樟树组培苗轻基质育苗技术研究

为提高乡土阔叶树种樟树Cinnamomum camphora的育苗效率,以其新选育的优良无性系组培苗为材料,配置6种以泥炭为主要成分的轻基质组合,开展基质配比、容器规格、空气切根和施缓释肥试验。结果表明,基质配比对苗高、地径、高径比、SPAD值与存活率均有显著影响;泥炭中添加蛭石、木糠或珍珠岩均能显著改善育苗效果,同时添加木糠和珍珠岩时效果最佳;而泥炭中添加椰糠的效果与对照100%黄心土近似,明显劣于其他基质。大穴盘组培苗的苗高、地径、SPAD值和存活率均显著高于小穴盘,但高径比不受容器规格影响;空气切根能明显促进地径生长,抑制主根生长,加快侧根和须根生长,使根系更发达;缓释肥处理能显著提升苗木高生长、高径比和SPAD值,但对存活率影响不大。     

不同林业废弃物配方基质的理化性质及其对西桦幼苗生长效应的综合评价

以林业废弃物木纤维、沤制树皮、椰糠和锯末为基质主料,分别与辅料草炭、黄心土、珍珠岩、蛭石、火烧土和碳化树皮以不同体积比配制16种配方基质,研究了16种配方基质的理化性质及其对西桦(Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don)幼苗的生长和叶片部分生理指标的影响,综合评价各配方基质对西桦幼苗的育苗效果,并筛选出适宜西桦幼苗生长的最佳配方基质。结果表明:16种配方基质的容重、总孔隙度、通气孔隙度、持水孔隙度、电导率和p H值分别为0.21~0.81 g·cm~(-3)、35.87%~63.35%、2.00%~21.74%、24.78%~53.03%、0.04~0.15 m S·cm~(-1)和p H 5.29~p H 7.43,碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质的含量分别为94.50~652.75 mg·kg~(-1)、3.37~72.67 mg·kg~(-1)、49.50~227.75 mg·kg~(-1)和5.45~43.80 g·kg~(-1)。其中,以林业废弃物为主料的T5[V(沤制树皮)∶V(锯末)∶V(碳化树皮)=6∶3∶1]至T16[V(锯末)∶V(椰糠)∶V(火烧土)∶V(珍珠岩)=3∶3∶2∶2]配方基质的电导率、持水孔隙度、碱解氮含量、速效钾含量和有机质含量总体上显著高于T1[V(黄心土)∶V(锯末)∶V(火烧土)=6∶3∶1]配方基质(对照),容重显著低于对照。不同配方基质中西桦幼苗的根冠比、单株根干质量和叶片叶绿素a含量与叶绿素b含量的比值的差异较小,其他生长指标和生理指标均存在明显差异,其中,T11[V(木纤维)∶V(草炭)∶V(椰糠)=4∶3∶3]和T12[V(木纤维)∶V(草炭)∶V(椰糠)=3∶4∶3]配方基质中西桦幼苗的单株茎叶干质量、单株根干质量、单株总干质量、株高增长量、地径增长量、高径比、苗木质量指数和叶片总叶绿素含量均高于或显著高于对照,表现出明显的生长优势。综合评价结果显示:T11和T12配方基质中西桦幼苗的综合评价指数较高,分别为0.444和0.440,西桦幼苗实际生长效果也较佳。为了减少草炭使用量,建议将T11配方基质作为西桦幼苗育苗的最佳配方基质。     

不同栽培基质对浙江楠和闽楠容器苗生长和根系发育的影响

按体积比5∶5、6∶4、7∶3和8∶2分别将泥炭与珍珠岩、谷壳、树皮粉和香菇废料混合制成16种栽培基质,研究了不同基质组成和配比对浙江楠(Phoebe chekiangensisC.B.Shang)和闽楠[P.bournei (Hemsl.) Yang]容器苗生长状况(包括苗高、地径、总干质量和根冠比4个指标)以及根系发育状况(包括根总长、根表面积和根体积3个指标)的影响.结果表明:采用不同基质,浙江楠和闽楠容器苗的各项指标间均有差异,其中部分指标有显著差异.从基质组成看,使用泥炭-珍珠岩、泥炭-谷壳和泥炭-树皮粉3类基质,浙江楠和闽楠容器苗的生长和根系发育的各项指标均优于使用泥炭-香菇废料基质,表明前3种基质组成更有利于浙江楠和闽楠容器苗的生长和根系发育.从基质配比看,当基质中泥炭体积分数达到70％时,浙江楠和闽楠容器苗的苗高和地径最大;而当基质中泥炭体积分数达到50％时,其根总长、根表面积和根体积较大;但基质中泥炭比例对容器苗总干质量的影响无明显规律.除闽楠容器苗的地径外,基质组成与基质配比的交互作用对浙江楠和闽楠容器苗的生长和根系发育指标均有显著影响.综合分析结果表明:选用泥炭-谷壳或泥炭-树皮粉基质,按体积比7∶3配制,适用于浙江楠容器苗的培育;按体积比8∶2配制,适用于闽楠容器苗的培育.     

不同栽培基质对桔梗幼苗生长及生理指标的影响

目的∶研究不同栽培基质对桔梗容器苗生长及生理指标的影响，为桔梗的规范化栽培提供依据。方法∶设置T₁(100%营养土)、T₂(营养土∶泥炭=1∶1)、T₃(营养土∶珍珠岩∶泥炭=1∶1∶1)、T₄(泥炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=2∶1∶1)4种不同配比的组合处理，通过盆栽试验研究不同基质处理下桔梗容器苗生长指标及生理参数的变化，并借助隶属函数法对不同处理下桔梗幼苗的培育效果进行评价。结果∶栽培基质不同对桔梗幼苗生长及生理指标有显著影响。T₃和T₄处理下桔梗幼苗的生长量显著高于T₁、T₂处理，表现为幼苗生长健壮、根系生物量较大；不同处理之间叶长的差异不显著，但叶片宽及叶面积差异显著；基质不同对桔梗的花朵数、花直径、裂片长、裂片宽均有显著影响，表现为T₂处理下花朵数、花直径显著高于T₁、T₃(P<0.05);T₄处理下幼苗的可溶性蛋白质...     

8种轻型屋顶绿化植物种间竞争性研究

以8种常见的轻型屋顶绿化植物为试材,在不同厚度基质上采用随机混植模式配置,通过观测植物覆盖度和植被景观变化,分析不同植物种间竞争性。结果表明,松叶牡丹Portulaca grandiflora具有较强的侵占性,在构建多植物混植景观中宜慎用;垂盆草Sedum sarmentosum和黄花景天S.mexicanum具有较强竞争力和抗逆性,随着基质层厚度降低覆盖度占比增大;万点星S.acre和凹叶景天S.emarginatum竞争能力次之,在不同厚度基质层中覆盖度占比差异不大;玉吊钟Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi‘Rosy Dawn’、高景天S.kamtschaticum‘ellacombeanum’和棒槌玉莲S.nussbaumerianum匍匐竞争能力弱,适宜做竖向景观营建。综合考虑植被稳定性和建设成本,营建多样性轻型屋顶绿化植物景观选择基质层厚度10 cm为宜。     

基质和水氮处理对假茉莉水分利用率及生物量的影响

假茉莉(Clerodendrum inerme)是一种重要的半红树植物,是海岛及沿海防护林的重要组成部分,淡水、土壤是海岛植被恢复的重要生态因子。为了总结出最适合假茉莉生长发育的土壤及水肥条件,该文设置了不同基质、浇水频率及氮素处理,对不同处理下假茉莉的生物量及水分利用率进行了研究。结果表明:(1)在不同的基质中,含泥炭的混合基质对于假茉莉生物量的积累具有突出作用,S_4基质(珊瑚砂∶泥炭∶红壤土∶椰糠=12∶2∶3∶3)地下生物量(平方根)为1.66 g,极显著高于不含泥炭的基质,S_1基质(珊瑚砂∶泥炭=3∶2)总生物量(平方根)为4.54 g,极显著高于其他基质。(2)中、低浇水频率下的总生物量分别为4.02、4.23 g,极显著高于高浇水频率下的3.46 g,而不同氮素处理间生物量的差异并不显著,这表明假茉莉在中、低浇水频率,少施氮肥或不施氮肥的条件下仍然能够获得较高的生物量。(3)对于水分利用率而言,原珊瑚砂基质保水性较差,水分利用率较低,而混合基质在中、低浇水频率下水分利用率均有不同显著程度的提高。综上结果显示,假茉莉在含泥炭基质,中、低浇水频率,无氮或低氮条件下能够较好生长。     

光照强度及栽培基质对秋海棠新品种‘宁明银’生长的影响

秋海棠是世界著名的观赏植物,不同种类和品种对栽培基质、光照、温度和湿度等生长环境条件的要求不同。‘宁明银’秋海棠是最近培育出的新品种,具有很高的观赏价值和市场潜力,但其栽培适宜条件还不清楚。为了摸索该品种的最佳栽培基质和光照条件,该研究利用四种光强(遮光45%、60%、75%、90%)和四种无土栽培基质(泥炭∶珍珠岩=1∶1;泥炭∶珍珠岩∶松树皮=1∶1∶1;腐叶土∶珍珠岩∶松树皮=1∶1∶1;玉米秆∶珍珠岩∶松树皮=1∶1∶1)在上海辰山植物园栽培大棚中开展盆栽试验,比较分析‘宁明银’秋海棠的生长表现。结果表明:在遮光45%条件下,腐叶土、珍珠岩、松树皮同等比例混合的栽培基质中,‘宁明银’秋海棠的叶片数、最大叶面积、地上部分鲜重与干重、地下部分干重均表现出最大值,且该条件下植株的相对含水量和根冠比最小,相对叶绿素含量也最高。因此,盆栽‘宁明银’秋海棠的最佳无土栽培条件为腐叶土、珍珠岩、松树皮等比例混合栽培基质和45%遮光,利用此条件可指导‘宁明银’秋海棠的商品化盆栽生产。     

淡黄花百合的引种驯化与繁殖栽培技术

在武汉对从云南红河州采集的野生淡黄花百合进行引种栽培,研究其物候期、生长发育规律及繁殖栽培技术,为引种栽培提供科学依据。结果表明:淡黄花百合适应性较好,植株生长健壮,开花结实正常,观赏价值高,耐热性良好;通过鳞茎、珠芽、种子繁殖,以珠芽繁殖效果较好;开展基质、施肥对珠芽生长的试验,表明泥炭与珍珠岩比例为1∶1、氮磷钾比例为2∶1∶1的组合对植株成活率、株高以及鳞茎增长等方面均具有显著促进作用,可作为珠芽繁殖的最佳配比,为淡黄花百合的人工繁育提供技术参考。     

油用牡丹容器育苗技术研究

采用不同基质配比开展油用牡丹容器育苗技术,分析不同处理对油用牡丹容器苗生长的影响。结果表明:油用牡丹容器苗对基质配比的生长反应差异很大,泥炭比例较高的配比基质其油用牡丹容器苗的生长表现较好。提高油用牡丹容器苗木质量的最佳基质组合为:泥炭70%+珍珠岩10%+蛭石10%+腐熟的鸡粪10%,该基质配比既能保证油用牡丹容器苗的苗高、地径、生物量等指标的充分生长,同时又能促进根系与基质紧密的根系团,有利于油用牡丹容器苗根系生长。     

栽培介质、营养液及化学药剂对红掌生长开花的影响

采用泥炭:珍珠岩:沙(1:1:1)、珍珠岩和水3种栽培介质及3个配方的营养液对红掌进行无土栽培,结果表明,以水作为介质,营养液配方为N:P₂O₅:K₂O=4:1:8的培养液对红掌株高、叶片数及植株净重的增加效果最好,但水培对红掌开花无促进作用。以水为介质的红掌经高温(32℃)胁迫后叶片黄化数为零,显著低于其它处理组;而在泥炭:珍珠岩:沙(1:1:1)介质中,则是6-BA处理的叶片黄化数明显低于其它处理组。     

Physico-chemical and chemical properties of some coconut coir dusts for use as a peat substitute for containerised ornamental plants

Selected physico-chemical and chemical characteristics of 13 coconut coir dust (mesocarp pithy tissue plus short-length fibres) samples from Asia, America and Africa were evaluated as peat alternatives. All properties studied differed significantly between and within sources, and from the control Sphagnum peat. pH of coir dust was slightly acidic, whereas salinity varied dramatically between 39 and 597 mS m(-1) in the saturated media extract. The cation exchange capacity and carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio ranged from 31.7 to 95.4 cmol(c) kg(-1) and from 75 to 186, respectively. Most carbon was found as lignin and cellulose. The concentrations of available nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and micro-elements were low, while those of phosphorus and potassium were remarkably high (0.28-2.81 mol m(-3) and 2.97-52.66 mol m(-3) for P and K, respectively). Saline ion concentrations, especially chloride and sodium, were also high.     

Suppressiveness to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici in re-used perlite and perlite–peat substrates in soilless tomatoes

This work reports the occurrence of suppressiveness to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici (FORL) on recycled perlite and perlite–peat mix from closed and open soilless systems. Nine soilless systems were sampled from three different sites in Northern and Southern Italy and different parameters, including sampling site, growing period before sampling, electric conductivity of the nutrient solution, tomato cultivar, and irrigation system were considered. The effects on seed germination and FORL incidence on tomato seedlings were finally assessed with or without additional artificial inoculation of the pathogen and with or without autoclaving the samples prior to inoculation. Suppression of FORL was experimentally evaluated with a technique already adopted for rockwool. Results collected on perlite and perlite–peat confirmed the possibility to reduce FORL severity on recycled substrates. Only the composition of the substrate (perlite, perlite–peat mix) and the disinfestation did affect the incidence of FORL. Suppression of FORL was observed in not disinfected recycled perlite–peat substrates while a reduction of FORL incidence was also been recorded in disinfected and recycled perlite. Disease incidence decreased from an average ranging from 44.4% to 61.9% in new perlite to 2.5–36.3% in recycled one. Similarly disease incidence decreased from an average ranging from 35.9% to 75.2% in new perlite–peat mix to 0.4–26.4% in recycled perlite–peat mix. In conclusion the recorded data suggest the possibility to consider FORL suppression as a predictable phenomenon when recycled substrates (perlite, perlite–peat mix) are adopted.     

Composted grape marc as growing medium for hypostases (Hypostases phyllostagya)

The use of composted grape marc (CGM) as a plant growth medium was investigated with Hypostases (Hypostases phyllostagya). Seven media were prepared using CGM mixed, in different ratios, with native peat and perlite. The following mixtures were used: 100% CGM, 75% CGM + 25% peat, 50% CGM + 50% perlite, 25% CGM + 75% peat, 50% CGM + 25%) peat + 25% perlite, 25%, CGM + 50%, peat + 25% perlite and 100% peat. The experiment was arranged in a randomized plot design with four replicates under greenhouse conditions. After a growing period of three months, some horticultural parameters were measured. Besides, some physical and chemical properties of the growing medium were determined. The mixtures of 50% CGM + 50% peat, 25% CGM + 75% peat and 100% peat were found to be most suitable based on the horticultural parameters. This was confirmed through the physical characteristics. Up to 50% composted grape marc can be used in mixtures with peat on account of its low cost and high nutrient content.     

Formulation and Delivery of the Bacterial Antagonist Bacillus subtilis for Management of Lentil Vascular Wilt Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis

Different formulations of Bacillus subtilis were prepared using standard laboratory protocols. Bacillus subtilis survived in glucose and talc powders at 8.6 and 7.8 log₁₀ CFU/g, respectively, for 1 year of storage at room temperature compared with 3.5 log₁₀ CFU/g on a peat formulation. Glasshouse experiments using soil and seed treatments were conducted to test the efficacy of B. subtilis for protecting lentil against the wilt disease caused by Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. lentis. Seed treatments with formulations of B. subtilis on glucose, talc and peat significantly enhanced its biocontrol activity against Fusarium compared with a treatment in which spores were applied directly to seed. The formulations decreased disease severity by reducing colonization of plants by the pathogen, promoting their growth and increased the dry weight of lentil plants. Of these treatments the glucose and talc‐based powder formulations were more effective than the peat formulation and the spore application without a carrier. It was shown that the B. subtilis spores applied with glucose were viable for longer than those applied with other carriers. Seed treatment with these formulated spores is an effective delivery system that can provide a conducive environment for B. subtilis to suppress vascular wilt disease on lentil and has the potential for utilization in commercial field application.     

The Cultivation of Arabidopsis for Experimental Research Using Commercially Available Peat-Based and Peat-Free Growing Media

Experimental research involving Arabidopsis thaliana often involves the quantification of phenotypic traits during cultivation on compost or other growing media. Many commercially-available growing media contain peat, but peat extraction is not sustainable due to its very slow rate of formation. Moreover, peat extraction reduces peatland biodiversity and releases stored carbon and methane into the atmosphere. Here, we compared the experimental performance of Arabidopsis on peat-based and several types of commercially-available peat-free growing media (variously formed from coir, composted bark, wood-fibre, and domestic compost), to provide guidance for reducing peat use in plant sciences research with Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis biomass accumulation and seed yield were reduced by cultivation on several types of peat-free growing media. Arabidopsis performed extremely poorly on coir alone, presumably because this medium was completely nitrate-free. Some peat-free growing media were more susceptible to fungal contamination. We found that autoclaving of control (peat-based) growing media had no effect upon any physiological parameters that we examined, compared with non-autoclaved control growing media, under our experimental conditions. Overall, we conclude that Arabidopsis performs best when cultivated on peat-based growing media because seed yield was almost always reduced when peat-free media were used. This may be because standard laboratory protocols and growth conditions for Arabidopsis are optimized for peat-based media. However, during the vegetative growth phase several phenotypic traits were comparable between plants cultivated on peat-based and some peat-free media, suggesting that under certain circumstances peat-free media can be suitable for phenotypic analysis of Arabidopsis.     

城市屋顶绿化资源潜力评估及绿化策略分析——以深圳市福田中心区为例

屋顶绿化是现代城市改善生态环境条件,缓解高密度建成区人为活动负面影响的重要策略选择。以深圳市福田中心区为工作区,利用高精度遥感数据结合设计资料查询和实地调查构建基础数据源;在总结国内外研究成果的基础上,筛选适宜的屋顶绿化约束影响因子,构建资源潜力评估方法;对工作区进行城市屋顶绿化资源潜力评估和绿化策略探讨。结果表明:(1)建筑年代、承重结构、屋顶属性、屋顶小气候是城市屋顶绿化4个方面的主要适建要素,其所涵盖的建筑年代、建筑结构、屋面构造、屋顶功能、屋顶坡度、设备面积、建筑高度和遮荫状况等8个影响因子是决定城市屋顶绿化资源潜力的关键性指标;(2)把城市屋顶绿化纳入城市生态结构和功能建设的整体考虑中,积极开展资源评估、规划研究和配套管理政策建设是推进我国城市屋顶绿化发展重要任务;(3)深圳市中心区现状屋顶绿化率仅9%,剩余构筑物中有51%适合进行全部或部分屋顶绿化覆盖,今后应考虑采取强制、引导和鼓励等不同政策手段,选择适宜的绿化技术方案,对于现有以及正在建设的并且条件适宜的构筑物进行屋顶绿化。     

Survival of several <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizobium/Bradyrhizobium</Emphasis> strains on different inoculant formulations and inoculated seeds

The effect of a variety factors on the survival of several rhizobia strains on inoculants and inoculated seeds has been evaluated. Since the rhizobia strains showed different cell-density-evolution patterns on peat-based inoculants and on inoculated seeds, several inoculant formulations with highly effective Rhizobium/Bradyrhizobium strains (for Lupinus, Hedysarum, Phaseolus and Glycine max.) were monitored under the following storage conditions: (a) the inoculants were kept refrigerated (at 4 °C), or (b) at room temperature (25 °C). The effect of water content (30–50%, w/w) in the inoculants as well as that of several seed-coating adhesives were also investigated. Alternative carriers including perlite and vermiculite were tested. For all of the strains, survival on sterile peat-based inoculants was higher than on the corresponding unsterile peat formulation; for the latter, refrigerated storage conditions are recommended to ensure high bacterial densities. The water content of the inoculants had a differential effect on strain survival depending on the sterility of the peat, such that a high water content was more detrimental when unsterilized peat was employed. The best adherent for rhizobia survival was a gum arabic/water solution. Perlite was as effective as peat in maintaining a high population of rhizobia, at least for 6 months of storage. Electronic Publication     

小麦秸秆复合基质的理化指标及其对黄瓜幼苗生长和光合参数的影响

以小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)秸秆基质(发酵)为主,按不同比例分别添加蛭石、珍珠岩和草炭,配制10种复合基质;以不含小麦秸秆基质的复合基质为对照,对各基质的基本理化性状进行了分析和比较,并研究了不同基质对黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)幼苗生长、叶片叶绿素含量和光合参数的影响。结果显示:不同基质的理化指标有明显差异,小麦秸秆基质与蛭石、珍珠岩和草炭混配均降低或显著降低了基质的容重、总孔隙度、持水孔隙度、水气比、小颗粒含量、pH值和电导率,提高了通气孔隙度以及大、中颗粒的含量。按V(小麦秸秆基质)∶V(蛭石)∶V(草炭)=50∶25∶25的比例配制的复合基质T9的容重、总孔隙度、通气孔隙度、持水孔隙度、水气比和电导率分别为0.33g.cm-3、68.1%、15.3%、52.8%、3.45和3.91 mS.cm-1,理化性状最佳,具有良好的吸水和保水性能。总体上看,随复合基质中小麦秸秆基质比例的降低,黄瓜幼苗的株高、茎粗、根总长、根总体积、平均单根直径和根尖总数、生物量和壮苗指数以及叶片的叶绿素含量均呈上升趋势;复合基质中小麦秸秆基质比例较高,黄瓜叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均较低,但与对照相比,不同基质对叶片胞间CO2浓度及水分利用效率无显著影响。在复合基质T9中黄瓜幼苗的这些生长指标、壮苗指数以及叶片叶绿素含量和光合参数总体上高于或显著高于对照和其他复合基质,生长良好。结果表明:复合基质T9较适合黄瓜幼苗的生长发育,可作为黄瓜育苗基质。