淹水胁迫对3种园林植物幼苗光合特性的影响

用Li-6400型光合仪测定不同淹水处理下海南蒲桃Syzygium cumini、山杜英Elaeocarpus sylvestris和荷木Schima superba幼苗的光合特性。结果表明,随着淹水时间的持续,3种幼苗的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率持续下降,其中淹水5 cm处理的幼苗下降幅度大于淹水土表面处理(0 cm);海南蒲桃幼苗的净光合速率下降幅度最小,荷木幼苗次之,山杜英幼苗最大。根据所测光合指标综合判断,3种幼苗的耐淹能力为海南蒲桃荷木山杜英。     

华南阔叶树种幼苗叶片的养分特征

研究了阔叶树种幼苗山杜英、红锥、海南红豆、火力楠、红花油茶、枫香、黎蒴、米老排和樟树的N、P、K浓度和单位叶面积含量。结果表明,海南红豆、黎蒴和樟树的N、P、K浓度较高,而红花油茶、黎蒴和樟树的单位叶面积N、P、K含量较高,9种树种的上部和下部叶片的平均养分浓度分别为N16．67和17．09g·kg^-1,P1．29和0．84g·kg^-1,K11．77和6．65g·kg^-1,平均养分含量分别为N0．871和1．069g·m^-2,P0．065和0．052g·m^-2,K0．608和0．426g·m^-2,各树种上部叶片的P和K浓度和含量大于下部叶片,从养分含量的角度考虑,红花油茶与其他8种树种混交,红锥或米老排与山杜英、枫香、海南红豆、黎蒴、樟树混交,火力楠与黎蒴、樟树混交是合理的。     

青杨雌雄幼苗对主要矿质元素的吸收与分配差异

研究了一年生青杨雌雄幼苗及其不同部位对主要矿质元素（N、P、K、Ca、Mg）的吸收与分配特性及其性别间差异。结果显示：青杨雌株总P、总Ca的含量均显著高于雄株,总K含量则显著低于雄株。青杨雌雄幼苗叶片N含量均显著高于根、茎N含量,P、K、Mg含量分别表现出根＞茎＞叶、叶＞根＞茎、根＞叶＞茎的趋势。青杨雄株Ca含量呈现出根＞茎＞叶的趋势,但雌株却表现出根＞叶＞茎的趋势。同时,青杨雌株根P、叶Ca的含量均显著高于雄株,根Mg含量则显著低于雄株。此外,矿质元素含量比例在雌、雄幼苗根、茎、叶中均分别表现为Ca＞K＞N＞Mg＞P,Ca＞N＞K＞P＞Mg,N＞K＞Ca＞Mg＞P。结果表明,尽管矿质元素的比例模式在青杨雌雄幼苗的根、茎和叶中均相似,但其含量和分配在雌雄幼苗间具有显著的性别差异。     

不同配比施肥对马尾松幼苗生长特征的影响

为获得马尾松幼苗最佳施肥配方,该文以1年生马尾松幼苗为试验材料,采用L₁₆（4³）正交设计,并通过测定幼苗苗高、地径、生物量、叶绿素含量、叶片N、P、K含量,探讨不同N、P、K配比施肥对马尾松幼苗生长特征影响。结果表明：（1）不同配比施肥处理间马尾松幼苗苗高、地径、生物量、质量指数、叶绿素和养分含量存在显著差异,其中,处理12生物量、质量指数、叶绿素a和总叶绿素含量、隶属值最高。（2）施N对幼苗生长及生理指标均有极显著影响;施K对苗高、地径、地上生物量、总生物量有显著影响,对叶绿素和针叶养分有极显著影响;施P对叶绿素a、叶绿素b、针叶N和P含量有极显著影响,对苗高、地下生物量、总叶绿素含量有显著影响。（3）施N对苗高、地径、地上生物量、总生物量、质量指数、叶绿素a含量、总叶绿素含量和针叶N含量的影响最大,K次之,P最小。各因素对地下生物量和针叶P含量的影响均表现为N>P>K。（4）N3水平利于幼苗苗高地径的生长及生物量的积累,N4水平利于叶绿素a和总叶绿素含量及针叶N、P含量的积累,P4水平利于生物量、叶绿素含量和养分P含量的积累...     

模拟酸雨对盆栽樟树（Cinnamomum camphora）幼苗叶矿质元素含量的影响

采用盆栽方法,以不同pH值（3.0、4.0、5.0）的模拟酸雨溶液对樟树幼苗进行浇灌处理,研究不同酸度酸雨对樟树幼苗叶矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明,各酸雨处理后樟树幼苗叶矿质元素含量都受到一定程度的影响,N、P、Ca、Mg、Fe、Al、Cu、Mn、Ni含量均较对照有所增加;C、K、Zn含量有所减少。S、Cd、Pb含量变化表现为：pH3.0处理S、Cd含量增加,Pb含量下降;pH4.0处理S、Cd、Pb含量均下降;pH5.0处理S、Cd含量减少,Pb含量增加。相关分析则表明,酸液pH值与樟树幼苗叶中N、Mn含量呈显著负相关。该项研究可为南方城市绿化树种的选择提供理论依据。     

华南地区6种阔叶幼苗叶片形态特征的季节变化

对山杜英、米老排、樟树、海南红豆、红花油茶和红锥6种幼苗叶长和叶宽的相关性和叶片的比叶重变化进行了研究,结果表明：幼苗各月份的叶长和叶宽呈极显著正相关。根据相关系数把6种幼苗分为：a),叶长和叶宽的相关性随季节变化型,包括山杜英、红花油茶、海南红豆、红锥;b),叶长和叶宽的相关性稳定型,有樟树和米老排。6种幼苗叶片的比叶重随幼苗种类和季节而变化,新叶的比叶重上半年比下半年变化大,老叶全年变化较小,上半年新叶的比叶重比老叶低,下半年两者相近。红花油茶新叶和老叶的平均比叶重明显大于其余5种幼苗。     

铜处理对菠菜幼苗矿质营养吸收和细胞超微结构的影响

土壤重金属积累严重影响植物生长和生态系统平衡,探寻植物对重金属的耐性机理尤为重要.菠菜可能具有一定的耐铜性,但Cu对其矿质元素吸收、细胞超微结构等方面的耐性机理尚不明确.本研究以菠菜幼苗为研究对象,通过盆栽试验,探究不同浓度铜处理对菠菜幼苗生长、矿质元素吸收、叶片细胞超微结构等指标的影响.结果表明: 100 mg·L^-1 CuSO₄处理浓度时,菠菜幼苗根Cu²⁺积累量小于地上部,其根系生长量增加,地上部生长量稍有下降,继续增加铜处理浓度,植物体各器官生长参数均呈下降趋势.低浓度铜处理时(<400 mg·L^-1 CuSO₄),菠菜幼苗叶N、K、Ca、Mg、Fe含量增加,P含量减少;根N、P、K含量减少,Ca、Mg、Fe含量增加;叶片细胞内各细胞器清晰可见,基粒片层排列仍较为整齐,叶绿体内外膜完整.高浓度铜处理时(>600 mg·L^-1 CuSO₄),菠菜幼苗叶N含量增加,P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe含量减少;根N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe含量均减少;叶片细胞内叶绿体变圆,叶绿体膜变薄,基质、基粒片层变少,层堆积高度下降,细胞核解体,液泡、细胞壁中有黑色小点分布,可能是大量Cu²⁺聚集导致细胞内膨压增大所致.低浓度铜处理并未对菠菜幼苗的生长生理特性产生明显的负面影响,而高浓度铜处理并未终止菠菜幼苗的生长.说明菠菜幼苗具有一定的耐铜性.     

大兴安岭地区笃斯越橘基生枝条矿质养分特性

以大兴安岭地区3种主要立地类型的笃斯越橘为试验材料,通过分析由灌丛基部萌生的1~2年生(S1)、3年生(S2)、4年生(S3)、5年生(S4)、趋于衰老的多年生(S5)枝条叶片和茎部,以及衰老枝条(S6)的N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn含量分布规律及其与新梢生长的关系,明确矿质元素在笃斯越橘不同年龄基生枝上叶片及茎部的分布特性,探索矿质营养与笃斯越橘树体生长发育及衰老更新的关系。结果表明:(1)6种元素在不同年龄枝条分布呈现不同的规律,其中,N、P、K随基生枝条年龄增加大致呈下降趋势,叶片和茎部分别在S5、S6时期降到最小值;Ca在衰老枝条上含量最高,Mg元素在S1时期叶片上分布较高;Mn在不同年龄基生枝中波动较小,水湿地、山地类型叶片Mn元素随枝龄增加而提高,茎部则先增后减,在S5时期分布最高;N、P、K、Ca、Mg含量表现为叶片明显高于茎部,而塔头草甸类型茎部Mn略高于叶片,且茎部Mn含量高达2 000mg·kg~(-1)。(2)笃斯越橘的新梢生长量与叶片K、Mg以及茎部N、K、Mg含量呈极显著正相关关系,与叶片Ca、Mn以及茎部Ca含量呈显著或极显著负相关关系。(3)典型相关分析结果显示,影响笃斯越橘新梢生长量的矿质元素因子因基生枝条年龄而异;S1时期主要与叶片Mg含量有关,S2~S4阶段受茎部K、Ca、Mg影响最大,S5时期主要受叶片Ca含量影响。(4)笃斯越橘的衰老可能与Ca积累有关。     

福建省马尾松和杉木针叶中7种营养元素含量特征

为了解福建省马尾松和杉木人工林养分需求特征,选取25个马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林和31个杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)林,测定了针叶中7种主要营养元素(C、N、P、S、K、Ca、Mg)含量。结果表明,马尾松针叶K、Ca、Mg含量显著低于杉木,分别是杉木的68%、14%、50%,表明杉木对矿质养分尤其Ca的需求远高于马尾松,提示马尾松比杉木更能适应矿质养分尤其Ca较贫瘠的立地。两树种针叶C、N、P、S含量及其化学计量比均表现出相似的内稳态特征,而Ca、Mg、K含量及其化学计量比的变异大,表明这3种矿质元素受立地条件的影响较大。两树种对N、P、K需求表现为协同正相关关系,N与Ca含量则为负相关关系,暗示持续N沉降或营林实践中长期施N肥可能抑制Ca的吸收。     

不同潮汐和盐度下红树植物幼苗秋茄的化学计量特征

借助室内潮汐模拟系统,分析秋茄幼苗的叶片、茎,根在不同淹浸时间梯度和盐度梯度下N、P、K、Ca、Cl、Mg、Al、Fe、Zn、Cu、B等元素的化学计量特征变化.结果表明水文因子能够显著影响秋茄不同器官的化学计量特征;幼苗的元素化学计量在盐度和淹浸两类水文因子下表现出不同的响应特征:特别是N、K、Ca、Cl、Mg、Na、Zn,Cu元素含量在不同程度的水文胁迫下存在明显的差异;盐度组内,幼苗对Na,Cl的选择性吸收随盐度增高而增强,同时对K、Ca,Mg的吸收减弱;随盐度的增大,盐分(Na、Cl、K、Ca、Mg)在不同器官中的含量表现出趋同效应;淹浸组N:P比为3-11,盐度组N:P比为6-15,明显小于同类研究.综合分析认为秋茄幼苗受到N元素限制,而P元素始终未成为限制因子,随水文胁迫的加强,N限制也加大,且盐度胁迫比淹浸胁迫表现的更明显.通过化学计量学和水文学的分析,为摸清中国红树林保护和恢复的主要红树植物秋茄的适生环境提供科学依据.     

Influence of soil oxygen and soil water on the accumulation of nutrients in avocado seedlings (Persea Americana mill.)

Summary This experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to study the influence of 2 soil-oxygen levels and 4 irrigation levels on the plant response, root decay, concentrations of 12 nutrients, as well as on total amounts of nutrients per avocado seedling (Persea americana Mill.).Reduced soil-oxygen supply to the roots significantly reduced the amount of dry weight per seedling, increased percentage of root decay, and reduced the concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and B in the tops, while Na and Fe were increased. Concentrations of K, Mg, Na, and Cl in the roots were decreased, while N and Ca were increased with decreased soil oxygen supply to the roots. Total amounts of N, P, Ca, Mg, Na, and Cl per seedling were decreased with the low soil-oxygen supply to the roots.Only slight differences in dry weight of the tops of seedlings were found. The highest degree of root decay was caused by the irrigation treatment where a water table was present. In the tops, concentrations of N, P, K, Mg, Na, Zn, Cu, Mn, B, and Fe were significantly influenced by differential irrigation treatments; in the roots, concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, and Cl were also significantly influenced; and total amounts of N, P, Mg, and Cl the whole seedling were likewise significantly influenced.Significant interactions were noted between the soil-oxygen and irrigation treatments on the dry weight of tops, roots, and total amounts of dry weight produced per seedling. The lowest amount of dry weight of roots and the highest degree of root decay were found in the avocado seedlings grown under low soil-oxygen supply and the irrigation treatment where a water table was present. Several significant interactions between soil oxygen and irrigation on the concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Zn, and Mn are discussed.University of California, Citrus Research Center and Agricultural Experiment Station, Riverside, California. The research reported in this paper was supported in part by NSF Grant GB-5753x.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

中亚热带森林群落不同演替阶段优势种凋落物分解试验

选择我国亚热带森林群落3个主要演替阶段的7个优势种（其中马尾松代表演替初期优势种,木荷和香樟代表演替中期优势种,甜槠、小叶青冈栎、青冈和乐昌含笑代表演替后期优势种）的凋落物,采用网袋法进行分解试验. 结果表明:马尾松凋落物分解得最慢,年分解速率为0.51;木荷和香樟居中,分别为0.55和0.61;小叶青冈栎和乐昌含笑分解得最快,分别为0.89和1.12.沿着植被顺向演替的梯度,凋落物分解速度呈现加快的趋势. 分解速率同凋落物的初始P、N和木质素含量及木质素/N比值呈极显著相关(P<0.01),同C/N比值有显著相关关系(P<0.05).凋落物的P、N和木质素含量及木质素/N比值是预测凋落物分解快慢的良好指标.     

我国热带亚热带几种人工林体内营养结构特征

营养是植物的一种资源 ,植物如何在体内分配这一资源影响到它对环境的适应性。植物体内的营养含量在某种程度上还反映了环境中营养供应的丰缺 ,同时 ,它又是生态系统营养循环的一个组成部分。国外曾对植物的营养含量特征进行过大量的研究 ,积累了相当多的资料 ,代表性工作如Ｊｏｒｄａｎ[12 ](亚马逊雨林 ) ,Ｗｈｉｔｔａｋｅｒ[13 ] (ＨｕｂｂａｒｋＢｒｏｏｋ生态站森林 ) ,Ｗｏｏｄｗｅｌｌ[14 ] (Ｂｒｏｏｋｈａｖｅｎ森林 )等 ,随着计算机模拟技术的发展 ,这些资料成了进行生态模拟不可缺少的珍贵资料。我国尽管在 2 0世纪 5 0年代就开…     

The effect of crown position and date of sampling on biomass,nutrient concentrations and contents of needles and shoots in European larch

 The nutrient concentrations and contents of needles and shoots of 22-year-old European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) were evaluated with respect to crown position, age of tissues and sampling date during a complete growing season. Concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Zn in the needles and of N, P and K in the shoots differed significantly among the dates of sampling. The concentrations of N and Mn in the needles and all nutrients in the shoots (except Mg) also differed significantly with crown position. Maximum needle biomass was observed in the middle crown position (55% of the total) and maximum shoot biomass, in the lower crown position (52% of the total). Maximum needle and shoot nutrient contents were observed in the middle position of the living crown for long shoot, short shoot-1, short shoot-2, short shoot-3 and, short shoot-4 age classes while highest contents for short shoot-5 and short shoot-6 age classes were observed in the lower crown position. Biases up to 42% for Mg in the needles and 200% for K in the shoots were obtained when only long shoot tissues are used for content evaluation. For needles and shoots, Mg and K are more difficult nutrients to evaluate. A sampling methodology is proposed for evaluating nutrient contents of the living crown. Accepted: 10 August 1995     

追施氮肥对桉树各器官养分浓度及贮量的影响

采用田间定位试验的方法,研究了追施氮肥对2年生桉树各器官生物量积累及养分浓度与贮量的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,追施氮肥使桉树生物量增加24.2%,其中树枝增幅最高,为38.2%,树叶最少.追施氮肥显著促进了桉树对养分的吸收,其增幅顺序为PKNMgCaSi;叶片中N、P、Mg、Si含量最高,K在树干中的贮量最大,树枝部位的养分浓度与贮量增加最为显著.桉树N、P、K养分以内循环为主,叶片凋落前分别有73.8%、79.1%和72.9%的N、P、K养分被转移到植株体内,其外循环量仅为全树贮量的14.8%、7.7%和8.6%;Ca、Mg、Si养分则以外循环方式为主,其中Ca最明显,树叶中89.2%的Ca随叶片凋落,其外循环通量占全树Ca总贮量的25.9%.     

提高CO2浓度对两种亚热带树苗生物量及叶片特性的影响

 广东鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林的主要优势乔木树种荷木和黧蒴幼苗生长于自然光照和人工调节CO2浓度为500±50μl·L-1或空气CO2(350μl·L-1)的气罩中3个月。高CO2浓度下生长的黧蒴和荷木植株总干物质量分别增加26.6％和16.6%,根部增加量最大,地上部分所占的比例降低,根冠比上升,基径增大而株高降低。高CO2浓度下生长的叶片密度及比叶重增加,叶肉细胞间隙体积减少。单位干重的黧蒴叶片可溶性糖含量、全碳、磷、钾含量在高CO2浓度下稍为下降,果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、全氮、镁含量及N/C比明显降低。而全钙含量无明显变化。     

Foliar macronutrients (N,P, K,Ca and Mg) in lime (Tilia spp.)

Summary The effect of sampling technique upon the measurement of variation in nutrient (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) concentration was examined. Sampling and analytical precision over two years were indicated by coefficients of variation which ranged from 5.7 to 14.0 per cent for sampling error and 4.3 to 16.1 per cent for analytical error. Concentration of N, P and K in the leaves was found to be independent of sampling height. Ca and Mg concentrations, however, decreased with increased height on the crown. The differences in concentration between the bottom and top of the crown were 15 and 19 per cent for Ca and Mg respectively. The nutrient concentrations of samples taken from basal coppice shoots were significantly different from those in the true crown. Nutrient concentration was independent of aspect. Leaf area varied throghout the season, but the largest leaves were always at the base of the crown and the smallest at the top.