东亚小花蝽和丽蚜小蜂对烟粉虱的协同控制效果研究

在温室内,试验观察了单独释放和组合释放东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri、丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa两种天敌对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci的控制作用。结果显示：与不释放天敌的空白对照相比,单独释放东亚小花蝽处理对烟粉虱卵、若虫均有较好的控制效果;在释放后第1周, 东亚小花蝽处理及东亚小花蝽和丽蚜小蜂组合处理与对照相比对烟粉虱卵和若虫的控制效果分别达到87.1%、89.3% 和73.9%、78.3%, 两周后的控制效果分别为72.7%、6.9% 和64.8%、57.2%;而丽蚜小蜂的处理在释放天敌后第1周和第3周,对卵的控制效果分别为3.5%、80.3%,第3周对若虫的控制效果为75.7%。在相同数量天敌条件下,东亚小花蝽和丽蚜小蜂的组合处理较天敌单独处理对烟粉虱的控制效果好。     

朱砂叶螨优势种天敌昆虫的评价

对绣球花Hydrangea macrophylla、茄子Solanum melongena和玉米Zea mays 3种植物上朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus天敌昆虫种类及发生数量进行调查,并采用优势度指数评价其优势种,结果表明,3种寄主植物上天敌的种类及其优势种有所不同,绣球花上有深点食螨瓢虫Stethorus punctillum、塔六点蓟马Scolothrips takahashii、食螨瘿蚊Acaroletes sp.和食螨隐翅虫Oligota sp.4种天敌,塔六点蓟马和深点食螨瓢虫为优势种;茄子上有塔六点蓟马、微小花蝽Orius minutus、食螨瘿蚊和深点食螨瓢虫4种天敌昆虫,塔六点蓟马为优势种;玉米上有深点食螨瓢虫、塔六点蓟马和食螨瘿蚊3种天敌昆虫,深点食螨瓢虫为优势种.通过测定各种天敌成虫和幼虫对朱砂叶螨成螨、若螨、幼螨和卵的日捕食量,并引入相对差距和法评价优势种天敌昆虫,结果表明,深点食螨瓢虫和微小花蝽是朱砂叶螨的优势种天敌.     

三种杀虫剂对几种昆虫天敌的毒力测定

为了明确几种常用杀虫剂对捕食性天敌（异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis Pallas、东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri Poppius、智利小植绥螨Phytoseiulus persimilis）和寄生性天敌（松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura、丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan、中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator Haliday）的影响,在室内采用标准生物测定方法测定了阿维菌素、吡虫啉和噻嗪酮对以上昆虫天敌的毒力。结果表明：三种杀虫剂对六种供试天敌的毒力大小表现出相似趋势,即阿维菌素 > 吡虫啉 > 噻嗪酮;三种药剂对寄生性天敌的毒力均显著高于捕食性天敌。因此在害虫综合治理中应尽量选用对天敌昆虫相对安全的昆虫生长调节剂类的噻嗪酮,以起到保护天敌的作用。     

增殖植物和植物诱导抗性挥发物质对东亚小花蝽和浅黄恩蚜小蜂的嗅觉行为影响及田间诱集作用

利用增殖植物与植物诱导抗性物质诱集天敌昆虫,实现对天敌昆虫种群的主动调控,已经成为现代保护型生物防治的热点。本研究针对捕食性天敌东亚小花蝽和寄生性天敌浅黄恩蚜小蜂,选择7种植物源诱集物质:玉米花粉、油菜花粉、琉璃苣花、金盏菊花、无味母菊花、苜蓿花、猫薄荷叶片,两种人工合成植物诱导抗性物质水杨酸甲酯和茉莉酸甲酯作为气味源,分别在室内使用嗅觉仪检测以及在有机果园实际生产中使用天敌诱集装置,分析比较各自对东亚小花蝽和浅黄恩蚜小蜂的诱集作用。室内研究结果表明,水杨酸甲酯与玉米花粉对东亚小花蝽雌成虫吸引力最高,其次为茉莉酸甲酯。开花植物中,金盏菊花的诱集作用最佳。浅黄恩蚜小蜂趋向于选择两种人工合成挥发物,且对玉米花粉的选择高于其它植物源。有机苹果园内,水杨酸甲酯和茉莉酸甲酯对东亚小花蝽的诱集作用十分显著。玉米花粉和金盏菊对东亚小花蝽诱集作用高于其它植物材料。浅黄恩蚜小蜂倾向选择水杨酸甲酯与茉莉酸甲酯,而植物源材料间的吸引力无显著差异。本研究结果表明植物诱导抗性物质与增殖植物物质均可以有效诱集东亚小花蝽和浅黄恩蚜小蜂,可以作为一种有效的保护型生物防治技术加以应用。     

四种猎物对南方小花蝽生长发育和繁殖的影响

南方小花蝽是多种猎物的天敌,为评价西花蓟马、二斑叶螨、蚕豆蚜和腐食酪螨饲养南方小花蝽的效果,研究了南方小花蝽取食四种猎物时的生长发育和繁殖情况。结果表明南方小花蝽取食腐食酪螨时若虫只能发育到5龄,4龄若虫累计存活率仅为6.8%。其它3种猎物均可使南方小花蝽正常生长发育和繁殖,其中南方小花蝽取食西花蓟马时生长发育时间最短,繁殖率最高;取食二斑叶螨时生长发育时间最长,繁殖率最低。取食西花蓟马的南方小花蝽净生殖率、内禀增长率和周限增长率明显高于其它两种猎物。用3种猎物连续饲养南方小花蝽两代,以蚕豆蚜和二斑叶螨为猎物时南方小花蝽的未成熟期、成虫的寿命、繁殖情况和生命参数在第一代和第二代之间都有所不同,但以西花蓟马为食料时南方小花蝽第一代和第二代之间生长发育和繁殖情况没有明显的差异。以上结果表明在供试猎物中西花蓟马对南方小花蝽实验种群的增长最有利。     

不同防治措施对柑橘全爪螨及橘园天敌类群的影响

柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri(McGregor)是柑橘上的重要有害生物,控制上目前仍以化学防治为主,捕食螨也在一些果园采用。安全性较高的农药正不断推广应用,一些生物源农药也已大面积使用。不过这些农药对柑橘全爪螨及其它柑橘害虫的田间控制效果如何,是否影响到商品捕食螨和果园自然天敌的种群维持与发展及其对柑橘害虫的持续控制,仍需较多而深入地检测和评估。2011年4—2012年1月,在广东省封开县,选择了3个不同害虫防治措施(以阿维菌素为主,巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri+矿物油乳剂为主,胡瓜新小绥螨N.cucumeris+苦参碱为主)的果园,调查比较了不同害虫防治措施对柑橘全爪螨的防治效果及对柑橘园中天敌类群的影响。试验结果显示,以巴氏新小绥螨+矿物油乳剂为主和以胡瓜新小绥螨+苦参碱为主的果园内自然天敌的丰富度高于以阿维菌素为主的果园,其群落结构也有所不同,它们对柑橘全爪螨和其它柑橘害虫的田间持续控制效果也比以阿维菌素为主的措施更好。     

利用功能反应模型评价球孢白僵菌对东亚小花蝽捕食二斑叶螨的影响

【目的】天敌昆虫和生防菌剂的应用都是害虫生物防治的有效手段,在生产中通过两者联合进行害虫的生物防治具有极强的应用前景和潜在的防控增效作用,然而生防菌对天敌的安全性评价是必不可少的。本研究旨在评估球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana与东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri联合应用进行害虫生物防治的可行性。【方法】测定了东亚小花蝽5龄若虫经2种不同浓度的球孢白僵菌孢悬液(常规浓度: 1×10⁷孢子/mL; 低浓度: 5×10³孢子/mL)和孢子粉(1×10⁷孢子/头)处理后成虫羽化率以及经上述处理后的东亚小花蝽5龄若虫对不同密度下的二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae雌成螨的捕食能力。【结果】东亚小花蝽5龄若虫经白僵菌孢子粉(1×10⁷孢子/头)处理后,成虫羽化率显著降低,其余处理的成虫羽化率与对照无显著差异。3个处理组中东亚小花蝽5龄若虫对二斑叶螨雌成螨的捕食功能反应均符合HollingII型,搜寻效应随猎物密度增加逐渐降低。经低浓度球孢白僵菌孢悬液(5×10³孢子/mL)处理的东亚小花蝽5龄若虫的理论日最大捕食量(N_a-max)最高,猎物处理时间最短(T_h),搜寻效应回归线随猎物密度增加下降趋势最小;而球孢白僵菌孢子粉处理的东亚小花蝽5龄若虫理论日最大捕食量最低,猎物处理时间最长。【结论】低浓度的白僵菌孢悬液对东亚小花蝽5龄若虫对二斑叶螨雌成螨的捕食能力无影响,而孢子粉对该天敌5龄若虫捕食二斑叶螨雌成螨造成不利影响。本研究初步证明低浓度白僵菌孢悬液与东亚小花蝽联合应用防控二斑叶螨具有可行性。     

大豆田中大豆蚜天敌昆虫群落结构分析

为了明确大豆田中大豆蚜Aphis glycines Matsumura天敌昆虫的群落结构特点,采用系统调查法对大豆蚜天敌的种类及数量进行调查。结果表明,大豆蚜天敌昆虫主要有5目11科19种,另外还有一些捕食性蜘蛛。主要优势种为小花蝽Orius minutus、龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica、中华草蛉Chrysopa sinica以及蚜小蜂Aphelinus sp.和异色瓢虫Leis axyridis,捕食性蜘蛛其中小花蝽的相对丰盛度达到0.26以上。小花蝽和龟纹瓢虫发生较早,是大豆蚜发生初期的主要控制因素。物种多样性、均匀度、丰富度、物种数和个体数整体趋势表现为先增加后降低,在7、8月达最大;而优势集中性和优势度则表现为先降低后增加的趋势,群落较稳定。     

大棚微生境下两种烟粉虱寄生蜂的竞争作用

海氏桨角蚜小蜂和丽蚜小蜂是烟粉虱的重要天敌,为更有效地发挥其控害作用,在大棚条件下评估了这两种寄生蜂在种内及种间竞争时对单雌寄生率及对烟粉虱的控害潜能的影响。结果显示:种间竞争导致丽蚜小蜂的单雌寄生率显著降低,而对海氏桨角蚜小蜂无显著影响,种内竞争对两种寄生蜂的单雌寄生率均无显著影响。与单头蜂对烟粉虱的致死率比较,两头蜂在夹叶笼内对烟粉虱的致死率无显著差异,表明两种蜂的种内和种间竞争作用对寄生蜂的控害潜能有干扰作用。     

丽蚜小蜂的飞行能力及扩散能力

丽蚜小蜂是防控粉虱的重要天敌昆虫。其飞行能力和扩散范围是能否成功起到防治作用的重要指标。本研究采用室内飞行测试装置、室内模拟及田间试验的方法,测试了不同温度和湿度条件下丽蚜小蜂的起飞比例以及丽蚜小蜂在室内及田间的扩散能力。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂的起飞比例在26℃和30℃达到顶点,34℃时,起飞比例开始下降;湿度对丽蚜小蜂起飞比例影响较小,在相对湿度45%、60%、75%时,起飞比例分别为90.00%、86.55%、82.30%,当湿度达到90%时,丽蚜小蜂的起飞比例显著降低,为61.71%。室内及田间试验表明,丽蚜小蜂在2 d内至少可扩散至12 m。综合试验结果表明,丽蚜小蜂在田间释放时,为保证良好的防控效果,放蜂点需要根据温度情况做适当调整。气温22℃～34℃下,放蜂点可以减少至4点/667 m~2,温度高于或低于此范围,需增加放蜂点数。     

Potential use of the fungus Beauveria bassiana against the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis without reducing the effectiveness of its natural predator Orius sauteri (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)

Orius sauteri (Poppius; Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) is an important predator of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande; Thysanoptera: Thripidae). O. sauteri would be directly exposed to the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin in the field should the fungus be used as a biopesticide. If the fungus were to negatively affect O. sauteri in agro-ecosystems, predation of F. occidentalis by O. sauteri may be limited. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the insecticidal activity of strain B.bassiana-RSB of B. bassiana, which is highly virulent to F. occidentalis, on the predator under laboratory conditions. Results showed that, regardless of the concentration applied to first instars, Bb-RSB was not insecticidal against O. sauteri, nor did direct applications affect the developmental rate of the predator. Significant differences in developmental rates and adult longevity were observed between O. sauteri that fed on Bb-RSB-infected F. occidentalis cadavers and those that fed on untreated thrips. Developmental time (from first instar to adult) increased from 0.3 to 0.7 days and adult longevity decreased by 0.8 to 1.2 days for predators fed thrips treated with low and high concentrations of strain Bb-RSB, respectively, compared with predators fed on untreated thrips. However, these differences were only 3–13% of mean values for the controls, suggesting that the effects of Bb-RSB on O. sauteri are relatively minor. These findings highlight the potential use of O. sauteri in combination with B. bassiana for the biocontrol of F. occidentalis, but field tests must be performed to confirm their compatible use.     

光谱对东亚小花蝽趋光行为的影响

利用行为学方法研究了340—605nm波谱内14个单色光对东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri(Poppius)成虫的趋、避光行为的影响。结果显示:(1)各单色光均能引起东亚小花蝽成虫趋光行为反应,雌、雄虫的趋光行为反应曲线均为多峰型,峰间主次明显。趋光行为反应率较高的区域有3个,分别是紫外区(340、360 nm和380 nm)、绿光区(524 nm)和橙红光区(582 nm雄虫此处不高、605 nm);(2)各单色光都能引起东亚小花蝽成虫避光行为反应,雌虫避光行为反应曲线为多峰型,避光行为反应率最高的区域为蓝光近紫外区(400 nm),雄虫避光行为曲线为波浪形,避光行为反应率最高的区域为蓝光区(483 nm)。(3)性别对趋光行为反应趋势影响不大,但对趋、避光反应率有较大影响。雌虫趋光反应率最高为47.50%(380 nm),雄虫最高为35.00%(360 nm);雌虫避反应率最高为19.17%(400 nm),雄虫避光反应率最高为11.25%(483 nm)。结果表明:光谱对其趋光行为有一定影响,不同波长之间有较大差异;性别对其光谱行为反应有较大影响。     

Plant quality effects on intraguild predation between Orius laevigatus and Aphidoletes aphidimyza

To understand the influence of plant quality on intraguild predation and consequently on the suppression of a shared prey population as well as on plant yield, the interactions between Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (shared prey), Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) (intermediate predator), and Orius laevigatus Fieber (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) (top predator) were investigated in 25‐day experiments on cucumber, Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitaceae) at various N fertilization levels (90, 150, and 190 p.p.m.) in microcosm set‐ups under greenhouse conditions. The final aphid population size was significantly affected by an interactive effect of N fertilization and predator application. Regardless of the N fertilization levels, O. laevigatus alone was more effective in aphid suppression than A. aphidimyza alone. In addition, the risk for aphids of being predated upon by both predators together was significantly reduced in the low and medium‐N fertilization levels, whereas it was additive in the high‐N fertilization treatment. The A. aphidimyza population was suppressed by O. laevigatus in both the 90 and 150 p.p.m. N treatments. However, there was no intraguild predation of O. laevigatus on A. aphidimyza at the 190 p.p.m. N level. Total plant yield depended on predator treatments and N fertilization levels, with the highest yield produced at the 150 p.p.m. N fertilization level in treatments with either O. laevigatus alone or with both predators together. Our results demonstrate that the weak asymmetric intraguild predation among A. aphidimyza and O. laevigatus does not influence the ability of both predators together to diminish bottom‐up effects on aphid populations and the yield losses associated with aphid infestations.     

Biological control of aphids in the presence of thrips and their enemies

Generalist predators are often used in biological control programs, although they can be detrimental for pest control through interference with other natural enemies. Here, we assess the effects of generalist natural enemies on the control of two major pest species in sweet pepper: the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). In greenhouses, two commonly used specialist natural enemies of aphids, the parasitoid Aphidius colemani Viereck and the predatory midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani), were released together with either Neoseiulus cucumeris Oudemans, a predator of thrips and a hyperpredator of A. aphidimyza, or Orius majusculus (Reuter), a predator of thrips and aphids and intraguild predator of both specialist natural enemies. The combined use of O. majusculus, predatory midges and parasitoids clearly enhanced the suppression of aphids and consequently decreased the number of honeydew-contaminated fruits. Although intraguild predation by O. majusculus on predatory midges and parasitoids will have affected control of aphids negatively, this was apparently offset by the consumption of aphids by O. majusculus. In contrast, the hyperpredator N. cucumeris does not prey upon aphids, but seemed to release aphids from control by consuming eggs of the midge. Both N. cucumeris and O. majusculus did not affect rates of aphid parasitism by A. colemani. Thrips were also controlled effectively by O. majusculus. A laboratory experiment showed that adult predatory bugs feed on thrips as well as aphids and have no clear preference. Thus, the presence of thrips probably promoted the establishment of the predatory bugs and thereby the control of aphids. Our study shows that intraguild predation, which is potentially negative for biological control, may be more than compensated by positive effects of generalist predators, such as the control of multiple pests, and the establishment of natural enemies prior to pest invasions. Future work on biological control should focus on the impact of species interactions in communities of herbivorous arthropods and their enemies.     

Retrospective spatial analysis of the pollination of two miniature epiphytic orchids with different pollination strategies in a coffee plantation in Soconusco,Chiapas, Mexico

Quantitative and spatial data for orchid pollination are scarce and may be important tools for reintroduction and conservation; however, conclusions cannot be drawn on the basis of the typically infrequent and unpredictable pollination events. We carried out a novel, retrospective, spatial analysis of the pollination of the entire population of two miniature orchids, Erycina crista‐galli and Notylia barkeri, on coffee bushes in plantations at 900 m in Soconusco, south‐eastern Mexico. The numbers of mature flowering plants of both species in the experimental site were similar. Notylia barkeri produced nearly four times as many flowers, but a similar proportion of the total number of flowers produced was pollinated (1.23% and 1.48% for N. barkeri and E. crista‐galli, respectively). An estimated 29 919 977 (±4 983 995) seeds were produced by N. barkeri, nearly 12 times more than E. crista‐galli at 1 009 414 (±147 000). The pollinators of N. barkeri chose flower clusters at random and pollinated various flowers within a patch, whereas the pollinators of E. crista‐galli chose patches of flowers slightly more systematically, with less dependence on flower density, and appeared to dedicate less attention to each patch. For both species, pollinators slightly favoured larger clusters of flowers and left many individual and groups of flowers unvisited. To restore populations of these orchids in coffee plantations as a replacement habitat, N. barkeri should be planted in small, separate groups and E. crista‐galli in larger groups of individuals, dispersed regularly throughout the selected site to maximize the possibility that the flowers will be discovered by pollinators. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 158 , 448–459.     

Evaluation of non-target effects of OMRI-listed insecticides for management of Drosophila suzukii Matsumura in berry crops

The spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is an invasive pest of many fruit crops throughout North America, South America and Europe. The presence of this destructive pest has led to an increase in the number of insecticide applications. While conventional growers have an arsenal of different insecticides at their disposal, organic growers have a limited selection of effective options and rely heavily on applications of Entrust^®, the organic formulation of spinosad. An important part of research is to develop more tools for organic growers and evaluate the effects of insecticides intended to target D. suzukii on natural enemies in the system. The effects of six organic pesticides alone and in combination with three adjuvants and two phagostimulants were tested in laboratory bioassays on three common natural enemies in berry production systems including two predators, Chrysoperla rufilabris and Orius insidiosus, and a parasitoid wasp, Aphidius colemani. Under the IOBC toxicity rating scale, spinosad was rated consistently from slightly harmful to harmful across natural enemy species and residue age (the effects of pesticides over time). Sabadilla alkaloids caused mortality to O. insidiosus equal to that of spinosad. All tested pesticides were at least slightly harmful to A. colemani, and the adjuvant polyether-polymethylsiloxane-copolymer polyether caused mortality that was not significantly different from spinosad. In general, neither the addition of adjuvants nor phagostimulants increased the mortality of the insecticides tested. The exception was polyether-polymethylsiloxane-copolymer polyether, but it is unclear whether it increased the toxicity of the pesticides or was simply toxic itself since it caused high mortality to A. colemani when applied alone. Sublethal effects were measured for two predatory species by measuring eggs laid and % egg hatch. Minimal sublethal effects were observed in C. rufilabris. In contrast, all tested insecticides caused reduced egg hatch in O. insidiosus compared with the control.     

Photoperiodic and temperature control of nymphal development and induction of reproductive diapause in two predatory Orius bugs: interspecific and geographic differences

Abstract The effects of day‐length and temperature on pre‐adult growth and induction of reproductive diapause are studied in Orius sauteri and Orius minutus (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) from northern (43.0°N, 141.4°E) and central (36.1°N, 140.1°E) Japan. In the north, at 20 °C, pre‐adult growth is slower under an LD 14 : 10 h photoperiod than under shorter or longer photophases. At 24 and 28 °C, the longer photophases result in shorter pre‐adult periods. Acceleration of nymphal growth by short days in autumn appears to be adaptive. In the central region, this response is less pronounced, suggesting that timing of adult emergence is less critical than in the north. Day length also influences the thermal requirements for pre‐adult development. The slope of the regression line representing temperature dependence of pre‐adult development is significantly smaller and the lower development threshold (LDT) is significantly lower under an LD 12 : 12 h photoperiod than under long‐day conditions. The weaker dependence of nymphal growth on temperature and the lower LDT in autumn might be adaptive. In the north, increased temperature shifts the critical day length of diapause induction and suppresses the photoperiodic response in O. sauteri but not in O. minutus. Further south, the incidence of diapause in both species is low even under short‐day conditions but the same interspecific difference is observed (i.e. increase of temperature affects the response in O. sauteri but not in O. minutus). This suggests seasonally earlier diapause induction with weaker temperature dependence in O. minutus than in O. sauteri.     

Colonization of apple orchards by predators of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dysaphis plantaginea</Emphasis>: sequential arrival,response to prey abundance and consequences for biological control

Episyrphus balteatus (DeGeer) (Diptera: Syrphidae), Adalia bipunctata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) are the three most abundant natural enemies of Dysaphis plantaginea Passerini (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Asturian (NW Spain) apple orchards. They attack this aphid in sequence: E. balteatus arrived first, followed by A. bipunctata and then by A. aphidimyza. The cecidomyiids arrived too late to have a regulating effect. The syrphids laid an average of 2.3 ± 1.7 eggs per aphid colony and the coccinellids 18.4 ± 9.9 regardless of the degree of the infestation rates of the apple shoots. This value corresponds to the size of an egg batch laid by one female. Therefore, these aphid predators did not respond numerically to the abundance of the pest. The results of this study indicate that natural populations of syrphids and ladybird beetles are unable to control D. plantaginea, and therefore a more complex strategy than waiting for natural enemies is required.