites带、Anasibirites带、Columbites Tirolites带和Subcolumbites带。在提议的全球印度阶 奥伦尼克阶界线层型候选剖面———巢湖平顶山西坡剖面上 ,Flemingites Euflemingites带之底与牙形石Neospathoduswaageni首现点比较接近 ,可以作为本界线主要辅助标志之一。记述采自该区上二叠统顶部及下三叠统 ,尤其是印度阶 奥伦尼克阶界线附近的一些具有年代地层意义的菊石化石资料 。     

镇江地区上二叠统—下三叠统的牙形刺

详细描述了采自镇江附近１１－１，１１－２，７９－８号等钻孔的上二叠统—下三叠统的牙形刺化石共１１属２８种，建立了６个牙形刺化石带，其中上二叠统１个、下三叠统５个，并以牙形刺带为基础，进行了国内外对比。     

巴基斯坦盐岭地区二叠纪生物地层研究的新进展

近30年来,巴基斯坦盐岭地区的Wargal组和Chhidru组以及在喜马拉雅地区相当地层的地质时代被许多学者视为中二叠世(瓜达鲁普世)。根据华南与盐岭地区瓜达鲁普统和乐平统的牙形类化石带对比,可以确定Amb组和Wargal组底部的时代为瓜达鲁普世晚期,瓜达鲁普统与乐平统的界线位于Wargal组下部,吴家坪阶与长兴阶的界线位于Chhidru组的下部,而二叠与三叠系的界线位于Mianwali组下部的Kathwai段之内。我国西藏南部色龙群及相当地层含有与巴基斯坦盐岭地区Kalabagh段和Chhidru组可对比的乐平世腕足动物群以及二叠系—三叠系界线附近连续的牙形类化石带,由此可以推定色龙群的时代应为乐平世。     

OSTRACODS AS MARKERS OF THE PERMIAN/TRIASSIC BOUNDARY IN THE KHUFF FORMATION OF SAUDI ARABIA

Abstract:  Ostracods are described for the first time from Permian–Triassic shallow marine sediments of the Khuff Formation of central Saudi Arabia. They were collected using a modified acetolysis technique for releasing calcareous shells from limestones that is described herein. Thirty-four species belonging to 17 genera are recognized. Two new species are described: Arqoviella arabica sp. nov. and A. khartamensis sp. nov. The ostracod fauna supports a Late Permian age for the lower Khartam Member and a probable Early Triassic age for the upper Khartam Member of the Khuff Formation of central Saudi Arabia. This suggests that the Permian/Triassic boundary is located within the Khartam Member, rather than at the major lithological break between the Midhnab and Khartam members. Palaeoecological analysis suggests that the palaeoenvironment of the Khuff Formation was shallow marine (between 1 and 50 m deep) on an internal shelf.     

Permian–Triassic Osteichthyes (bony fishes): diversity dynamics and body size evolution

The Permian and Triassic were key time intervals in the history of life on Earth. Both periods are marked by a series of biotic crises including the most catastrophic of such events, the end‐Permian mass extinction, which eventually led to a major turnover from typical Palaeozoic faunas and floras to those that are emblematic for the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Here we review patterns in Permian–Triassic bony fishes, a group whose evolutionary dynamics are understudied. Based on data from primary literature, we analyse changes in their taxonomic diversity and body size (as a proxy for trophic position) and explore their response to Permian–Triassic events. Diversity and body size are investigated separately for different groups of Osteichthyes (Dipnoi, Actinistia, ‘Palaeopterygii’, ‘Subholostei’, Holostei, Teleosteomorpha), within the marine and freshwater realms and on a global scale (total diversity) as well as across palaeolatitudinal belts. Diversity is also measured for different palaeogeographical provinces. Our results suggest a general trend from low osteichthyan diversity in the Permian to higher levels in the Triassic. Diversity dynamics in the Permian are marked by a decline in freshwater taxa during the Cisuralian. An extinction event during the end‐Guadalupian crisis is not evident from our data, but ‘palaeopterygians’ experienced a significant body size increase across the Guadalupian–Lopingian boundary and these fishes upheld their position as large, top predators from the Late Permian to the Late Triassic. Elevated turnover rates are documented at the Permian–Triassic boundary, and two distinct diversification events are noted in the wake of this biotic crisis, a first one during the Early Triassic (dipnoans, actinistians, ‘palaeopterygians’, ‘subholosteans’) and a second one during the Middle Triassic (‘subholosteans’, neopterygians). The origination of new, small taxa predominantly among these groups during the Middle Triassic event caused a significant reduction in osteichthyan body size. Neopterygii, the clade that encompasses the vast majority of extant fishes, underwent another diversification phase in the Late Triassic. The Triassic radiation of Osteichthyes, predominantly of Actinopterygii, which only occurred after severe extinctions among Chondrichthyes during the Middle–Late Permian, resulted in a profound change within global fish communities, from chondrichthyan‐rich faunas of the Permo‐Carboniferous to typical Mesozoic and Cenozoic associations dominated by actinopterygians. This turnover was not sudden but followed a stepwise pattern, with leaps during extinction events.     

Reinvestigation of conchostracans (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from the Permian–Triassic transition in Southwest China

Sedimentary deposits of the Permian–Triassic transition are well-exposed in numerous outcrops of South China. Depending on the palaeogeographic positions of the sections, their lithofacies vary from fully marine, shallow marine, lagoonal, lacustrine, and fluvial to alluvial. In the present study, conchostracans (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) were newly collected from the continental deposits of the Kayitou and Jialingjiang formations around the Kangdian Highland elevated by the Emeishan Basalt in the southern Sichuan, western Guizhou, and northeastern Yunnan provinces. The conchostracan fauna of the Kayitou Formation is composed of Pseudestheria chatangensis, Euestheria fuyuanensis, and Euestheria sp. aff. E. gutta. These species occur in varying lithofacies types of different sections. In particular, the late Permian Pseudestheria chatangensis occurs in grey siltstones interbedded with pebbly sandstones, which are interpreted as lacustrine deposits. Euestheria fuyuanensis and Euestheria sp. aff. E. gutta were obtained from yellowish to greenish–grey clay- and siltstones, interpreted as coastal plain deposits. In comparison to other regions, occurrences of Euestheria gutta are indicative of an early Induan to Olenekian (Early Triassic) age. The fossil record of Euestheria fuyuanensis is so far restricted to a few occurrences in the Kayitou Formation of Southwest China and, therefore, using this species for long-distance biostratigraphic correlation requires further investigation. The distribution of late Permian pseudestheriid and Early Triassic euestheriid species in the respective sections possibly depends on the local lithofacies and, therefore, a diachronous age of the Kayitou Formation within the study area can be assumed. Additionally, Magniestheria sp. aff. M. mangaliensis and Magniestheria sp. aff. M. subcircularis were recorded in the Jialingjiang Formation, which represents a lithostratigraphic unit considered as late Early Triassic (Olenekian). Further investigations of both taxonomy and the real stratigraphic ranges of the conchostracan species as well as cross-correlations with other age data are recommended, in order to better constrain the position of the Permian–Triassic boundary and the specific timing of the terrestrial end-Permian mass extinction in continental deposits of Southwest China.