以公益性为导向的公立医院绩效工资分配测算方法研究

目的 建立与绩效考核体系相适应的、以公益性为导向的绩效工资分配测算方法。方法 依据绩效考核体系,建立测算方法框架;应用历史数据测试并完善方法;与原测算方法同步试运行,以完善测算方法。结果 建立基于科室难度系数测算KPI绩效工资,再由科室难度系数、质量控制评分校正的测算方法。结论 测算结果可控、合理、稳定,敏感体现指标变化,对医疗质量、效率、效益导向清晰,激励科室积极性,有利于发展公益性医院文化。     

专科医生在全科医学培训基地建设中的作用探讨

目的 探讨在三级综合医院全科医学培训基地的建设中，专科医生采取哪些措施和方式，能对全科医学培训基地建设起到积极的作用。方法 首先通过专科医生对全科医学培训基地建设提高思想认识，积极热情和主动带教，转变服务理念和模式，并在带教中要以常见病和多发病为主，在与患者沟通方面要体现全面的人文精神。结果 通过临床实践教学，加深对全科医学理论的认识，使专科医生在全科医学培训基地的建设中，真正起到关键性作用。结论 经过几年的全科医学培训，不断加强和提高专科医生的全科医学素质,使三级综合医院的全科医学培训基地建设的速度和质量大大提高。     

移动互联网环境下医疗服务质量评价方法的创新应用

目的 在移动互联网环境下,建立医疗服务质量关键指标,对医疗服务质量评价方法进行创新。方法 将患者就医过程中的每一项服务进行量化,建立SERVQUAL服务质量评价体系。结果 借助移动互联网智能终端,构建医疗服务质量指标体系包括有形性、可靠性、响应性、保证性、关怀性、经济性和有效性等7个一级指标,25个二级指标。结论 在移动互联网的环境下,为医患沟通搭建平台,及时进行医患互动,对医院的医疗服务质量进行客观评价。     

某三甲医院医疗服务质量患者感知要素调查

目的 以医用“SERVQUAL理论为基础,根据医院实际重新设计了”SERVQUAL模型‘（服务质量差距模型“各条目,对与”SERVQUAL模型“ 在医疗服务质量评价中的应用进行探讨。方法 以北京市某医院117名患者及48位医务人员为对象,采用问卷调查的方法,测算患者对医院服务质量的SQ值（患者对于医疗服务的期望程度与实际感受程度之差）及医务人员的服务自我评价。结果 患者对医院服务质量的SQ值呈现了其在对医院医疗服务的感知与期望间有较大的差距,并通过医患之间的数据对比阐明医务人员所提供的服务质量与患者所感受的服务质量间同样存在差异。结论 SERVQUAL模型是一种从患者角度评价服务质量的方法,可以结合患者对于医疗服务的期望和实际感受,科学地了解患者对医疗服务的满意程度,并据此发现医疗服务中的薄弱环节。     

以公益性为导向的公立医院绩效考核体系构建

目的 建立以公益性为导向、改善医院经济效益的绩效考核体系。方法 在文献研究、专题研讨和专家访谈的基础上,建立绩效考核体系框架,应用历史数据验证考核体系。结果 建立一个目标、四大类别科室、三大考核模块、院科二级考核分配的绩效考核体系。结论 绩效考核体系以公益性为根本,通过规模效益改善医院经营效果,有利于公立医院改革发展。     

基于患者体验的医疗服务质量关键指标体系构建

??????? 目的 初步构建基于“患者体验”的医疗服务质量关键指标体系。方法 通过检索国内外相关文献,构建指标体系框架和专家咨询表并进行2轮专家咨询,确定了基于“患者体验”的医疗服务质量关键指标体系。结果 构建基于“患者体验”的医疗服务质量关键指标体系,一级指标有有形性、可靠性、反应性、保证性、关怀性和连续性6个,二级指标28个,三级指标83个。结论 基于患者体验的医疗服务质量关键指标体系具有很强的实用性,为患者体验量表开发奠定基础。研究结果对于改进我国医疗服务质量评价手段和策略具有重要意义。     

绩效考核管理对护理服务质量的影响

?????? 目的 探讨科学有效的绩效考核管理方案,与护理人员分配体系挂钩,以调动护士工作的积极性和主动性,提高护理质量。方法 以2011年开展绩效考核管理的护理单元为研究对象,从护理人员岗位层级、完成护理工作数量、护理工作质量、病人对护理服务的满意程度等方面量化考核,并与未进行绩效管理前的考核成绩进行比较。结果 各护理单元实行绩效考核后,各项护理指标、病人的满意度均明显提高,差异有显著性（P <0.01）。结论 实施护理人员的绩效考核管理,能有效地提高护理质量,提高病人的满意度,有利于提升优质护理服务内涵,促进优质护理服务的深入持续发展。     

总额预付制下医保费用管理措施对医疗服务行为影响

目的 了解医院在总额预付制下所采取的费用管理措施以及这些措施对医生处方行为与患者诊疗结果的具体影响。方法 采用问卷调研的方法进行实证研究,并结合专家访谈的方法进行论证讨论。结果 研究发现,总额预付制下,目前医院医保费用管理措施在控制费用的同时对临床服务质量与患者满意度产生了一些意想不到的影响。结论 总额控费带来的相关问题应引起关注,建议可从保证医疗服务质量、优化医疗费用结构和控费方法精细化三方面对控费进行完善。     

JCI标准下的中药管理信息化

?????? 目的 改进医院中药管理,提升医院中药服务质量。方法 参照JCI标准,结合医院实际,通过信息化技术将中药药事服务的各方面进行改进,如建立电子处方系统、电子医嘱审核系统、中药电子发药系统以及进行煎药房的信息化改革,实行条码化管理和单剂量发药等,构建信息化的医院中药管理模式。结论 JCI标准下中药信息化管理提高了工作效率和服务质量,建立了中药药事服务方便快捷、准确合理的管理、服务机制,在提高整体药学服务水平与质量的同时也为整个医院的信息化建设和管理贡献了力量。     

基于质量功能展开的产科顾客非技术质量服务需求研究

目的 探讨产科顾客对非技术质量服务的需求。方法 按照预先设计的调查问卷从2010年3—5月对广东省某三级医院妇产科的产妇及其家属进行随机抽样调查并运用质量功能展开进行分析。结果 100﹪的产妇及家属对医院仪器设备的需求情况是需要的，其余需求均在90﹪以上。结论 医院应以顾客需求为导向，努力改善非技术质量服务，满足顾客需求，提高医疗服务质量。     

Have Quality and Outcomes Framework Depression Indicators changed referrals from primary care to a dedicated memory clinic?

The proportion of patients referred from primary care to dedicated dementia clinics who receive a final diagnosis of dementia is low. Many of these non-demented patients may have depressive disorders, since depression is the most common differential diagnosis of dementia. The UK general practitioner (GP) General Medical Services contract, introduced in April 2006, included a Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) with indicators related to depression. We investigated whether introduction of the QOF Depression Indicators changed the pattern of referrals from primary care to a dedicated dementia clinic. The results indicated that the null hypothesis could not be rejected.     

Addressing long-term physical healthcare needs in a forensic mental health inpatient population using the UK primary care Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF): an audit

Objectives This audit aims to evaluate the effectiveness of delivering an equivalent primary care service to a long-term forensic psychiatric inpatient population, using the UK primary care national Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF).Method The audit compares the targets met by the general practitioner with special interest (GPwSI) service, using local and national QOF benchmarks (2005-2006), and determines the prevalence of chronic disease in a long-term inpatient forensic psychiatry population.Results The audit results show that the UK national QOF is a useful tool for assessment and evaluation of physical healthcare needs in a non-community based population. It shows an increased prevalence of all QOF-assessed long-term physical conditions when compared to the local East London population and national UK population, confirming previously reported elevated levels of physical healthcare need in psychiatric populations.Conclusions This audit shows that the UK General Practice QOF can be used as a standardised instrument for commissioning and monitoring the delivery of physical health services to in-patient psychiatric populations, and for the evaluation of the effectiveness of clinical interventions in long-term physical conditions. The audit also demonstrates the effectiveness of using a GPwSI in healthcare delivery in non-community based settings. We suggest that the findings may be generalisable to other long-term inpatient psychiatric and prison populations in order to further the objective of delivering an equivalent primary care service to all populations.The QOF is a set of national primary care audit standards and is freely available on the British Medical Association website or the UK Department of Health website. We suggest that primary care workers in health economies who have not yet developed their own national primary care standards can access and adapt these standards in order to improve the clinical standards of care given to the primary care populations that they serve.     

Setting standards based on patients' views on access and continuity: secondary analysis of data from the general practice assessment survey

ObjectivesTo examine patients'' views on access and continuity in general practice to derive quality standards.DesignSecondary analysis of data from general practice research studies and routine quality assessment activities undertaken by practices and primary care trusts.SettingGeneral practice.ParticipantsGeneral practice patients.ResultsSatisfactory standards of access were next day appointments with general practitioners and a 6-10 minute wait for consultations to begin. A satisfactory level of continuity was seeing the same general practitioner “a lot of the time.” Standards varied with the analytic method used and by sociodemographic group.ConclusionsStandards expected by patients in primary care can be derived from linked report-assessment pairs. Patients may have expectations of access that are in excess of government targets. Patients also have high expectations of continuity of care. It is unclear the degree to which such standards are reliable or valid, how conflicts between access and continuity should be resolved, or how these standards relate to other priorities of patients such as high quality interpersonal care.

What is already known on this topic

Standards are increasingly being set for the provision of health servicesSurveys and consultation exercises before the NHS plan helped set the standard for a maximum waiting time of 48 hours for appointments to see general practitionersThe optimal methods by which patients should be involved in setting standards and the utility of such standards are unclear

What this study adds

Satisfactory standards of access were next day appointments, a 6-10 minute wait for consultations to begin, and seeing the same general practitioner a lot of the timePatients may have expectations for access to primary care in excess of current government targets     

Obesity and the Use of Health Care Services

Objective: This study investigated differences in the use of health care services and associated costs between obese and nonobese patients. Research Methods and Procedures: New adult patients (N = 509) were randomly assigned to primary care physicians at a university medical center. Their use of medical services and related charges was monitored for 1 year. Data collected included sociodemographics, self‐reported health status using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form‐36, evaluation for depression using the Beck Depression Index, and measured height and weight to calculate BMI. Results: Obese patients included a significantly higher percentage of women and had higher mean age, lower mean education, lower mean health status, and higher mean Beck Depression Index scores. Obese patients had a significantly higher mean number of visits to both primary care (p = 0.0005) and specialty care clinics (p = 0.0006), and a higher mean number of diagnostic services (p < 0.0001). Obese patients also had significantly higher primary care (p = 0.0058), specialty clinic (p = 0.0062), emergency department (p = 0.0484), hospitalization (p = 0.0485), diagnostic services (p = 0.0021), and total charges (p = 0.0033). Controlling for health status, depression, age, education, income, and sex, obesity was significantly related to the use of primary care (p = 0.0364) and diagnostic services (p = 0.0075). There was no statistically significant relationship between obesity and medical expenditures in any of the five categories or for total charges. Discussion: Obesity is a chronic condition requiring long‐term management, with an emphasis on prevention. If this critical health issue is not appropriately addressed, the prevalence of obesity and obesity‐related diseases will continue to grow, resulting in escalating use of health care services.     

Association of practice size and pay-for-performance incentives with the quality of diabetes management in primary care

Background:

Not enough is known about the association between practice size and clinical outcomes in primary care. We examined this association between 1997 and 2005, in addition to the impact of the Quality and Outcomes Framework, a pay-for-performance incentive scheme introduced in the United Kingdom in 2004, on diabetes management.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective open-cohort study using data from the General Practice Research Database. We enrolled 422 general practices providing care for 154 945 patients with diabetes. Our primary outcome measures were the achievement of national treatment targets for blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin (HbA_1c) levels and total cholesterol.

Results:

We saw improvements in the recording of process of care measures, prescribing and achieving intermediate outcomes in all practice sizes during the study period. We saw improvement in reaching national targets after the introduction of the Quality and Outcomes Framework. These improvements significantly exceeded the underlying trends in all practice sizes for achieving targets for cholesterol level and blood pressure, but not for HbA_1c level. In 1997 and 2005, there were no significant differences between the smallest and largest practices in achieving targets for blood pressure (1997 odds ratio [OR] 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.82 to 1.16; 2005 OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.06 in 2005), cholesterol level (1997 OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.16; 2005 OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.40) and glycated hemoglobin level (1997 OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.14; 2005 OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.19).

Interpretation:

We found no evidence that size of practice is associated with the quality of diabetes management in primary care. Pay-for-performance programs appear to benefit both large and small practices to a similar extent.There is a well-established body of literature showing positive associations between volume of patients and clinical outcomes in health care, which has been documented by a systematic review.¹ However, this association has usually been examined in a limited number of discrete procedures, and most studies have involved hospital-based services rather than primary care settings.^2–5Improving our understanding of the association between volume of patients and outcomes in primary care is important for several reasons. First, most contacts with health systems occur in primary care settings, and optimizing the delivery of these services has the potential to improve the health of the population.⁶ Second, over the past decade, primary care has assumed greater responsibility for managing the growing burden of chronic disease.^7,8 Larger providers may be better resourced, through the employment of additional support staff and greater use of information technology, to deliver the systematic, structured care necessary for the effective management of chronic disease.^6,9 Third, larger providers may have been more responsive to nonfinancial and financial incentives, including pay for performance, implemented by payers aimed at improving the quality of care.^7,10 Fourth, in many countries, primary care is based around a predominance of small practices.^6,11,12 In 2006, 53% of practices in England and Wales had three or fewer family physicians.¹¹ In the same year in the United States, 30.3% of family physicians were in solo practice; 9.4% were in two-physician practices.¹²Despite the limited data available, concerns have been raised about the standards of care delivered by smaller family practices.¹³ In the United Kingdom and Canada, this has resulted in an explicit policy objective of encouraging smaller practices to amalgamate.^13,14Our study examines the associations between the size of practice and the quality of diabetes management in UK primary care settings between 1997 and 2005. We tested the hypotheses that patients attending larger family practices receive better care for diabetes and that the quality gap between larger and smaller practices has increased over the past decade. We also hypothesized that larger practices derived more benefit from the Quality and Outcomes Framework, a major pay-for-performance program in primary care introduced in 2004.     

北京市优质护理服务现状调查与对策研究

目的 了解北京市优质护理服务现状,分析问题原因并提出对策。方法 个人深入访谈法与定性分析法。结果 北京市优质护理服务完成了从个别试点到全面铺开,从形式要求到内涵建设的转变,取得患者、医生、医院、社会、政府多方满意的实效。但面临队伍不稳定,离职率逐年上升的突出问题,主要原因是：（1）护理服务价格体系调整滞后;（2）护理人员不足;（3）护理人员的职业前途不清晰;（4）职称晋升与医生平台相同;（5）待遇分配体系中护理人员没有更多的话语权。对策建议包括（1）理顺护理服务价格,采取按护理项目收费模式;（2）人员编制逐渐向护理人员倾斜;（3）分管理型、教学型、临床型、专科型和科研型五类护理专家,制定相应的职业发展规划;（4）制定过渡性的、独立的护理人员职称晋升与评定标准;（5）创造条件赋予护理人员更多话语权,提高分配体系中护理人员分配额度。结论 优质护理服务作为推动新一轮医药卫生体制改革及公立医院的重要抓手,随着改革进程的推进,成绩和问题并存,有必要较深入地了解北京市优质护理服务的现状、问题并分析原因、探讨对策,促进优质护理服务的可持续发展。     

Treating anemia of chronic kidney disease in the primary care setting: cardiovascular outcomes and management recommendations

Background

Recent policy and organisational changes within UK primary care have emphasised graduated access to care, speed of access to the first available general practitioner (GP) and care being provided by a range of healthcare professionals. These trends have been strengthened by the current GP contract and Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF). Concern has been expressed that the potential for personal care is being diminished as a result and that this will reduce quality standards. This paper presents data from a study that explored with patients and GPs what personal care means and whether it has continuing importance to them.

Methods

A semi-structured questionnaire was used to interview participants and Framework Analysis supported analysis of emerging themes. Twenty-nine patients, mainly women with young children, and twenty-three GPs were interviewed from seven practices in Lothian, Scotland, ranged by practice size and relative deprivation score.

Results and Discussion

Personal care was defined mainly, though not exclusively, as care given within the context of a continuing relationship in which there is an interpersonal connection and the doctor adopts a particular consultation style. Defined in this way, it was reported to have benefits for both health outcomes and patients' experience of care. In particular, such care was thought to be beneficial in attending to the emotions that can be elicited when seeking and receiving health care and in enabling patients to be known by doctors as legitimate seekers of care from the health service. Its importance was described as being dependent upon the nature of the health problem and patients' wider familial and social circumstances. In particular, it was found to provide support to patients in their parenting and other familial caring roles.

Conclusion

Personal care has continuing salience to patients and GPs in modern primary care in the UK. Patients equate the experience of care, not just outcomes, with high quality care. As it is mainly conceptualised and experienced as care within the context of a continuing relationship, policies and organisational arrangements that support and give incentives to this must be in place. These preferences are not strongly reflected in the QOF. Specific questions need to be addressed by future audit and research on the impact of the contract on these aspects of service.     

Barriers to uptake of services for coronary heart disease: qualitative study

ObjectivesTo identify factors within the South Yorkshire coalfields that influence use of health services by people with angina.DesignQualitative study using semistructured individual and group interviews.SettingGeneral practice and community settings in Barnsley and Rotherham health authorities.Participants14 patients with stable angina and nine primary care staff had individual interviews plus five community groups and one group of general practitioners.ResultsA complex web of factors was identified that prevented, delayed, or facilitated referral to secondary care. Delay, denial, and self management by patients meant that the full extent of symptoms often remained hidden from general practitioners, resulting in a delayed or missed referral. Barriers identified fell into six categories: structural, personal, social and cultural, past experience and expectations, diagnostic confusion, and knowledge and awareness.ConclusionsMany of the factors influencing referral operate before general practitioners become involved. Community development could be one way of tackling inequalities and promoting sustainable change. Structural changes are needed to improve access and increase the acceptability of general practice services. Primary care staff should be educated to detect underreporting of symptoms and promote appropriate referral.

What is already known on this topic

An inverse correlation has been shown between deprivation and cardiac revascularisationFear of hospitals, denial of ill health, and low expectations may prevent people with angina accessing health services

What this study adds

Fear, denial, and low expectations were important barriers to accessing health services, reinforcing earlier findingsOther factors may be specific to the study population—for example, coping, independence, and attributing symptoms to industrially related lung diseaseMany of the barriers operate before general practitioners are involved, making it difficult to identify solutions     

Patient non-attendance at urgent referral appointments for suspected cancer and its links to cancer diagnosis and one year mortality: A cohort study of patients referred on the Two Week Wait pathway

BackgroundThe ‘Two Week Wait’ policy aims to ensure patients with suspected cancer are seen within two weeks of referral. However, patient non-attendance can result in this target being missed. This study aimed to identify predictors of non-attendance; and analyse the relationship between attendance and outcomes including cancer diagnosis and early mortality.MethodsA cohort study of 109,433 adults registered at 105 general practices, referred to a cancer centre within a large NHS hospital trust (April 2009 to December 2016) on the ‘Two Week Wait’ pathway.Results5673 (5.2%) patients did not attend. Non-attendance was largely predicted by patient factors (younger and older age, male gender, greater deprivation, suspected cancer site, earlier year of referral, greater distance to the hospital) over practice factors (greater deprivation, lower Quality and Outcomes Framework score, lower cancer conversion rate, lower cancer detection rate). 10,360 (9.6%) patients were diagnosed with cancer within six months of referral (9.8% attending patients, 5.6% non-attending patients). Among these patients, 2029 (19.6%) died within 12 months of diagnosis: early mortality risk was 31.3% in non-attenders and 19.2% in attending patients.ConclusionsNon-attendance at urgent referral appointments for suspected cancer involves a minority of patients but happens in predictable groups. Cancer diagnosis was less likely in non-attending patients but these patients had worse early mortality outcomes than attending patients. The study findings have implications for cancer services and policy.     

我国基层医疗卫生信息系统功能建设与应用现状研究

目的 调查全国基层医疗卫生服务机构信息系统功能建设、使用和应用效果。方法 采取分层整群随机抽样,对全国3 245家基层医疗卫生机构进行网络问卷调查,采用描述、χ²检验等统计方法进行分析。结果 我国基层医疗卫生信息系统覆盖率达到了75%以上;所有已建功能的使用率均超过了80%,其中基本公共卫生服务类功能使用率最高,医疗协同类功能使用率最低;功能的使用率与其数据的共享程度密切相关;有40.65%的机构对现有系统支撑业务的能力表示不满意;用户的满意程度与系统是否存在重复录入之间存在直接的关联。结论 我国基层医疗卫生信息系统建设得到长足发展,但数据重复录入等问题有待进一步改善,通过整合系统、提高数据共享程度,避免数据重复录入将有效提升用户满意度,充分发挥系统业务支撑作用。