绿色荧光蛋白基因结合鼠Talin基因蛋白标记转基因水稻未成熟花粉的微丝骨架

利用绿色荧光蛋白基因结合鼠Talin基因表达技术及水稻转基因技术,在未成熟花粉发育期(即生殖细胞在形成后从靠壁部位移向中央部位的阶段)的水稻(Oryza sativa L.)内发现了一系列前人未曾报道过的微丝骨架的形成和多变过程.在这一发育阶段,未成熟花粉内的生殖细胞呈圆形,中央部位存有一个大液泡,大量微丝在细胞的中央胞质内形成.微丝首先在营养核的核膜表面形成两个集结中心,中心内的微丝呈短粗状.尔后,中心微丝不断延长,最终在细胞中央的胞质内形成一个非常复杂的类似多个纺锤体结合在一起的网络结构.这一网络的中间部位经常包围着营养核和生殖细胞,网络的部分微丝则与存在周缘细胞质(或称周质)的微丝网络形成连接,在连接点部位则形成一些由微丝环状组成的结构.未成熟花粉中央的微丝网络可能与营养核和生殖细胞在未成熟花粉内的运动有密切关系.     

绿色荧光蛋白基因结合鼠Talin基因蛋白标记转基因水稻活体生殖细胞及精细胞的微丝骨架

利用绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因结合鼠Talin基因表达技术及水稻(Oryza sativa L.)转基因技术,筛选出表达稳定和具等位基因型的第三代转基因水稻。在其活体花粉的4个发育阶段(Ⅰ．小孢子晚期;Ⅱ．二细胞早期;Ⅲ．二细胞晚期;Ⅳ．三细胞阶段),观察了细胞内微丝骨架的分布和结构形态的变化。发现在这4个花粉发育阶段,花粉内的营养核、生殖核、生殖细胞和精细胞都在不同的发育阶段出现位移。而这些位移与微丝骨架的结构变化和运动有密切关系。在胞质中央的微丝网络以及细胞周质的网络不断变化和互动,导致营养核、生殖核或生殖细胞和精细胞的定向位移。在活体生殖细胞和精细胞内,存有一股与细胞纵轴平行排列的微丝骨架。这些微丝骨架对生殖细胞及精细胞可以提供移动的动力,这对生殖细胞或精细胞在花管内以及胚囊内的运动(包括独自游动)提供了依据。     

绿色荧光蛋白基因结合鼠Talin基因蛋白标记转基因水稻活体生殖细胞及精细胞的微丝骨架

利用绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因结合鼠Talin基因表达技术及水稻(Oryza sativa L.)转基因技术,筛选出表达稳定和具等位基因型的第三代转基因水稻.在其活体花粉的4个发育阶段(Ⅰ.小孢子晚期;Ⅱ.二细胞早期;Ⅲ.二细胞晚期;Ⅳ.三细胞阶段),观察了细胞内微丝骨架的分布和结构形态的变化.发现在这4个花粉发育阶段,花粉内的营养核、生殖核、生殖细胞和精细胞都在不同的发育阶段出现位移.而这些位移与微丝骨架的结构变化和运动有密切关系.在胞质中央的微丝网络以及细胞周质的网络不断变化和互动,导致营养核、生殖核或生殖细胞和精细胞的定向位移.在活体生殖细胞和精细胞内,存有一股与细胞纵轴平行排列的微丝骨架.这些微丝骨架对生殖细胞及精细胞可以提供移动的动力,这对生殖细胞或精细胞在花管内以及胚囊内的运动(包括独自游动)提供了依据.     

水稻小孢子发育过程中微管骨架的变化

对水稻（ＯｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａＬ．）小孢子发育过程中微管变化的研究表明,微管在小孢子不同发育阶段呈现多样性。在花粉母细胞内,微管形成许多粗束和分支,围绕着核分布形成一个网络。花粉母细胞经第一次减数分裂形成二分体。在每一个二分体细胞内,有许多微管束,从核周辐射至细胞质各部位;在细胞质存在一个疏松的微管束网络。二分体经第二次减数分裂形成四分体,在每一个四分体细胞内,微管束呈辐射状,从核膜辐射入细胞质内。四分体形成后不久,四分体的四个细胞便分开,每一个细胞变成一个独立的小孢子。在早期的小孢子细胞内,微管束呈疏松网状分布。其中有些微管束朝向胞质一个小突起聚集。当小孢子进入中期发育阶段,在胞质的小突起部位微管束密度增大。小突起最终形成为萌发孔。当小孢子发育至成熟期,细胞内的微管束变得纤细,而网络则变得紧密。之后的发育阶段（即花粉发育不同阶段）因荧光标记难以进入细胞,无法获得清晰的图像。     

芍药雄配子体发育的超微结构研究

用透射电镜对芍药（Paeonia lactiflora Pall)雄配子体发育进行了研究。结果表明,芍药的小孢子母细胞在减数分裂末期Ⅰ时不形成细胞板,在减数分裂前期Ⅱ形成细胞器带,胞质分裂为同时型,生殖细胞刚形成时有呈PAS正反应的拱形壁,当生殖细胞还未完全脱离花粉内壁时,质膜间的壁物质消失,营养细胞中的脂体沿双质膜规律分布形成一单行的脂体带,在二胞花粉晚期,脂体带包围生殖细胞,形成脂体冠,花粉成熟时,包围生殖细胞的脂体消失,生殖细胞与营养核贴近,构成雄性生殖单位,成熟花粉为二细胞型。     

洋葱花粉母细胞细胞内、细胞间微染骨架的超微结构观察

以洋葱（Allium cepa L.）花粉母细胞为材料,采用DGD包埋去包埋原位技术,对花粉母细胞不同发育时期的细胞内、细胞间微染骨架的超微结构进行了电镜观察。结果发现,花粉母细胞核内存在的粗细不等的微染骨架,与核仁和染色体紧密相连,随着发育的推移,其均一性发生改变。在核周有核纤层样的结构存在,与细胞核和胞质中的微染骨架紧密相连,到前期结束时解体。洋葱花粉母细胞内具有发达的胞质微染骨架,这种结构在减数分裂前期Ⅰ变化不明显。在胞间连接（胞间连丝和胞质通道）内,也有精细的微染骨架分布,并且与两端细胞中的骨架相连。在凝线期的花粉母细胞中观察到细胞融合现象,有胞质或核内微梁骨架与穿壁转移的胞质小球和核小球内骨架相连。此时细胞核偏向一边,但细胞的基余部位仍充满了胞质微染骨架,初步探讨了核微染骨架与核仁和染色体之间的关系,核纤层与细胞核之间的关系。以及细胞内、细胞间微染骨架与细胞融合之间的关系。     

洋葱花粉母细胞细胞内、细胞间微梁骨架的超微结构观察(英文)

以洋葱(AlliumcepaL.)花粉母细胞为材料,采用DGD包埋去包埋原位技术,对花粉母细胞不同发育时期的细胞内、细胞间微梁骨架的超微结构进行了电镜观察。结果发现,花粉母细胞核内存在粗细不等的微梁骨架,与核仁和染色体紧密相连,随着发育的推移,其均一性发生改变。在核周有核纤层样的结构存在,与细胞核和胞质中的微梁骨架紧密相连,到前期结束时解体。洋葱花粉母细胞内具有发达的胞质微梁骨架,这种结构在减数分裂前期Ⅰ变化不明显。在胞间连接(胞间连丝和胞质通道)内,也有精细的微梁骨架分布,并且与两端细胞中的骨架相连。在凝线期的花粉母细胞中观察到细胞融合现象,有胞质或核内微梁骨架与穿壁转移的胞质小球和核小球内骨架相连。此时细胞核偏向一边,但细胞的其余部位仍充满了胞质微梁骨架。初步探讨了核微梁骨架与核仁和染色体之间的关系,核纤层与细胞核之间的关系,以及细胞内、细胞间微梁骨架与细胞融合之间的关系     

松胞素对百合花粉原生质体内肌动蛋白微丝的影响

用B_5培养基酶解分离出百合花粉原生质体。原生质体经松胞素(5μg/ml)分别处理5、10、15、30、60 min,再用荧光标记的鬼笔碱染色,共焦激光扫描镜观察,跟踪了原生质体内的肌动蛋白微丝从一个组织复杂严密的网络转变为无数颗粒体的过程。松胞素处理过的原生质体移回至不含松胞素的培养基中后继续培养15 min,肌动蛋白颗粒快速地再延伸出微丝,重组成新的网络。存在于花粉原生质体中生殖细胞的微丝网络,在经松胞素处理后同样都形成为颗粒体。之后,如果原生质体再放入不含松胞素的培养基内继续培养,生殖细胞内的颗粒体同样会再延伸出微丝,重新组成网络。从原生质体胞质以及生殖细胞内所见到的微丝和颗粒相互转化的情况,可以断定,颗粒体不但具有凝聚微丝的功能,同时也具有重组微丝的功能。     

朱顶红精细胞超微结构观察

精细胞是双受精作用的直接参与者,是生殖生物学中的重点研究对象之一。以往的研究表明,应用连续超薄切片和计算机辅助三维重组技术,结合免疫荧光定位,发现两个精细胞在体积和细胞器含量上存着差异,即精子的二型性,而且与营养细胞核三者构成紧密功能单位却雄性生殖单位（MGU）。微管对精细胞的性状的确定、运动和维持MGU的动态结构稳定具有重要的作用。本文应用透射电镜。详细观察了朱顶红花粉管中细胞的超微结构,并着重微管结构及其分布的观察。朱顶红成熟花粉为两细胞型。成熟花粉于26℃、黑暗条件下,在液体培养基（含10％蔗糖和100ppm硼酸）中培养13－18小时,然后收集花粉管,固定,供电观察并照相。朱顶红成熟花粉培养13小时后,生殖细胞在花粉管中完成核分裂和胞质分裂等两个过程。形成两个精细胞。形成的两个精细胞前后排列,营养核前导并靠近花粉管顶端。领头的精细胞的细胞质以很大的表面与营养核相互融合（图版1－1,2）,有时营养核与两个精细胞彼此穿插、缠绕（图版1－3）。两精细胞之间的壁上具有多胞质通道和含均质电子密度中等的基质（图版II－4）。精细胞质在核与共同壁之间的区域染色较深,经高倍放大,观察到此处含丰富的微管, 自由分布,但以纵向或斜向为主（图版II－5,6）。所有的微管构成松散的桶状网络存在于两精核之间,除此之外,其他区域无微管分布（图版II－7）。培养18小时之后,两精细胞的共同呈网状（图版II－8）,此时微管均成纵向排列,平行于细胞长轴,构成筐状结构包围状精核,但不构成紧密的束状,证明了前人的免疫荧光观察结果。从以上观察结果我们可以得出如下的结论,朱顶红花粉为两细胞型,因此在花粉管中形成的两个精细胞一般前后排列,跟在营养细胞后面,这种线状排列方式在其他植物中也观察到,可能有利于三者作为一个结构功能单位在花粉管中移动和对花粉管狭窄空间的进化适应。MGU形成得较晚,在生殖细胞和营养核进入花粉管后才形成,并一直维持到精核形成,与其他报道不同。精细胞发育过程中,微管的分布方式变化显著。精细胞中微管的分布仅限于共同的细胞壁和靠近茎核之间的区域,总体构成一个松散的桶状结构。精细胞发育后期,微管均成纵向排列,包围着精核,极似生殖细胞筐状的微管结构形式。     

油松成熟花粉的细胞化学及超微结构研究

油松（ＰｉｎｕｓｔａｂｕｌａｅｆｏｒｍｉｓＣａｒｒ．）花粉由两个原叶细胞、一个生殖细胞和一个管细胞组成,其中两个原叶细胞在花粉成熟时已退化。生殖细胞具自己完整的壁。它与花粉贴近一面的壁与花粉内壁分开,仅侧面的壁与内壁连结。生殖细胞向管细胞一面的壁上有胞质通道。生殖细胞与管细胞有明显的分化,主要的差异表现在以下几个方面：（１）生殖细胞核的染色质凝集,而管细胞核的染色质分散,并具发达的核膜孔;（２）生殖细胞内不具微体,而管细胞的细胞质有较多的微体;（３）管细胞比生殖细胞有更丰富的内含物。虽然这两个细胞都含脂体和造粉质体,但前者的造粉质体极为丰富,而后者的造粉质体数量少。管细胞还含有少量的蛋白体,而生殖细胞则缺少这种贮藏物质。生殖细胞与管细胞内均含丰富的线粒体、多聚核糖体和少量的内质网及高尔基体。ＤＡＰＩ染色结果表明,生殖细胞及管细胞内均含丰富的细胞质ＤＮＡ。对油松细胞质遗传的方式及花粉壁的组成、结构和性质进行了讨论。     

The spermatogenous body cell of the coniferPicea abies (Norway spruce) contains actin microfilaments

Summary In conifer pollen, the generative cell divides into a sterile stalk cell and a body cell, which subsequently divides to produce two sperm. InPicea abies (Norway spruce, Pinaceae) this spermatogenous body cell contains actin microfilaments. Microfilament bundles follow the spherical contour of the body cell within the cell cortex, and also traverse the cytoplasm and enmesh amyloplasts and other organelles. In addition, microfilaments are associated with the surface of the body cell nucleus. The sterile stalk cell also contains microfilament bundles in the cytoplasm, around organelles, and along the nuclear surface. Within the pollen grain, microfilament bundles traverse the vegetative-cell cytoplasm and are enriched in a webbed cage which surrounds the body cell. Microfilaments were identified with rhodamine-phalloidin and with indirect immunofluo-rescence using a monoclonal antibody to actin. The majority of evidence in literature suggests that the spermatogenous generative cell in angiosperms does not contain actin microfilaments, so the presence of microfilaments within the spermatogenous body cell inP. abies appears to be a fundamental difference in sexual reproduction between conifers and angiosperms.     

朱顶红花粉管中营养核的纤丝状内含体

用透射是镜研究了朱顶红生殖细胞发育过程中花粉管的营养核中的纤丝状内含体的结构形态。此内含体在花粉管生长早期即可观察到,并在生殖细胞分裂过程中频繁发现。它们具各种方向,未见与其它细胞结构发生联系。通过比较此内含体与花粉管中肌动蛋白纤丝的形态及两者对细胞松弛素Ｄ（ＣＤ）处理的反应,我们倾向认为营养核的纤丝状内含体可能由肌动蛋白组成。讨论了此结构在建立营养核运动机制上的作用。     

Unique actin and microtubule arrays co-ordinate the differentiation of microspores to mature pollen in Nicotiana tabacum

The complex cellular events that occur during development of the male gametophyte of higher plants suggest a role for the cytoskeleton. This investigation has revealed that unique microtubule arrays mediate events that occur during microspore development; both actin and microtubule arrays have important roles during the asymmetrical microspore mitosis and unique actin arrays mediate events that occur during early pollen development. Migration of the nucleus to the generative pole during cellular polarization of the microspore is mediated by a microtubule cage that encloses the nucleus. Nuclear position at the generative pole is maintained by an actin net that tethers it to the pole prior to the asymmetrical mitosis. During entry into mitosis, the microtubule cage becomes modified and transforms into the asymmetrical mitotic spindle. Actin is localized within the region of the mitotic spindle and in the phragmoplast. Following mitosis, actin networks enclose first the generative cell and then the vegetative nucleus. These actin networks function during migration of the generative cell and vegetative nucleus toward the centre of the pollen grain. Mature pollen contains a dense cortical actin meshwork and a disc-shaped microtubule array enclosing the generative cell. The functional importance of the unique actin and microtubule arrays is verified by their targeted disruption with specific cytoskeletal inhibitors, which disrupt normal development and cellular morphology. In summary, these data provide evidence that the co-ordinated reorganization of unique actin and microtubule arrays is an essential determinant of microspore and pollen development.     

土麦冬离体萌发花粉管中生殖细胞与营养核的动态变化

主要报道了土麦冬人工培养萌发花粉管中生殖细胞与营养核的动态变化。多数花粉管中,生殖细胞与营养核贴合后,开始进行有丝分裂,贴合时,营养核略呈弥散状态。在分裂早中期,生殖细胞与营养核分开,从贴合到分开大约经历３－５ｈ,精子形成后,不与营养核连接。ＤＡＰＩ对生殖细胞的有丝分裂有抑制作用。少数花粉管中,生殖细胞核进行无丝分裂,有缢裂和劈裂两种方式。生殖细胞核发生缢裂的花粉管中,未观察到生殖细胞与营养核的贴     

Mitosis and Amitosis of Generative Cell Nuclei in Artificially Germinated Pollen Tubes in Zephyranthes candida(Lindl.)Herb.

This paper deals with the comportmem of the vegetative nucleus and its spatial association with the generative cell and sperm cells in the artificially germinated pollen tubes of Zephyranthes candida (Lindl.) Herb. before and after generative cell mitosis with the use of DNA-specific fluochrome 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). The induction of amitosis and abnormal mitosis of generative cell nuclei by cold-pretreatment of the pollen prior to germination was studied in particular. In normal case, the generative cell, after appressing to the vegetative nucleus for certain time, underwent mitosis to form two sperms, while the vegetative nucleus became markedly elongated, diffused, and exhibited blurring of its fluorescence. After division, a pair of sperms remained shortly in close connexion with the vegetative nucleus. Then the vegetative nucleus returned to its original state. In the pollen tubes germinated from cold-pretreated pollen, amitosis of some generative cell nuclei were frequently observed. Amitosis took place via either equal or unequal division with a mode of constriction. During amitosis, the dynamic change of vegetative nucleus and its intimate association with generative cell afore described did not occur. Sperm nuclei produced from amitosis could farther undergo amitisis resulting in micronnclei. Factors affecting the amitosic rate of generative cells, such as pollen developmental stage, temperature and duration of cold-pretreatment, were studied. Besides amitosis, cold-pretreatment also induced some abnormal mitotic behavior leading to the formation of micronuclei. Based on our observations and previously reported facts in other plant materials, it is inferred that the vegetative nucleus plays an important role in normal mitosis of generative cell and development of sperms.     

Ultrastructure and Germination Percentage of Crocus biflorus Miller subsp. biflorus (Iridaceae) Pollen

Pollen of Crocus biflorus Miller subsp. biflorus from natural habitats of Tusculum (Frascati, near Rome, Italy) has been studied in order to compare its structure and physiology to pollen of other Crocus species belonging to the Crocus sativus group. Mature pollen grains are rounded, 60 μm in diameter, in-aperturate (but with surface incisions where exine is lacking). DAPI staining reveals a spindle-shaped generative nucleus which is intensely fluorescent, and vegetative nucleus which is less fluorescent, and is elongated with numerous lobes. At anthesis the pollen is bicellular, but about 2% of tricellular grains occur among the pollen grains released from the anthers as well as on both naturally or handpollinated stigmas. Pollen germination is low in vitro, but higher in vivo. The pollen tubes are of normal shape. An electron-dense surface coat is sometimes visible on the exine, which in many cases, is detached from the exine. The vegetative cytoplasm is very rich in glycolipid bodies surrounded by endoplasmic reticulum. The generative cell has a lobed cell wall and is surrounded by the vegetative nucleus.     

Histone H4 acetylation and DNA methylation dynamics during pollen development

Summary The first pollen mitosis results in generative and vegetative cells which are characterised by a striking difference in their chromatin structure. In this study, histone H4 acetylation and DNA methylation have been analysed during pollen development inLilium longiflorum. Indirect immunofluorescence procedures followed by epifluorescence and laser scanning microscopy enabled a relative quantification of H4 acetylation and DNA methylation in microspores, immature binucleate pollen, mature pollen, and pollen tubes. The results show that histone H4 of the vegetative nucleus, in spite of its decondensed chromatin structure, is strongly hypoacetylated at lysine positions 5 and 8 in comparison with both the original microspore nucleus and the generative-cell nucleus. These H4 terminal lysines in the vegetative nucleus are, however, progressively acetylated during the following pollen tube growth. The DNA methylation analysis inversely correlates with the histone acetylation data. The vegetative nucleus in mature pollen grains is heavily methylated, but a dramatic nonreplicative demethylation occurs during the pollen tube development. Changes neither in H4 acetylation nor in DNA methylation have been found during development of the generative nucleus. The results obtained indicate that the vegetative nucleus enters the quiescent state (accompanied by DNA hypermethylation and H4 underacetylation) during the maturation of pollen grain which enables pollen grains a long-term survival without external source of nutrients until they reach the stigma.     

Cellular changes during the acquisition of embryogenic potential in isolated pollen grains ofNicotiana tabacum

Summary We used electron microscopical techniques to study ultrastructural changes during the acquisition of embryogenic competence in immature pollen grains ofNicotiana tabacum, isolated at the early- or mid-bicellular stage and cultured in vitro under starvation conditions. Cytoplasmic and nuclear changes during the starvation treatment are reported. Dedifferentiation of plastids, dilation of the wall of the generative cell, the appearance of a large vacuole, loss of nuclear pores in the vegetative nucleus, changes in chromatin and nucleolar structure, and a decrease in the size of the nucleolus were observed. We suggest that these events are the first step in the switch from generative to vegetative generation during pollen embryogenesis.