Soil microbial properties under different vegetation types on Mountain Han

This study investigated the influence of broadleaf and conifer vegetation on soil microbial communities in a distinct vertical distribution belt in Northeast China.Soil samples were taken at 0-5,5-10 and 10-20 cm depths from four vegetation types at different altitudes,which were characterized by poplar(Populus davidiana)(1250-1300 m),poplar(P.davidiana) mixed with birch(Betula platyphylla)(1370-1550 m),birch(B.platyphylla)(1550-1720 m),and larch(Larix principis-rupprechtii)(1840-1890 m).Microbial biomass and community structure were determined using the fumigation-extraction method and phospholipid fatty acid(PLFA) analysis,and soil fungal community level physiological profiles(CLPP) were characterized using Biolog FF Microplates.It was found that soil properties,especially soil organic carbon and water content,contributed significantly to the variations in soil microbes.With increasing soil depth,the soil microbial biomass,fungal biomass,and fungal catabolic ability diminished;however,the ratio of fungi to bacteria increased.The fungal ratio was higher under larch forests compared to that under poplar,birch,and their mixed forests,although the soil microbial biomass was lower.The direct contribution of vegetation types to the soil microbial community variation was 12%.If the indirect contribution through soil organic carbon was included,variations in the vegetation type had substantial influences on soil microbial composition and diversity.     

Soil and Rhizosphere Associated Fungi in Gray Mangroves(Avicennia marina) from the Red Sea—A Metagenomic Approach

Covering a quarter of the world's tropical coastlines and being one of the most threatened ecosystems, mangroves are among the major sources of terrestrial organic matter to oceans and harbor a wide microbial diversity. In order to protect, restore, and better understand these ecosystems, researchers have extensively studied their microbiology, yet few surveys have focused on their fungal communities. Our lack of knowledge is even more pronounced for specific fungal populations, such as the ones associated with the rhizosphere. Likewise, the Red Sea gray mangroves(Avicennia marina) remain poorly characterized, and understanding of their fungal communities still relies on cultivation-dependent methods. In this study, we analyzed metagenomic datasets from gray mangrove rhizosphere and bulk soil samples collected in the Red Sea coast, to obtain a snapshot of their fungal communities. Our data indicated that Ascomycota was the dominant phylum(76%–85%), while Basidiomycota was less abundant(14%–24%), yet present in higher numbers than usually reported for such environments. Fungal communities were more stable within the rhizosphere than within the bulk soil, both at class and genus level. This finding is consistent with the intrinsic patchiness in soil sediments and with the selection of specific microbial communities by plant roots. Our study indicates the presence of several species on this mycobiome that were not previously reported as mangrove-associated. In particular, we detected representatives of several commercially-used fungi, e.g., producers of secreted cellulases and anaerobic producers of cellulosomes. These results represent additional insights into the fungal community of the gray mangroves of the Red Sea, and show that they are significantly richer than previously reported.     

酸雨对缙云山林地黄壤汞溶出的影响

Forest yellow soil and arable yellow soil in Jinyun Mountain were collected to study the effect of simulated acid rain(adjusted to pH 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0) on the Hg leaching from soils by the methods of static extraction and dynamic leaching. The results showed that in forest yellow soils, surface accumulation of Hg occurred, and the accumulated Hg was easier to be leached out than that in arable yellow soil by acid rain. The amount of leached Hg was the largest at pH 4.0. To abate the risk of Hg pollution in water bodies by the Hg leaching from this forest soil, the Mountain should be closed, and timber-felling should be forbidden.     

连作土灭菌对葡萄根际土壤微生物群落功能的影响

In order to explore the correlation between soil microbial community function and plant growth, using 30 year continuous cropping soil of grapevines as research object, we studied the effects of sterilization of continuous cropping soil at different temperatures on the growth of grapevines and the microbial community function of rhizosphere soil. The results showed that plant height and stem diameter of grapevines grown in continuous cropping soil were lower than those in the other treatments. With the increasing sterilization temperature, the plant height and stem dia meter of grapevines increased. The ratio of bacteria to fungi in rhizosphere soil increased with the increasing sterilization temperature. The activity of rhizosphere microbes using carbon source was in order of continuous cropping soil sterilized at 100 ℃ > non continuous cropping soil > continuous cropping soil sterilized at 60 ℃ > continuous cropping soil. The regression analysis showed that amino acid (carbon source) in Biolog ECO plate had a significant correlation with microbial metabolic activity of rhizosphere soil. PCA analysis showed that lysine in root exudate had a highest contribution to the variance of principal components in each treatment, and it may play an important role in the obstacle of continuous cropping of grapevines.     

Inhibitory effect of parvovirus H—1 on the formation of colonies of human hepatoma cell line in vitro and its tumors in nude mice

The inhibitory effect of parvovirus H-1 on the colonyforming ability.in vitro of QGY-7703,a cultured human hepatoma cell line,and on the formation and growth of its tumors in nude mice was studied.With higher multiplicity of infection(MOI) of H-1 given,survival of the QGY-7703 cells was found to be decreased.H-1 DNA amplification level at 30h postinfection(p.i.) was detected to be 7.4 times higher than that at 2h by dispersed cells assay,while the cells were delayed to enter into S phase.Plaques were formed in the indicator cells(new-born human kidney cell line,NBK) by progeny H-1 virus particles released from the infected QGY-7703 cells by infectious cell center assay.The formation of tumors in nude mice by QGY-7703 cells which were injected s c at 2h postinfection was observed to by prevented in 2 proups with given MOI 25 and 50.The tumor growth of MOI 10 group occurred at a lower exponential rate than that of control,after a 20d latent period.It was evident that parvovirus H-1 exhibited a direct inhibitory effect on the formation and growth of human hepatoma cells in vivo as well as in vitro.     

土壤微生物增强了外来植物紫茎泽兰对本地植物种的竞争力

【Background】The soil microbial community plays an important role in plant establishment, growth and nutrition. Invasion success may be linked to plant microbe interactions. 【Method】Under glasshouse conditions, we compared the effect of soil microbial communities to the growth and interactions between the exotic weed Ageratina adenophora and native plants. The microbial communities were from soil invaded by A.adenophora (IS) vs. that dominated by native weeds (NS). 【Result】A.adenophora which received inoculum from IS had higher arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization rate than that from NS, especially when Medicago falcata or Setaria viridis grew near A.adenophora. Microbial inoculum from IS accelerated the growth of A.adenophora, when planted in polyculture with the native plant S.viridis, but the native species growth was not affected. A.adenophora, receiving an inoculum from IS, inhibited the growth of its two neighboring native species, while no such effect was observed when using inoculum from NS. A.adenophora responded positively to the inoculum taken from IS in all planting combinations, but responded negatively to inoculum from NS both in monoculture and in polyculture with M.falcata. 【Conclusion and significance】Soil microbes, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi present in soil in the rhizosphere of A.adenophora enhanced the competiveness of this invasive weed against native species, which may be an important invasion mechanism of exotic plants.     

Impacts of methamidophos, copper, and their combinations on bacterial community structure and function in black soil

The potential ecotoxicologial risks of methamidophos, copper, and their combinations on microbial community of black soil ecosystem in the Northeast China were assessed in species richness and structures by using 16S rDNA-PCR-DGGE analysis approach, and functional characteristics at community levels by using BIOLOGGN system analysis method as well as two conventional methods(DHA and SIR). All results of DGGE banding fingerprint pat-terns(amplified by bacterial specific 16S rDNA V3 high variable region universal primer) indicated that the species richness of bacterial community in tested soil was significantly decreased to different extents by using different concentrations of single methamidophos, copper, especially some of their combinations had worse effects than their corresponding single factors. In addition, the structures of soil bacterial community had been disturbed under all stresses applied in this study because of the enrichment of some species and the disappearance of other species from the b     

The finding of the genus Clonostachys （Hyphomycetes） in China

Clonostachys phyllophila and Clonostachys rogersoniana were isolated from rhizosphere soil of Allium tuberosum in Chaoyang, Liaoning Province. It is the first report of the genus in China. The species was described morphologically and illustrated in this paper, the culture was stored in the Culture Collection of Liaoning Center of Culture Collection （LCCC）.     

Rhizosheath formation and involvement in foxtail millet(Setaria italica) root growth under drought stress

The rhizosheath, a layer of soil particles that adheres firmly to the root surface by a combination of root hairs and mucilage, may improve tolerance to drought stress. Setaria italica(L.) P. Beauv.(foxtail millet), a member of the Poaceae family, is an important food and fodder crop in arid regions and forms a larger rhizosheath under drought conditions. Rhizosheath formation under drought conditions has been studied, but the regulation of root hair growth and rhizosheath size in response to soil moisture remains unclear. To address this question, in this study we monitored root hair growth and rhizosheath development in response to a gradual decline in soil moisture. Here, we determined that a soil moisture level of 10%–14%(w/w)stimulated greater rhizosheath production compared to other soil moisture levels. Root hair density and length also increased at this soil moisture level, which was validated by measurement of the expression of root hair-related genes.These findings contribute to our understanding of rhizosheath formation in response to soil water stress.     

Development and Characterization of 15 Polymorphic Micro satellite Markers for a Highly Adaptive and Wide-range Frog （Microhyla fissipes）

In order to analyze population genetic structure at multiple spatial scales, microsatellite loci were developed for the ornamented pygmy flog （Microhylafissipes）, and 15 polymorphic microsatellite loci were successfully screened from 105 individuals, of which 82 from four populations distributed in the Sichuan Basin and 23 from the Sangzhi population in western Hunan. Five loci were found to deviate significantly from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in one to three popu lations, probably due to small sample size or null alleles. The average number of alleles in all loci was 8.5, ranging from 4 to 13, and the observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.26 to 0.90 and 0.63 to 0.90, respectively. The Sangzhi population and the remaining four populations can be clearly separated using Bayesian clustering methods, showing that the genetic structure of M. fissipes was probably affected by the topography, especially mountain barriers. These polymorphic microsatellite loci could be used for further study on the landscape genetics of this highly adaptive and widely distributed species.     

PKCα translocation from mitochondria to nucleus is closely related to induction of apoptosis in gastric cancer cells

PKCs have been implicated in the regulation of cellular differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and signal transduction. It was demonstrated in this study that PKCa was located both at mitochondria and in cytosol in gastric cancer cell line BGC-823. Treatment of cells with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) resulted in the translocation of PKCa from both mitochondria and cytosol to nucleus as clearly shown by laser-scanning-confocal microscopy, while the protein level of PKCa was not changed by TPA treatment as detected by Western blot. The results also revealed that TPA-induced translocation of PKCa was in close association with apoptosis induction, and such association was further affirmed by other experiments where various apoptotic stimuli and specific inhibitors of PKC were used. Taken together, these findings indicate that translocation of PKCa from both mitochondria and cytosol to nucleus in gastric cancer cell is accompanied by induction of apoptosis, and may imply a new mechanism of th     

Effects of nitrogen addition on root dynamics in an alpine meadow,Northwestern Sichuan北大核心CSCD

Aims Our aim was to characterize the effects of nitrogen (N) addition on plant root standing crop, production, mortality and turnover in an alpine meadow on the Northwestern plateau of Sichuan Province, China. Methods A N addition experiment was conducted in an alpine meadow on the Northwestern plateau of Sichuan Province since 2012. Urea was applied at four levels: 0, 10, 20 and 30 g·m-2·a-1, referred to as CK, N10, N20 and N30. Root samples in surface (0-10 cm) and subsurface layers (10-20 cm) were observed using Minirhizotron from May 10th to Sept. 27th in 2015. The root standing crop, production, mortality and turnover rate were estimated using WinRHZIO Tron MF software. Repeated-measure ANOVA, one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation were performed to analyze the effect of N addition on soil and root characteristics. Important findings N addition significantly increased soil available N content and decreased soil pH value, but did not alter soil total N and SOM contents under all treatments. N addition did not exhibit any significant effects on the mean root standing crop and cumulative root production in the 0-10 cm, but significantly reduced mean root standing crop and cumulative root production in 10-20 cm soil layer by 195.3 and 142.3 g·m-2 (N10), 235.8 and 212.1 g·m-2 (N20) and 198.0 and 204.4 g·m-2 (N30), respectively. The cumulative root mortality was significantly decreased by 206.1 g·m-2 in N10 treatment and root turnover rate was significantly increased with 17% for N30 treatment at the 0-10 cm soil depth, but the cumulative root mortality and root turnover rate was not significantly different at 10-20 cm soil depth. In addition, cumulative root production, mortality and turnover rate in 0-10 cm soil layer were significantly correlated with the soil available N content, whereas no significant associations were observed in 10-20 cm soil. Taken together, these results demonstrate that N addition alters the soil N availability and thus induces the root dynamics and changes in root distribution as well as C allocation in alpine meadow. © 2018 Editorial Office of Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology. All rights reserved.     

Influence of Substrate Conformation on the Deglycosylation of Ribonuclease B by Recombinant Yeast Peptide：N-glycanase

Peptide:N-glycanase has been thought to be responsible for proteasome-dependent degradationof misfolded glycoproteins translocated from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cytosol.Therefore,theenzyme was supposed to be able to distinguish between native and non-native glycoproteins.In the presentstudy,a recombinant,yeast peptide:N-glycanase,Png lp, was expressed in Escherichia coli as inclusionbodies and was purified,refolded and characterized.The results showed that the recombinant enzymehas a broad pH range adaptation,from pH 4.0 to pH 10.0,and has an optimum temperature of 30 ℃.This enzyme is a zinc metalloenzyme.Its activity was abolished with the addition of EDTA and notrestored by adding metal ions.Furthermore,the deglycosylation efficiency of recombinant Pnglpfrom E.coli was investigated with respect to the substrate conformation in vitro.When ribonuclease B(RNase B) was denatured at 60-65 ℃ or by 40-60 mM dithiothreitol, indicated by its obvious structuralchange and sharpest activity change,its deglycosylation by Pnglp was most prominent.The deglycosylationefficiency of RNase B by Pnglp was found to be related to its structural conformation and enzymaticactivity.     

内蒙古草原沙地白扦年轮生长指数的变异

The variation in ring growth indices of Picea meyeri was assessed by dendrochronological techniques including response functions, correlation functions and single-year analysis on sandy dunes in the Xilin River basin steppe. The results show that growth of Picea meyeri was sensitive to climate change. Furthermore, it was determined that mean monthly temperature and total monthly precipitation from September of the current year to August of the preceding year can account for about 70% of the variance in the tree-ring width. The rainfalls in February and May of the current year together with that of the previous September were significantly correlated with the current year’s growth pattern. Additionally ,radial growth was negatively correlated with mean monthly temperature in current May. In this region the sandy substrate is characterized by high water infiltration and low soil moisture evaporation rates. As a result, relatively high precipitation from prior August to prior October can be reserved in the sandy soil and the Picea meyeri trees show strong adaptation to the sandy substrate in these se- mi-arid grasslands. Therefore, the establishment of Picea meyeri forest plantations in the sandy belt along the middle reaches of Xilin River are deemed feasible.     

Expression analysis of chlorophyllid a binding protein a secretory,red fluorescence protein in the midgut of silkworm,Bombyx mori

Chlorophyllid a binding protein （ chbp） was recently characterized by its ability to bind the prosthetic group of chlorophylls and little information is known regarding its expression. In the present study, we found that chpb was expressed highly and exclusively in the midgut of silkworm, Bombyx mori. The expression level of chbp was very high in the newly molted fifth instar larvae followed by gradual decline in the same instar. Our results demonstrated that CHBP was a secretory protein and located mainly in the apical of midgut epithelial cells. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis results showed that chpb highly expressed in the anterior midgut, threefold and sixfold higher compared with that of the middle midgut and posterior midgut, respectively, and chpb expression declined in darkness. In addition, the expression of chbp was affected by high-dose virus or bacterium infection.     

Effects of biochar addition on dynamics of soil respiration and temperature sensitivity in a Phyllostachys edulis forest北大核心CSCD

Aims: Recent studies have shown that artificial addition of biochar is an effective way to mitigate atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. However, it is still unclear how biochar addition influences soil respiration in Phyllostachys edulis forests of subtropical China. Our objectives were to examine the effects of biochar addition on the dynamics of soil respiration, soil temperature, soil moisture, and the cumulative soil carbon emission, and to determine the relationships of soil respiration with soil temperature and moisture. Methods: We conducted a two-year biochar addition experiment in a subtropical P. edulis forest from 2014.05 to 2016.04. The study site is located in the Miaoshanwu Nature Reserve in Fuyang district of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, in southern China. The biochar addition treatments included: control (CK, no biochar addition), low rate of biochar addition (LB, 5 t·hm-2), medium rate of biochar addition (MB, 10 t·hm-2), and high rate of biochar addition (HB, 20 t·hm-2). Soil respiration was measured by using a LI-8100 soil CO2 efflux system. Important findings: Soil respiration was significantly reduced by biochar addition, and exhibited an apparent seasonal pattern, with the maximum occurring in June or July (except LB in one of the replicated stand) and the minimum in January or February. There were significant differences in soil respiration between the CK and the treatments. Annual mean soil respiration rate in the CK, LB, MB and HB were 3.32, 2.66, 3.04 and 3.24 μmol·m-2·s-1, respectively. Compared with CK, soil respiration rate was 2.33%-54.72% lower in the LB, 1.28%-44.21% lower in the MB, and 0.09%-39.22% lower in the HB. The soil moisture content was increased by 0.97%-75.58% in LB, 0.87%-48.18% in MB, and 0.68%-74.73% in HB, respectively, compared with CK. Soil respiration exhibited a significant exponential relationship with soil temperature and a significant linear relationship with combination of soil temperature and moisture at the depth of 5 cm; no significant relationship was found between soil respiration and soil moisture alone. The temperature sensitivity (Q10) value was reduced in LB and HB. Annual accumulative soil carbon emission in the LB, MB and HB was reduced by 7.98%-35.09%, 1.48%-20.63%, and -4.71%-7.68%, respectively. Biochar addition significantly reduced soil carbon emission and soil temperature sensitivity, highlighting its role in mitigating climate change.     

Structure of the Phytoplankton Community and Its Relationship to Water Quality in Donghu Lake, Wuhan, China

The phytoplankton community structure, in terms of species composition, total standing crop,and abundance of the dominant algal species, at four stations in Donghu Lake, Wuhan, China, was investigated monthly from January 1994 to December 1996. A total of 260 taxa was observed, of which Chlorophyta (106 taxa) contributed the highest portion of the total number of taxa, followed by Bacillariophyta (82 taxa)and Cyanophyta (32 taxa). The total standing crop measured by means of chlorophyll a content, cell density,and cell biovolume, as well as the abundance of the dominant species, declined in the order of Station I to Station Ⅳ. Seasonal changes of the standing crop varied greatly among the four stations. Although the cell density at the four stations showed a single peak within a year, the peak density varied from July to November, dependent on the sampling year and the station. For chlorophyll a content and cell biovolume,multiple peaks were observed at Stations Ⅰ and Ⅱ, but a single peak was found at Stations Ⅲ and Ⅳ. The phytoplankton community structure indicated that the trophic status was the highest at Station Ⅰ (most eutrophic), followed by Station Ⅱ; Stations Ⅲ and Ⅳ were the least trophic areas. The long-term changes in phytoplankton community structure further suggested that changes in phytoplankton community structure were correlated with water quality, and eutrophication of Donghu Lake had been aggravated since the 1950s.     

urce, biological community and soil functional stability dynamics at the soil–litter interface

The interface between decaying plant residues and soil is a focus for soil ecological processes because of resources from the residues diffusing into the soil, and microfauna that proliferate in the adjacent soil. Given that the recovery of soil function following disturbance depends on immigration, colonization and establishment of exotic organisms from adjacent un-disturbed habitats, and the availability of bio-available resources, we hypothesized that the soil–litter interface could contribute to soil functional stability. In laboratory pot trials, soil was separated into two parts by a mesh bag with the inner section amended, or not amended, with rice straw; an outer layer of unamended soil, adjacent to the litter (1.5 cm thick, either heated or not), provided a soil–litter interface. This enabled us to examine the dynamics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), mineral nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nematode assemblages and functional stability during 35 days incubation. Either 1 mm or 5 μm meshes were used, which allowed nematodes to migrate (SR1) or not (SR5) through the mesh to the soil–litter interface; thus also enabling us to evaluate the role of nematodes in soil functional stability. Higher DOC and MBC but lower mineral nitrogen concentrations were found at the soil–litter interface. Heating increased the availability of soil resources such as mineral nitrogen and DOC, but decreased the MBC and total nematode abundance in the soil. The soil–litter interface was characterized by a higher abundance of nematodes, particularly microbivores, regardless of mesh aperture or disturbance. The difference in nematode abundance between SR1 and SR5 indicated that nematode propagation, due to resource diffusion and nematode migration through the mesh, contributed to the changing numbers of microbivorous nematodes depending on incubation time. The soil functional stability was calculated as a relative change in the functioning of short-term barley decomposition. Soil functional resistance, defined as the instantaneous effect of disturbance on decomposition measured on the first day, was highest in the SR5 treatment. However, soil functional resilience, defined as the recovery of soil function over the whole incubation period (35d), was highest in the SR1 treatment, which is most probably attributed to the functioning of microbivorous nematodes. Our results suggest that small-scale spatial heterogeneity, due to organic residue decomposition, can help maintain soil functions following disturbance.     

Resource, biological community and soil functional stability dynamics at the soil–litter interface

The interface between decaying plant residues and soil is a focus for soil ecological processes because of resources from the residues diffusing into the soil, and microfauna that proliferate in the adjacent soil. Given that the recovery of soil function following disturbance depends on immigration, colonization and establishment of exotic organisms from adjacent un-disturbed habitats, and the availability of bio-available resources, we hypothesized that the soil–litter interface could contribute to soil functional stability. In laboratory pot trials, soil was separated into two parts by a mesh bag with the inner section amended, or not amended, with rice straw; an outer layer of unamended soil, adjacent to the litter (1.5 cm thick, either heated or not), provided a soil–litter interface. This enabled us to examine the dynamics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), mineral nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nematode assemblages and functional stability during 35 days incubation. Either 1 mm or 5 μm meshes were used, which allowed nematodes to migrate (SR1) or not (SR5) through the mesh to the soil–litter interface; thus also enabling us to evaluate the role of nematodes in soil functional stability. Higher DOC and MBC but lower mineral nitrogen concentrations were found at the soil–litter interface. Heating increased the availability of soil resources such as mineral nitrogen and DOC, but decreased the MBC and total nematode abundance in the soil. The soil–litter interface was characterized by a higher abundance of nematodes, particularly microbivores, regardless of mesh aperture or disturbance. The difference in nematode abundance between SR1 and SR5 indicated that nematode propagation, due to resource diffusion and nematode migration through the mesh, contributed to the changing numbers of microbivorous nematodes depending on incubation time. The soil functional stability was calculated as a relative change in the functioning of short-term barley decomposition. Soil functional resistance, defined as the instantaneous effect of disturbance on decomposition measured on the first day, was highest in the SR5 treatment. However, soil functional resilience, defined as the recovery of soil function over the whole incubation period (35d), was highest in the SR1 treatment, which is most probably attributed to the functioning of microbivorous nematodes. Our results suggest that small-scale spatial heterogeneity, due to organic residue decomposition, can help maintain soil functions following disturbance.