白芷对白色念珠菌毒力因子作用的初步研究

目的研究白芷乙醇提取物对白色念珠菌生物膜抑菌效果及对毒力因子CPH1、EFG1转录或表达的影响。方法体外建立白色念珠菌生物膜模型,MTT法计算白芷乙醇提取物对白色念珠菌生物膜的抑制率;激光共聚焦观察不同浓度白芷乙醇提取物对相同时间白色念珠菌生物膜的抑菌效果;RT-PCR技术检测在不同药物浓度作用下白色念珠菌毒力因子CPH1、EFG1表达水平的变化。结果白芷乙醇提取物对白色念珠菌生物膜的抑菌作用随其浓度的增大而增强。激光共聚焦观察显示白芷乙醇提取物使生物膜内活菌死菌比例下降。RT-PCR结果表明白芷乙醇提取物在药物浓度为50、25、12.5mg/mL时抑制白色念珠菌毒力因子CPH1、EFG1mRNA的表达,在浓度为50mg/mL时则完全抑制毒力因子EFG1mRNA的表达。结论白芷不仅对白色念珠菌生物膜具有明显的抑制作用,而且对白色念珠菌毒力因子CPH1、EFG1表达过程产生抑制作用。     

苦参-蛇床子药对提取物对白念珠菌VVC临床株的抑制作用研究

目的本文着重研究苦参-蛇床子药对提取物(Extract of Sophorae Flavescentis Radix — Cnidii Fructus Couplet medicines,ESCC)对白念珠菌VVC临床株的抑制作用。方法 实验通过微量液基稀释法检测ESCC对白念珠菌的MIC 80;XTT减低法检测ESCC对白念珠菌VVC临床株细胞增殖活性的影响;倒置显微镜分别在4 h、8 h、12 h观察ESCC对白念珠菌VVC临床株酵母-菌丝二相性转换的影响;扫描电子显微镜观察ESCC对白念珠菌VVC临床株生物膜形成的影响;微孔板观察ESCC对白念珠菌VVC临床株成熟生物膜的影响;qRT-PCR检测ESCC对白念珠菌VVC临床株菌丝和生物膜形成相关基因的影响。结果 实验结果显示,ESCC具有一定的抗真菌作用,MIC 80 在512~1024 μg/mL之间,可显著降低白念珠菌VVC临床株细胞增殖活性;ESCC可抑制白念珠菌VVC临床株酵母-菌丝二相性转换,并可影响成熟生物膜的完整性。PCR结果显示ESCC可显著降低 ALS1 、 ASL3 、 HWP1 等基因转录水平。结论 本实验研究表明,苦参-蛇床子1∶1药对水提物可通过下调白念珠菌菌丝和生物膜形成相关基因转录水平,从而抑制酵母-菌丝二相性转换,影响其代谢活性,抑制生物膜的形成,并可破坏完整生物膜的完整性,从而起到抗真菌作用。     

白念珠菌生物膜滞留菌与转录因子GCN4的研究进展

白念珠菌是一种常见的条件致病性真菌。由于抗真菌药物的广泛使用及体内植入器材表面生物膜的形成,造成其耐药现象的逐年增加。目前白念珠菌生物膜的耐药机制主要有靶酶基因的突变、外排泵基因的高表达、生物膜滞留菌的形成等,其中滞留菌的作用越来越突出。饥饿状态下,不仅滞留菌的形成比例增加,转录因子GCN4表达也增加,滞留菌的形成与转录因子GCN4可能存在一定的相关性。本文将综述白念珠菌滞留菌及转录因子GCN4的相关内容。     

白头翁汤正丁醇提取物对白念珠菌VVC临床株体外生物膜形成的抑制作用

目的探讨白头翁汤正丁醇提取物(Butyl alcohol extract of Bai Tou Weng decoction,BAEB)对分离自外阴阴道念珠菌病(vulvovaginal candidiasis,VVC)的白念珠菌临床分离株(以下简称VVC临床株)生物膜形成的影响。方法采用微量稀释法测定BAEB对白念珠菌的最低抑菌浓度(Minimal Inhibitory Concentration,MIC);甲基四氮盐(XTT)还原法测定BAEB对白念珠菌生物膜代谢活性的影响,Time-kill法检测BAEB对白念珠菌活菌数的影响;结晶紫染色法测定BAEB对白念珠菌生物膜生物量(Biomass)的影响;扫描电镜(SEM)观察BAEB对白念珠菌生物膜形态结构的影响;激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)检测BAEB对白念珠菌生物膜荧光信号强度的影响;实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测生物膜相关基因UME6、PES1和HSP90的转录水平变化。结果 BAEB对12株白念珠菌的MIC在64~256μg/mL之间,对白念珠菌生物膜的SMIC80(抑制80%生物膜形成的最低药物浓度)为1 024μg/mL或以上;Time-Kill曲线显示在12h之后,512、1 024μg/mL浓度的BAEB对白念珠菌均具良好的杀伤作用;结晶紫染色法表明512、1 024μg/mLBAEB能够减少其生物膜生物量;SEM观察到1 024μg/mL BAEB能够有效抑制白念珠菌在不同黏附介质上生物膜的完整度;CLSM显示512、1 024μg/mL的BAEB可以明显降低生物膜荧光信号强度;qRT-PCR检测显示在256、512、1 024μg/mL的BAEB作用下,UME6转录水平分别下调了72%、71%、77%,在512、1 024μg/mL的BAEB下HSP90转录水平上调了2.23和3.31倍,而PES1未有明显变化。结论 BAEB可以抑制白念珠菌VVC临床株体外生物膜的形成。     

UVA对白念珠菌生物膜作用的转录组学研究

目的应用转录组技术,对UVA照射后的白念珠菌菌丝及生物膜进行基因表达分析。方法体外构建白念珠菌(ATCC90028)生物膜,采用UVA-LED抗菌设备(复旦大学光电所制,波长365nm,强度13mW/cm2,频率100 Hz),照射白念珠菌生物膜5min、10min、15min,对照组不光照。用转录组技术分析UVA实验组和对照组之间差异表达的基因,进行GO、KEGG遗传差异富集分析。结果 UVA光照组相对于对照组有大量差异表达基因,核糖体合成RIO2基因、氨基糖和核苷糖代谢相关基因MCR1、CBR1、内质网蛋白加工途径相关基因SHP1显著上调;RNA降解途径相关基因MPP6和细胞内吞作用相关基因CHMP6显著下调。结论 UVA直接或间接调节白念珠菌菌丝及生物膜相关生理代谢途径,参与诱发细胞凋亡过程。     

转录因子在白念珠菌生物膜形成过程中的调控机制

近年来随着白念珠菌发病率增加,耐药率也日渐上升,其中白念珠菌生物膜的形成是其耐药原因之一,生物膜的形成需经过4个阶段,每个阶段由不同转录因子调控,共同促进生物膜的发育。该文主要概括在生物膜形成各个阶段中转录因子可能的作用机制,以便了解白念珠菌生物膜的调控机制,进而为白念珠菌临床治疗提供新的视野。     

白念珠菌氟康唑耐药株与敏感株SRB1、CDR1、ERG11表达比较分析

目的了解SRB1在白念珠菌氟康唑耐药株和敏感株表达差异,探讨与白念珠菌耐药性的关系。方法使用同一亲本来源的白念珠菌氟康唑耐药株CA-16和敏感株CA-3为研究对象,采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR的方法扩增各菌株的目的基因SRB1、CDR1、ERG11,观察各菌株目的基因表达情况。结果与白念珠菌氟康唑敏感株CA-3相比,在mRNA水平氟康唑耐药株CA-16的SRB1和耐药基因CDR1、ERG11表达升高,SRB1、CDR1、ERG11表达水平差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论白念珠菌SRB1的表达增高和白念珠菌对氟康唑耐药密切相关,SRB1可能是一个新的耐药候选基因。     

白念珠菌抗氧化基因体外表达研究

目的检测白念珠菌体外抗氧化及调节转录的基因表达情况,进一步了解白念珠菌抗氧化机制在体外生长状态下的作用。方法选取白念珠菌标准株sc5314、3株临床分离保存株及7例临床念珠菌性阴道炎分泌物分离株（白念珠菌）,接种培养鉴定为白念珠菌后,分别将体外SDB振荡培养2 h、6 h、24 h、72 h、120 d的菌液（含未培养0h）,用Trizol法提取总RNA,反转录为cDNA后进行实时荧光定量PCR,检测体外各时间点抗氧化基因及抗氧化转录因子的基因表达情况,运用Ct值比较法进行表达量的相对定量分析。结果与0 h相比,体外6 hSOD2表达增加7.47倍,经Wilcoxon配对符号秩和检验显示P值小于0.01,差异具有统计学意义。其他各基因2 h及6 h分别与0 h相比P值均〉0.01,其表达差异不具有统计学意义。体外培养1 d后各基因表达明显增加,CaHog1、CAP1、CAT及SOD5在第3天达最高,分别为24.23、3.34、33.64及14.72倍;SOD2在第1天达最高为68.95倍;CaSkn7在第5天达最高为7.21倍。经Wilcoxon配对符号秩和检验显示SOD5第1天P值为0.013,其余基因表达P均〈0.01,表达差异具有统计学意义。结论当外界营养逐渐耗竭时,白念珠菌会动态加强抗氧化基因的表达,以抵抗机体内、外产生的氧化压力,其中SOD2可能是最早增加表达的抗氧化基因,3条抗氧化感受通路的转录调节基因均有增加表达,提示3条抗氧化感受通路在适应体外营养限制过程中起了重要作用。     

白念珠菌唑类药物耐药相关转录因子研究进展

近年来白念珠菌的感染率呈逐年上升趋势,随着唑类药物的广泛应用,耐药菌株不断增多,已成为临床治疗的一大难题.白念珠菌的耐药机制主要与ERG 11基因的突变和过表达、药物外排泵相关基因表达增多及生物膜的形成等有关,由于转录因子是耐药基因表达的关键调节因子,关于锌簇转录因子与耐药关系的研究越来越多,如TAC 1、MRR 1、MRR 2、UPC 2、NDT 80等,其点突变可引起某些耐药基因的过表达而介导耐药,该领域研究已成为热点,该文就此研究进展做一概述.     

壳聚糖体外抗白念珠菌生物膜作用的初步研究

目的观察壳聚糖对白念珠菌生物膜形成的影响,探讨其可能的作用机制。方法 XTT减低法评价壳聚糖对白念珠菌生物膜形成及黏附的影响,镜下观察壳聚糖对白念珠菌生物膜形态的影响;实时定量RT-PCR法观察壳聚糖对白念珠菌的Ras信号通路因子CDC35、PDE2、EFG1和HWP1的基因表达的影响。结果低浓度(0.02 mg/mL)和高浓度(0.32mg/mL)壳聚糖对白念珠菌生物膜形成的抑制率分别为(19.6±1.2)%和(96.96±0.6)%,0.16 mg/mL浓度下壳聚糖对早期(0 h)、中期(12 h)和成熟期(48 h)的生物膜抑制率分别为(78.6±0.5)%、(54.4±0.9)%和(41.1±1.1)%,不同浓度的壳聚糖对各黏附阶段的白念珠菌细胞黏附均有抑制作用,壳聚糖可剂量依赖性地下调白念珠菌生物膜Ras信号通路基因CDC35、EFG1和HWP1的表达水平,上调Ras信号通路抑制剂PDE2的基因表达水平(P<0.05)。结论壳聚糖可能通过影响Ras信号通路及抑制细胞黏附而对白念珠菌生物膜的形成具有抑制作用。     

黄芩素与氟康唑协同抗白念珠菌生物被膜作用研究

目的：研究黄芩素与氟康唑合用对白念珠菌生物被膜形成的影响。方法采用激光共聚焦显微镜观察黄芩素与氟康唑合用对白念珠菌生物被膜生长形态的影响;采用 XTT 法考察黄芩素与氟康唑合用对白念珠菌生物被膜形成能力的影响;应用水-烃两相测定实验考察黄芩素与氟康唑合用对白念珠菌生物被膜细胞表面疏水性（ Cell surface hydrophobicity, CSH）的影响;应用实时定量 RT-PCR（Real Time RT-PCR）实验考察黄芩素与氟康唑合用对白念珠菌 CSH1、EFG1、HWP1、ALS1基因表达的影响。结果黄芩素与氟康唑合用能够协同抑制白念珠菌生物被膜的形成,经黄芩素与氟康唑处理的白念珠菌不能形成正常的生物被膜,其生长动力学及细胞表面疏水性下降,细胞疏水性相关基 CSH1、菌丝形成调控基因EFG1、黏附相关基因 HWP1基因的表达水平降低。结论黄芩素与氟康唑合用可协同抑制白念珠菌生物被膜的形成。     

HWP1 Functions in the Morphological Development of Candida albicans Downstream of EFG1, TUP1, and RBF1

The morphological plasticity of Candida albicans is an important determinant of pathogenicity, and nonfilamentous mutants are avirulent. HWP1, a hypha-specific gene, was identified in a genetic screen for developmentally regulated genes and encodes a cell surface protein of unknown function. Heterozygous and homozygous deletions of HWP1 resulted in a medium-conditional defect in hyphal development. HWP1 expression was blocked in a Deltaefg1 mutant, reduced in an Deltarbf1 mutant, and derepressed in a Deltatup1 mutant. Therefore, HWP1 functions downstream of the developmental regulators EFG1, TUP1, and RBF1. Mutation of CPH1 had no effect on HWP1 expression, suggesting that the positive regulators of hyphal development, CPH1 and EFG1, are components of separate pathways with different target genes. The expression of a second developmentally regulated gene, ECE1, was similarly regulated by EFG1. Since ECE1 is not required for hyphal development, the regulatory role of EFG1 apparently extends beyond the control of cell shape determinants. However, expression of ECE1 was not influenced by TUP1, suggesting that there may be some specificity in the regulation of morphogenic elements during hyphal development.     

Irradiation sensitivity of planktonic and biofilm-associated Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates is influenced by culture conditions

Ionizing radiation effectively inactivates Escherichia coli O157:H7, but the efficacy of the process against biofilm cells versus that against free-living planktonic cells is not well documented. The radiation sensitivity of planktonic or biofilm cells was determined for three isolates of E. coli O157:H7 (C9490, ATCC 35150, and ATCC 43894). Biofilms were formed on sterile glass slides incubated at 37 degrees C for either 24 h, 48 h, or 72 h. The biofilm and planktonic cultures were gamma irradiated at doses ranging from 0.0 (control) to 1.5 kGy. The dose of radiation value required to reduce the population by 90% (D10) was calculated for each isolate, culture, and maturity based on viable populations at each radiation dose. For each of the times sampled, the D10 values of isolate 43894 planktonic cells (0.454 to 0.479 kGy) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those observed for biofilm cells (0.381 to 0.385 kGy), indicating a significantly increased sensitivity to irradiation for cells in the biofilm habitat. At the 24-h sampling time, isolate C9490 showed a similar pattern, in which the D10 values of planktonic cells (0.653 kGy) were significantly higher than those for biofilm cells (0.479 kGy), while isolate 35150 showed the reverse, with D10 values of planktonic cells (0.396 kGy) significantly lower than those for biofilm cells (0.526 kGy). At the 48-h and 72-h sampling times, there were no differences in radiation sensitivities based on biofilm habitat for C9490 or 35150. Biofilm-associated cells, therefore, show a response to irradiation which can differ from that of planktonic counterparts, depending on the isolate and the culture maturity. Culture maturity had a more significant influence on the irradiation efficacy of planktonic cells but not on biofilm-associated cells of E. coli O157:H7.     

cDNA array analysis of the differential expression change in virulence-related genes during the development of resistance in Candida albicans

Candida albicans is the most frequently isolated fungus in immunocompromised patients associated with mucosal and deep-tissue infections, To investigate the correlation between virulence and resistance on a gene expression profile in C. albicans, we examined the changes in virulence-related genes during the development of resistance in C, albicans from bone marrow transplant patients using a constructed cDNA array representing 3096 unigenes. In addition to the genes known to be associated with azole resistance,16 virulence-related genes were identified, whose differential expressions were newly found to be associated with the resistant phenotype. Differential expressions for these genes were confirmed by RT-PCR independently. Furthermore, the up-regulation of EFG1, CPH2, TEC1, CDC24, SAP10, ALS9, SNF1, SP072 and BDF1, and the down-regulation of RAD32, IPF3636 and UB14 resulted in stronger virulence and invasiveness in the resistant isolates compared with susceptible ones. These findings provide a link between the expression of virulence genes and development of resistance during C. albicans infection in bone marrow transplant (BMT) patients, where C. albicans induces hyphal formation and expression change in multiple virulence factors.     

Irradiation Sensitivity of Planktonic and Biofilm-Associated Escherichia coli O157:H7 Isolates Is Influenced by Culture Conditions

Ionizing radiation effectively inactivates Escherichia coli O157:H7, but the efficacy of the process against biofilm cells versus that against free-living planktonic cells is not well documented. The radiation sensitivity of planktonic or biofilm cells was determined for three isolates of E. coli O157:H7 (C9490, ATCC 35150, and ATCC 43894). Biofilms were formed on sterile glass slides incubated at 37°C for either 24 h, 48 h, or 72 h. The biofilm and planktonic cultures were gamma irradiated at doses ranging from 0.0 (control) to 1.5 kGy. The dose of radiation value required to reduce the population by 90% (D₁₀) was calculated for each isolate, culture, and maturity based on viable populations at each radiation dose. For each of the times sampled, the D₁₀ values of isolate 43894 planktonic cells (0.454 to 0.479 kGy) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those observed for biofilm cells (0.381 to 0.385 kGy), indicating a significantly increased sensitivity to irradiation for cells in the biofilm habitat. At the 24-h sampling time, isolate C9490 showed a similar pattern, in which the D₁₀ values of planktonic cells (0.653 kGy) were significantly higher than those for biofilm cells (0.479 kGy), while isolate 35150 showed the reverse, with D₁₀ values of planktonic cells (0.396 kGy) significantly lower than those for biofilm cells (0.526 kGy). At the 48-h and 72-h sampling times, there were no differences in radiation sensitivities based on biofilm habitat for C9490 or 35150. Biofilm-associated cells, therefore, show a response to irradiation which can differ from that of planktonic counterparts, depending on the isolate and the culture maturity. Culture maturity had a more significant influence on the irradiation efficacy of planktonic cells but not on biofilm-associated cells of E. coli O157:H7.