激光对花生诱变效果的研究

Ｈｅ－ＮｅＹＡＧ和ＣＯ２激光对花生Ｌ１代幼苗期有刺激生长的作用,ＣＯ２激光对花生Ｌ１代的株高有较明显的抑制作用,ＣＯ２,Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ和ＹＡＧ激光对花生Ｌ１代植株的总果数,饱果数有一定的增多作用,且前者最明显,但Ｎ２激光对花生Ｌ１代植株的总果数,饱果数均有明显的减少作用;Ｈｅ－ＮｅＹＡＧ,Ｎ２和ＣＯ２激光均能诱发药生根尖细胞染色体畸变,且畸变率随辐照剂量的增大而上升,以上四种激光所诱发发生的变异性状是     

CO_2激光与γ射线辐照花生的效应研究

ＣＯ￣２激光对花生的诱变效应跟￣５０Ｃｏ－γ射线对花生的诱变效应相仿,能诱发花生根尖细胞染色体畸变,且畸变率随辐照剂量的增加而上升;也能使花生的一些生物学特征发生变异,其变异性状能向继代遗传。     

激光辐照玉米诱发同工酶及染色体变异的研究

利用ＣＯ２激光辐照玉米种子,分析了酯酶同工酶（ＥＳＴ）和过氧化物酶同工酶（ＰＯＤ）及根尖细胞染色体变异,探讨了苗期损伤与染色体和同工酶变异的关系。结果表明：ＣＯ２激光辐照可诱发ＥＳＴ和ＰＯＤ活性和种类的变化,ＥＳＴ３和ＰＯＤ３随辐照剂量增加活性逐渐减弱以致消失,在根尖细胞中可观察到微核、染色体落后和染色体桥等变异,其畸变率的剂量效应可用Ｙ＝ａ＋ｂｘ来描述。Ｍ１种子发芽率、苗高与同工酶变化大小表现出     

入侵植物香丝草水浸提液对蚕豆和玉米根尖染色体行为的影响

以采自农田中自然生长的植物群落中的香丝草为供体,以典型的双子叶植物蚕豆和典型的单子叶植物玉米的幼苗为受体,运用根尖微核试验和染色体畸变试验,研究了香丝草的根、茎、叶和幼果4种器官水浸提液对受体的遗传毒性。结果表明:(1)在香丝草不同器官水浸提液作用下,蚕豆和玉米根尖细胞的有丝分裂各时期均受到明显影响,细胞中出现了微核、染色体桥、染色体断片、染色体环、染色体粘连及染色体滞后等多种染色体畸变。(2)香丝草各器官水浸提液对蚕豆幼苗根尖细胞分裂的抑制作用明显大于玉米。(3)香丝草各器官水浸提液对蚕豆和玉米幼苗根尖的染色体畸变诱导存在显著的浓度效应,即水浸提液浓度越高,受体的微核率和畸变率越高,相应的有丝分裂指数越低,水浸提液的诱导作用与浓度呈正相关关系,但不是简单的加和作用。(4)香丝草各器官水浸提液均具有较强的遗传毒性,但整体化感效应表现为叶＞幼果＞茎＞根,即叶片产生的化感作用最强。因此,香丝草分泌的化感物质可能通过对受体植物生长点的细胞有丝分裂和细胞形态产生影响,造成受体植物染色体的多种畸变和不可逆的遗传损伤,从而成功入侵新的栖息地。     

CO2激光与r射线辐照花生的效应研究

ＣＯ２激光对花生的诱变效应跟６０Ｃｏ－ｒ射线对花生的诱变效应相仿,能诱发花生根尖细胞染色体畸变,且畸变率随辐照剂量的增加而上升,也能使花生的一些生物学特征发生变春变异性状能向继代遗传。     

氯苯胁迫对蚕豆幼苗生长和细胞分裂的影响

研究了1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB)对蚕豆幼苗生长、根尖细胞分裂及染色体畸变的影响．结果表明,随TCB浓度增加和处理时间延长,蚕豆幼苗根长的生长及根尖细胞有丝分裂指数降低甚至停止．TCB诱发蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂过程中染色体数目畸变和结构畸变．50-100μg.g^-1TCB胁迫12-24h,蚕豆根尖染色体的主要损伤形式为c-有丝分裂、染色体桥和不均匀排列,其出现百分率达1．0％--10.3％．300μg.g^-1TCB胁迫12-96h,蚕豆根尖细胞中染色体粘连(S)、S+染色体断裂(S+B)、S+染色体环(S+R)、S+染色体不均匀排列(S+A)及S+染色体桥(S+Be)出现的百分率达47．9％--88.9％,各种类型染色体断裂出现的百分率仅为18．1％--29．6％,说明蚕豆根尖细胞染色体畸变分析可作为TCB土壤污染监测的敏感生物监测指标．     

提高辐射诱变育种效果及辐射遗传效应的研究：Ⅲ作物辐射遗传效应 …

试验结果证明：１．γ辐射处理可导致水稻和蚕豆芽中可溶性蛋白质与同工酶谱的变化;２．γ射线诱发蚕豆根尖细胞畸变率、断片率、微核率、染色体畸变率与辐照剂量的关系均符合模式Ｙ＝ａ＋ｂｘ＋ｃｘ＾２,呈抛物线变化趋势;３．微核率、断片率与核畸变率、染色体畸变率呈正相关。从而作者认为微核率、断片率可以作为检测染色体辐射效应的可靠指标;４．γ射线照射可引起蚕豆根尖细胞染色体带型的变化。     

提高辐射诱变育种效果及辐射遗传效应的研究Ⅲ作物辐射遗传效应的研究

试验结果证明：１．γ辐射处理可导致水稻和蚕豆芽中可溶性蛋白质与同工酶谱的变化;２．γ射线诱发蚕豆根尖细胞畸变率、断片率、微核率、染色体畸变率与辐照剂量的关系均符合模式Ｙ＝ａ＋ｂｘ＋ｃｘ￣２,呈抛物线变化趋势;３．微核率、断片率与核畸变率、染色体畸变率呈正相关。从而作者认为微核率、断片率可以作为检测染色体辐射效应的可靠指标;４．γ射线照射可引起蚕豆根尖细胞染色体带型的变化。     

褐藻寡糖抗环磷酰胺诱导蚕豆根尖的细胞遗传毒性

采用蚕豆根尖细胞的微核试验和染色体畸变试验方法,测定不同浓度的褐藻寡糖对环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide,CP)诱导的蚕豆根尖细胞的微核率、有丝分裂指数和染色体畸变率的影响。结果表明:褐藻寡糖能有效抑制环磷酰胺诱导的蚕豆根尖细胞微核的产生,即在一定浓度范围内,微核率随褐藻寡糖处理浓度的降低而减少,但低于一定浓度后反而呈上升趋势;不同浓度的褐藻寡糖均可使蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂指数增大;褐藻寡糖还能有效降低蚕豆根尖细胞染色体畸变率。因此,褐藻寡糖对蚕豆根尖细胞具有明显的诱抗活性和调节细胞分裂生长的效应。     

CO2激光照射对油菜种子活力指数的数学模拟

本试验采用多项式模拟方法,研究ＣＯ２激光对油菜种子活力指标的影响,分别得出了发芽种子的下胚轴长与ＣＯ２激光照射时间;发芽种子的胚根长与ＣＯ２激光照射时间;种子的发芽指数与ＣＯ２激光照射时间;萌动种子的过氧化氢酶活性与ＣＯ２激光照射时间;地上部鲜重与ＣＯ２激光照射时间;全株鲜重与ＣＯ２激光照射时间的数学模型。揭示了油菜种子活力与ＣＯ２激光照射时间的关系。     

Radiation Protective Effect of Polysaccharide from Spirulina platensis on Plant Cells from Radiation Genetic Damage

Vicia faba seeds were treated with polysaccharide from Spirulina platensis before and after radiation. From the results of nuclear aberration frequency and types of chromosomal aberration in Vicia faba root tip ceils it is proposed that Spirulina p1antensis was a natural radioprotector. At a polysaccharide concentration of 0.1%–0.15%, radiation damage on Vicia faba could be reduced both in pretreated and posttreated groups. The effect of protection was more significant in posttreated group than in the pretreated one.     

Clastogenic and mitodepressive effects of the insecticide dichlorvos on root meristems of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vicia faba</Emphasis>

Plant bioassays are an important and integral part of the test battery used in detecting genotoxic/carcinogenic contamination in the environment. Highly sensitive biomonitoring of plant models have been developed, which enables the detection of hazards arising from pesticides, insecticides, industrial contamination, heavy metals and radiation. Root tips of Vicia faba ssp. minor were treated with 1-60 mM of the organophosphorus insecticide dichlorvos (DDVP) for 2 h, followed by a 20-h recovery period. Maleic acid hydrazide (MH) was used as a positive control for the mitotic index, micronucleus and chromosomal aberration assays performed on the Vicia model system. All treatments with DDVP significantly decreased the mitotic activity and increased the frequency of chromosomal aberrations at the metaphase. The frequency of micronuclei was significantly increased at DDVP concentrations starting from 10 mM. The results demonstrate clastogenic and mitodepressive effects of DDVP on Vicia faba cells.     

The use of Tradescantia and Vicia faba bioassays for the in situ detection of mutagens in an aquatic environment.

Tests have shown plant bioassays to be excellent for mutagenicity studies. Most studies with plant bioassays, however, have been carried out either in the laboratory, or if, in situ, as monitors of atmospheric contaminants. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the utility of in situ plant mutagenicity bioassays in monitoring water contaminants. The assay systems tested were the Tradescantia stamen hair and micronucleus assays for the detection of gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations respectively, and the Vicia faba bioassay system which detects chromosomal aberrations in root tips. The assays were used to test the effluent from a pulp and paper mill located on the north shore of Lake Superior. Assays were performed in a creek containing raw effluent and in the bay of Lake Superior into which the creek emptied. All in situ treatments were carried out for 24 h. The effluent from the creek was heavy with pulp and debris which coated the plant cuttings and the Vicia faba seedlings and may have restricted the uptake from the effluent. In the creek, at test sites 11.5 km from the source, the effluent was toxic to the Vicia faba roots as evidenced by a reduction in the mitotic index. The data for the Tradescantia stamen hair assay in the creek were equivocal. The cuttings from the creek test sites and the air and water control sites appeared to have undergone a physiological delay. Within a day or two after the return to the laboratory, that is 6-8 days after testing, flowering almost ceased and did not fully resume until about day 35. This reduction in flowering was particularly severe with the cuttings from the effluent and air control sites, making it very difficult to interpret the results. In contrast, the Tradescantia micronucleus and Vicia faba chromosomal aberration data were unequivocal; each produced positive responses at both test sites relative to the air and water controls. The results obtained for the bay sites with all 3 assays were in agreement. In that section of the bay visibly contaminated by the creek effluent, increases in stamen hair mutants, micronuclei, and chromosome aberrations were measured. In general, there was a considerable reduction in the number of mutant events observed for the water samples brought back from the test sites and tested in the laboratory.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

The cytogenetic effect of products of cytosine radiolysis: Isobarbituric acid and dialuric acid

The cytogenetic effect of two radiolytic cytosine products, i.e. of isobarbituric acid and of dialuric acid has been studied on a system of resting meristem ofVicia faba L. on chromosomal level. Both compounds produced in a concentration 10^-3 and 10^-4 M chromosomal aberrations with a relatively low frequency, about 4 aberrations per 100 anaphases after 12 h of treatment. Among the aberration types chromosomal and chromatid breaks and minutes pre-dominated.     

重铬酸钾对蚕豆根尖细胞致畸效应的研究

以蚕豆根尖为材料,研究重铬酸钾对蚕豆根尖细胞的致畸效应。采用蚕豆根尖细胞的微核试验和染色体畸变试验方法,以不同浓度的重铬酸钾为诱变剂,测定蚕豆根尖细胞的微核率和染色体畸变率。结果表明:重铬酸钾能诱发较高频率的微核率,即在一定浓度范围内,其微核率随重铬酸钾处理浓度的升高而增加,但高于一定浓度后反而呈下降趋势;不同浓度的重铬酸钾均使蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂指数增大;重铬酸钾还能诱导蚕豆根尖细胞产生较高频率的染色体畸变,且产生多种类型的染色体畸变。结论是重铬酸钾对蚕豆根尖细胞具有明显的致畸效应。     

Exposure of Vicia faba and Pisum sativum to copper-induced genotoxicity

The potential genotoxicity of Cu(2+) was investigated in Vicia faba and Pisum sativum seedlings in hydroponic culture conditions. Cu(2+) caused a dose-dependent increase in micronuclei frequencies in both plant models. Cytological analysis of root tips cells showed clastogenic and aneugenic effects of this heavy metal on V. faba root meristems. Cu(2+) induced chromosomal alterations at the lowest concentration used (2.5 mM) when incubated for 42 h, indicating the potent mutagenic effect of this ion. A spectrum of chromosomal abnormalities was observed in V. faba root meristems, illustrating the genotoxic events leading to micronuclei formation.     

A combination of thidiazuron and benzyladenine promotes multiple shoot production from cotyledonary node explants of faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

A procedure for multiple shoot formation from cotyledonary node explants of faba bean (Vicia faba L.cv.S.Ghdar) cultured on MS medium containing benzyladenine (BA) and thidiazuron (TDZ) was developed. Explants on medium with TDZ in combination with BA produced a higher number of shoots than with either cytokinin alone. The highest number of shoots was obtained when explants from 7-day-old seedlings were cultured on MS medium supplemented with TDZ and BA (2 mgl–1 each) for 31 days before transfer to hormone-free MS medium for elongation. Shoots produced in vitro were rooted on half-strength agar-solidified MS basal medium or with 0.25 or 0.5 mgl–1 naphthalenacetic acid (NAA) prior to transfer to green house conditions. This procedure was found to be applicable to seven other cultivars of faba bean from widely diverse provenances. Thus, it can be advantageously applied to the production of transgenic faba bean plants.     

He-Ne激光处理不同时期蚕豆幼苗对抗氧化系统的影响

采用功率为3.50 mW/mm2的He-Ne激光处理不同时期蚕豆,研究其四叶期叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及同工酶谱的变化。结果表明,与对照相比,He-Ne激光处理不同时期蚕豆,MDA含量均显著降低,且各处理间没有显著差异;SOD、POD、CAT酶活性有不同程度提高。SOD、POD同工酶的酶谱在浸种24小时和胚芽露头期经激光处理后改变,在一叶期处理后没有改变;CAT同工酶谱没有变化;在一叶期处理的三种同工酶谱都没有改变。