无机盐、激素与真菌联合诱导土沉香抗逆能力的研究

为了探究无机盐、激素与真菌联合诱导土沉香(Aquilaria sinensis)抗逆性及其与结香前期木芯变色长度之间的相关关系,以10年生土沉香为材料,采用均匀试验设计,开展了3种无机盐、3种激素及3种真菌组合试验。结果表明:(1)土沉香树体POD和SOD活性和MDA含量呈先升高后降低趋势,CAT活性在诱导后1天最高,随后呈下降趋势;(2)无机盐与真菌处理下土沉香的抗逆能力大于激素与真菌处理,其中无机盐与真菌组合试验的处理4(1.0%CaCl2+0.5%FeSO4+2.0%NaCl+黑绿木霉∶腐皮镰孢∶龙眼焦腐(1∶1∶1))和激素与真菌组合试验的处理2(0.01%茉莉酸甲酯+0.1%乙烯利+0.2%水杨酸钠+黑绿木霉∶腐皮镰孢∶龙眼焦腐(1∶1∶1))分别为同类处理最高;(3)土沉香抗逆能力高低与木芯变色长度存在显著正相关性;(4)理论上,土沉香抗逆能力最强诱导组合分别为0.93%CaCl2+0.53%FeSO4+2.5%NaCl+黑绿木霉∶腐皮镰孢∶龙眼焦腐(1∶1∶1)和0.005%茉莉酸甲酯+0.006%乙烯利+0.2%水杨酸钠+黑绿木霉∶腐皮镰孢∶龙眼焦腐(1∶1∶1)。     

促白木香结香真菌的快速筛选

以海南省澄迈县海南科大林业公司所有的白木香人工林地为研究对象,采用前期已分离的菌株对白木香白木进行固体催化,利用GC-MS技术对具有催化效果(白木化学成分在催化前后变化显著)的菌株进行筛选,将筛选出的菌株接种至白木香树体中,6个月后对沉香物质挥发油以及化学成分进行测定。对白木固体催化产物的提取物分析,鉴定出其乙醚提取物共24种化学成分,其中共有成分5种、芳香族类化合物6种、其他类化合物18种。Trichoderma sp.、Neurospora sp.和Melanotus flavolivens这3种菌株使白木香白木的化学成分发生显著变化。对结香处理6个月后已结香木材的提取物分析,鉴定出其乙醚提取物共84种化学成分,其中共有成分30种,芳香族类化合物17种、倍半萜类化合物34种和其他类化合物33种。Trichoderma sp.、Neurospora sp.、Melanotus flavolivens和CK样品乙醚提取物得率分别为3.62%、4.04%、3.97%和1.94%。其中芳香族类成分相对含量之和分别为15.15%、17.29%、12.13%和7.95%。倍半萜类成分相对含量之和分别为10.61%、11.19%、11.4%和0%。在6个月内Trichoderma sp.、Neurospora sp.和Melanotus flavolivens这3种经过白木香白木固体催化筛选所得的菌株能够有效诱导白木香结香。     

国产人工打洞沉香的化学成分研究

为了解国产人工打洞方法所结沉香的化学成分,从国产人工打洞沉香的乙酸乙酯提取物中分离得到8个化合物,经波谱分析分别鉴定为:5-羟基-7,4′-二甲氧基黄酮(1)、3-羟基-4-甲氧基-苯丙酸甲基酯(2)、姜油酮(3)、对甲氧基苯丙酸(4)、正三十二烷醇(5)、(20R)-24-ethylcholest-4-en-3-one(6)、麦角-4,6,8(14),22-四烯-3-酮(7)、豆甾醇(8)。化合物1,2,4~8均为首次从沉香中分离得到的化合物。抗菌活性表明化合物3对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcu aureus)和烟草青枯菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)均有抑制作用,化合物7仅对烟草青枯菌具有抑制作用。     

通体结香技术产沉香的镇痛抗炎作用研究

探究通体结香技术产沉香(以下简称"通体沉香")的镇痛抗炎作用及可能机制。采用体外LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞炎症模型筛选,评价通体沉香不同温度加热熏香挥发性成分的抗炎活性;采用体内小鼠经典镇痛抗炎热板法、醋酸致小鼠扭体、二甲苯致耳肿胀及卵清蛋白(OVA)致脚趾肿胀等试验,评价通体沉香醇提物(WTAAE)预先给药处理的镇痛抗炎作用;通过检测药物处理炎症细胞培养上清中TNF-α和IL-1β的水平,探究通体沉香发挥镇痛抗炎的可能作用机制。结果显示,通体沉香加热熏香挥发性成分体外有较好抗炎活性,IC_(50)范围为30～50μg/mL;WTAAE能显著缩短小鼠痛阈时间,降低小鼠扭体次数,且同等剂量下WTAAE作用与野生沉香醇提物(WAAE)作用相当或略优,同时缓解小鼠耳和脚趾的肿胀程度,体内有较好镇痛抗炎作用;作用机制研究显示,通体沉香挥发性成分可显著降低炎性细胞因子TNF-α和IL-1β的水平。通体沉香体内外均有较好的镇痛抗炎作用,其机制可能与抑制炎性细胞因子和致痛物质的分泌有关。     

不同遮光处理对黑木耳菌丝抗氧化及子实体生长发育的影响

黑木耳Auricularia heimuer全日光栽培模式下,在出耳期持续的光照刺激使菌丝处在不适宜的生长环境。本研究采用不同遮光程度的黑菌袋,设置CK(正常菌袋,0%遮光)、T1(50%遮光)、T2 (70%遮光)和T3 (90%遮光)共4个处理,分析黑木耳菌丝在不同遮光程度下对黑木耳子实体的农艺性状、营养品质和菌丝相关酶活性的变化。结果显示,在遮光处理下黑木耳原基形成时间相对缩短、出耳整齐、未出芽数减少,各处理第一茬产量呈显著性差异,CK处理为22.09 g,T1处理为25.20 g,T2处理为25.35 g,T3处理为25.58 g;遮光处理下不同时期菌丝的漆酶、羧甲基纤维素酶、半纤维素酶及淀粉酶活性显著高于CK处理,在采收期木质素、纤维素和半纤维的含量低,同时保持着较高的超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase activity,CAT)活性,丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)的含量低,缓解了对机体的损伤,与CK处理呈显著性差异,其中T1处理和T2处理表现较好;遮光处理下子实体的粗蛋白含量、氨基酸含量较高,...     

槐耳近似种白蜡多年卧孔菌活性

基于ITS序列用MEGA分析方法构建多年卧孔菌属28个种的分子系统树,确定白蜡多年卧孔菌和刺槐多年卧孔菌(槐耳)亲缘关系较近。白蜡多年卧孔菌粗提物大多具有一定的清除.DPPH活性,并随着提取物浓度的增加清除率也增高。通过清除.DPPH活力和总还原力比较分析,菌丝体和发酵液较好,较利于工业化开发。对子实体、菌丝体醇提取物、发酵液进行了抗宫颈癌Hela细胞活性检测发现,子实体乙醇提取物、发酵液具有一定的抑制肿瘤细胞的作用。     

国产绿奇楠沉香的化学成分研究

为了解国产绿‘奇楠’沉香的化学成分,采用色谱和波谱方法从其乙醚和乙醇提取物中分离鉴定了7个化合物,分别鉴定为顺式-7-羟基菖蒲烯(1),(5R,6R,7S,8R)-2-(苯乙基)-6,7,8-三羟基-5,6,7,8-四氢-5-[2-(2-苯乙基)色酮基-6-氧代]色酮(2), 1-羟基-1,5-二苯基戊-3-酮(3),丁香树脂酚葡萄糖苷(4),(3β)-齐墩果-12-烯-3,23-二醇(5),β-谷甾醇(6)和棕榈酸-α-单甘油酯(7)。化合物1、3～5和7均为首次从沉香中分离得到,其中化合物1表现出非常甜的芳香气味。乙酰胆碱酯酶体外抑制活性测试结果表明,50μmol L~(–1)的化合物1对乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制率为(49.9±1.4)%。     

陇东红富士果树养分回流对土壤表层管理的响应

地处陇东黄土高原的庆阳市苹果园普遍缺乏有效的土壤表层管理措施,以盛果期的"红富士"果树为对象,研究不同土壤表层管理方式在养分回流期对苹果树体贮藏养分的动态变化。研究结果表明:优化覆膜(T2)与优化覆草(T3)一年生枝条叶片的叶绿素含量均显著高于常规处理(T1)。T2和T3处理的一年生春梢、秋稍和封顶枝中的碳素贮藏物质(可溶性糖、淀粉)和氮素贮藏物质(总游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白质)的含量均显著高于T1,T3比T2处理对碳素贮藏物质含量的提升效果更为明显。此外,相同枝条类型不同组织中的贮存养分含量不同,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质的含量表现为表皮积聚,韧皮部木质部,淀粉与总游离氨基酸含量表现为主轴积聚,木质部韧皮部。不同枝条类型中贮藏物质的含量整体表现为秋梢封顶枝春梢,秋梢在提升养分贮藏水平中起到了重要作用。     

2种生物有机肥对葡萄芳香物质组分的影响

于7月22日对5年生‘贵人香’葡萄分别用生物有机肥Ⅰ号和Ⅱ号进行0.02%根施和0.01%叶面喷施处理,待果实成熟后(9月22日),采用固相微萃取技术及气相-质谱联用技术测定葡萄果实的芳香物质含量,以探讨2种生物有机肥对‘贵人香’葡萄果实香气组分的影响。结果表明,(1)2种生物有机肥各处理的芳香化合物的检出种类分别为33、28、31、27种,均显著高于对照的22种,但对芳香化合物检出率的影响不显著。(2)使用生物有机肥对‘贵人香’葡萄果实中相对含量最多的4种芳香化合物2-己烯醛、己醛、2-己烯-1-醇、1-己醇的影响不显著,但可显著提高具有特殊香味的橙花醇、里那醇、松油醇、大马酮的相对含量,其中根施0.02%生物有机肥Ⅰ号与对照的差异最显著,橙花醇、里那醇、大马酮相对含量较对照分别提高了320.0%、485.7%、860.0%,松油醇的相对含量为0.63%,在对照中未检测出。(3)使用生物有机肥可以显著提高葡萄果实中酮、酯、酸、苯衍生物、烯烃类化合物相对含量,各处理均显著高于对照。     

长期不同施肥模式对双季稻田土壤酸解有机氮组分的影响

为明确南方双季稻区长期不同施肥模式对稻田不同耕层(0～10和10～20 cm)土壤酸解有机氮组分及其含量的影响,本研究以长期(36年)定位施肥试验田为平台,系统分析了单独施用化肥(CF)、秸秆还田+化肥(RF)、30%有机肥+70%化肥(OM)和不施肥对照(CK)下双季稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤酸解有机氮及其组分氨基酸氮、氨基糖氮、铵态氮和酸解未知氮含量的变化特征及其与土壤全氮、有机碳含量的关系。结果表明: 与CK相比,OM和RF处理均显著增加了双季稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤全氮、碱解氮和有机碳含量。OM、RF和CF处理双季稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤酸解有机氮含量均显著高于CK,分别比CK增加10.7%～42.6%和12.2%～51.5%。与CF和CK相比,OM和RF处理显著提高了双季稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤氨基酸氮、铵态氮、酸解未知氮和氨基糖氮含量。不同施肥处理稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤酸解有机氮和非酸解性氮含量大小顺序均表现为OM>RF>CF>CK。各施肥处理稻田0～10 cm土壤氨基酸氮、铵态氮、氨基糖氮和非酸解性氮含量均高于10～20 cm土壤。土壤酸解有机氮含量与土壤全氮、有机碳含量均存在极显著的正相关关系。综上,RF和OM处理有利于增加双季稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤有机氮含量,增强稻田土壤供氮能力,提高土壤肥力。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418