“橡子新用途的研究”通过部级鉴定

1987年9月4日由商业部科技司委托吉林省供销社主持,在敦化市召开了“橡子新用途研究”的小试鉴定会。与会代表来自大专院校、科研及生产单位共22人,敦化市吴副市长也参加了会议。会议听取了项目承担单位商业部南京野生植物综合利用研究所沈卓群工程师和长春八十二中学江集远工程师关于“橡子新用途研究”的研制报告和应用报告。与会专家一致认为橡子是我国极为丰富的野生植物淀粉资源,通过多年的应用性研究,为橡子的开发利用找到了     

我国橡子资源在上海的利用与展望

橡子是壳斗科(Fagaceae)植物所结的种子,我国约有300余种,分布区域极广,资源丰富。根据有关部门统计,橡子资源约有19亿斤。近十三年来(1969—1980)全国有21个省市向上海调拔橡子,共计112万担。     

橡仁酿酒 大有可为

广西白色地区位于广西西部,与云贵高原南麓相邻,属亚热带,气候温和,雨量充沛,野生植物资源极其丰富。仅橡子树这项资源全地区就有六百八十万亩,年产橡子仁二十万担以上。从一九七三年开始利用橡子仁酿酒至今未中断过。一九七三年至一九八三年利用橡子仁酿酒作了数字统计表(一),从表(一)可以看出:野生植物资源的综合利用有起伏,在思想上有一个认识过程;工厂在原料缺乏的情况下积极找野生植物资源代替,在粮食丰收,工业用粮充裕时,不想用野生淀粉酿酒,因为野生淀粉酿酒工艺复杂,技术上难度大,生产     

中国药用植物资源开发利用研究的回顾与展望

本文对药用植物资源开发的方法学进行了讨论,并简要综述了近年来我国在药用植物资源开发利用研究方面的成就,还就药用植物资源开发利用中的一些重要问题:生物多样性的保护;资源数据库的建立及管理;新技术和新方法的引进以及中药外向过程中资源的宏观调控管理等进行了讨论。     

橡子淀粉的脱涩增白试验

橡子淀粉的脱涩增白试验李萱,宋扬（合肥三中,安徽省生物研究所）橡子是山毛榉科多种植物的坚果的俗称,橡子中淀粉含量约７０％左右,常被用来提取淀粉。山毛榉科在我国分布较广,除西北和西南地区较少外,在其他地区均广泛分布,因此,橡子可作为一种广泛的淀粉来源应...     

都江堰地区灌丛内迺栎橡子的捕食和搬运(英文)

从 2 0 0 0年 9月至 2 0 0 2年 1 2月 ,以四川都江堰常绿阔叶林灌丛内的优势种———栎 (Quercusserrata)为研究对象 ,研究了昆虫、鼠类和真菌对栎橡子的捕食和搬运。结果表明 :(1 )取食橡子的鼠类的群落结构和数量在年间差异较小 ,这可能与三年间栎橡子的产量相对稳定有关 ;(2 )栎橡子的虫蛀率在三年间存在显著性差异 ,范围在 1 4 1 7% - 32 4 9%之间 ;(3)鼠类的就地取食和搬运是影响种子库内橡子命运的主要因素 ;(4 )橡子虫蛀率的变化影响鼠类的觅食活动。鼠类对饱满橡子和虫蛀橡子的选择性取食和搬运可能影响许多坚果植物 (栎树 )的自然更新过程     

鼠类对辽东栎橡子的搬运

在北京东灵山地区,在灌丛、森林2 种生境类型中共设计了5 个处理,以检验种子质量、种子可视度、生境类型如何影响鼠类对辽东栎（Quercus liaotungensis）橡子的搬运。每个处理包括200 枚种子。每日检查种子状态,实验持续16 d。鼠类在几天之内将大多数种子搬运走。完好橡子比虫蛀橡子消失得快。橡子在森林生境中明显比在灌丛生境中消失的快。鼠类对放置在灌丛下方和灌丛之间的橡子的搬运速率差别不大。放置在落叶下方的橡子消失速率明显慢于地表的橡子。本研究利用半存活时间测量种子的搬运率。各处理的半存活时间范围是0. 6 ～ 8. 6 d。各处理的橡子搬运率均较高,这说明鼠类有能力在种子下落到冬季来临的2 个月时间内,搬运绝大多数的橡子。实验说明,鼠类是辽东栎橡子重要的捕食者和扩散者。     

天然植物信用色素的开发利用

限制人工合成食用色素,推广使用天然食用色素已势在必行。本文综述了我国天然植物资源开发利用民天然食用色素的生产方法,并论述了实际开发利用中所面临的及对策。     

槲栎超寄生橡子内象甲幼虫的适应对策

栎属植物的橡子常常受到象甲的侵害, 对橡子存活产生影响, 但有关橡子对象甲幼虫适合度影响的研究尚未见报道。本研究旨在通过对槲栎Quercus aliena种子雨进程以及象甲幼虫逃逸过程的调查, 研究二者之间的进化适应关系。结果表明： 当年槲栎的种子产量为51.92±29.26粒/m², 虫蛀率达到42.4%。虫蛀的橡子中65%以上被象甲超寄生, 且显著大于完好的橡子。在种子下落过程中, 早期从橡子中逃逸的象甲幼虫要比后期逃逸的大。对某一超寄生的橡子而言, 首先逃逸出的象甲幼虫要比随后逃逸的幼虫大。另外, 从早期脱落的橡子中逃逸的幼虫明显小于后期脱落的橡子。象甲幼虫的干重随着橡子内象甲幼虫数量的增加而显著下降。象甲幼虫寄生数量与橡子的长径和短径呈现明显的正相关关系。尽管超寄生降低了象甲虫的适合度, 但雌性成体象甲产卵过程中偏好选择大橡子在一定程度上可以减少这种不利影响。因此, 小橡子可能更容易逃脱象甲的超寄生而获得较大的存活机会。     

锐齿槲栎橡子埋藏深度对发芽、幼苗出土和发育的影响

锐齿槲栎（Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata Maxim.)林内活动的许多型哺乳动物和鸟类不仅采食橡子,而且还常窖贮或在土壤大量的橡 子以便季后利用。这些埋藏的橡子构成了发育有效更新苗的主要种子来源。橡子被埋藏的深度和橡子的大小对幼苗的发育有潜在的影响。把橡子埋藏在6、12和18cm3个土层深度的实验结果显示：随着埋藏深度的增加,橡子的发芽率和发芽橡子的幼苗出土率都有明显下降,由深埋橡胶子发育的幼苗出土比较困难,所需时间较长,也更易腐烂,橡子的大小对发芽和幼苗出土没有明显的影响,早出土幼苗在第一个生长季内由于有较长的生长发育期,季末发育得较好,所以,由浅埋橡子发育的幼苗在更新成功方面有优势。     

东灵山地区动物对辽东栎坚果的捕食和传播Ⅰ.排除啮齿目动物对坚果丢失的影响

动物对辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.)坚果的捕食被认为是影响辽东栎坚果命运的主要因素,因此直接影响幼苗的建立和自然更新。在东灵山一个落叶阔叶林中调查了辽东栎坚果被脊椎动物转运和就地消耗状况。在排除部分小型啮齿目动物前后,辽东栎坚果的丢失动态曲线不同。到实验结束时,基本上所有放置的辽东栎坚果都消失了。排除动物前的曲线上有一个拐点,而排除动物后的丢失曲线上有多个拐点。两曲线相似的地方是：最初一两天辽东栎坚果的丢失非常迅速。排除小型啮齿目动物对辽东栎坚果的丢失有影响,然而坚果尺寸和微生境条件对坚果的丢失没有影响。任意2个因子的交互作用以及3个因子的交互作用对辽东栎坚果的丢失也都没有影响。排除啮齿目动物和坚果尺寸对辽东栎坚果的就地消耗有影响,微生境以及其它因子的交互作用对坚果的就地消耗没有影响。在9月份3d捕鼠的时间里,共捕到啮齿目动物3种：大林姬鼠(Apodemus speciosus)、社鼠(Niviveniter confucianus )和花鼠(Tantias sibiricus)。研究结果表明,尽管啮齿目动物的排除能够降低辽东栎坚果的丢失速度,但它们(或者和其它的脊椎动物一起)有足够的能力将辽东栎坚果捕食或搬运到其它地方分散埋藏或将它们搬运到它们的洞穴中用作漫长冬季的主要食物来源。     

Oaks, acorns, and the geographical ecology of acorn woodpeckers

We investigated the geographical ecology of acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus) using 30 years of Audubon Christmas Bird Counts and data on the diversity and abundance of oaks. Spatial autocorrelation in acorn woodpecker population densities is not significantly greater than zero both in either the southwestern United States, where populations are often locally isolated, or along the Pacific Coast, where they are more evenly distributed. In both regions, the effective distributional limit of acorn woodpeckers is set not by the limits of oaks but by sites where oak diversity drops to a single species. This result is consistent with acorn production patterns in central coastal California demonstrating that variability in overall acorn production and the probability of acorn crop failure decline with increasing oak species number but drop most markedly when two, compared to one, species of oaks are present together. Along the Pacific Coast, acorn woodpecker densities increase and population variability decreases with increasing abundance and diversity of oaks; however, analyses indicate that overall population size in this region is primarily determined by resource abundance while population stability is determined by resource diversity. Comparable patterns are not obvious in the Southwest, where acorn woodpecker densities are much lower than along the Pacific Coast. This may be due to a combination of greater competition for resources and oak communities that differ both qualitatively and quantitatively in their productivity compared to those along the Pacific Coast.     

东灵山地区脊椎动物对辽东栎坚果捕食的时空格局

在北京东灵山地区,选择３种不同森林类型,于辽东栎（Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓ ｌｉａｏｔｕｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ Ｋｏｉｄｚ．）坚果下落高峰期和坚果自然下落后,对坚果逃逸脊椎动物捕食的存活时间进行调查。森林类型、坚果下落时期以及森林类型和坚果下落的交互作用对坚果的生存时间都有显著影响。在辽东栎坚果下落高峰期和坚果自然下落后,华北落叶松（Ｌａｒｉｘ ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｉｓ－ｒｕｐｐｒｅｃｈｔｉｉ Ｍａｙｒ．）林和油松（Ｐｉ     

Influence of physiographic and climatic factors on spatial patterns of acorn production in Maryland and Virginia,USA

Aim The aims of this study were to identify the effects physiographic differences have on the spatial synchrony of acorn production within red (Quercus rubra) and white (Quercus alba) oak subgenus groups, to identify climatic factors associated with acorn production patterns, and to assess if and how these relationships vary across a distinct physiographic boundary. Location Maryland and Virginia in the eastern United States. Methods Using data from 36 survey sites in Virginia (1973–2000) and Maryland (1977–2000), we described the spatial synchrony of annual acorn production based on Mantel tests and modified correlograms at three spatial scales: (1) the entire study area, (2) within two ecological regions (mountain and Piedmont), and (3) between these ecoregions. Using climate data obtained from the National Climate Data Centre, we described the relationship between climate and acorn production within each ecological region using linear regression. Results Spatial synchrony in the white oak group acorn production was strong among sites closest together, and declined with distance. The average April temperature during the year of acorn drop was positively related to acorn crop size within the mountain and Piedmont ecoregions. Spatial synchrony in the red oak group was strong among sites closest together and declined with distance in the mountain region. Synchrony was weaker in the Piedmont than in the mountain ecoregion and declined slightly with increasing distance. Between the mountain and Piedmont ecoregions, synchrony was not detected among the closest sites, but was detected with increasing strength as the distance between site pairs increased. In the Piedmont ecoregion, the number of April freeze events and total July precipitation, both 2 years prior to acorn drop, were negatively related to red oak acorn production. In the mountains, average July temperature 2 years prior to acorn drop was positively related to acorn production. Main conclusions Physiographic differences affected the spatial acorn production synchrony in the red oak but not in the white oak subgenus group. Climatic factors related to annual acorn production variability differed between subgenus groups and physiographic regions. The physiographic differences between the mountain and Piedmont ecoregions may define spatial patterns of acorn production synchrony in some oak species and mediate climatic influences on acorn production.     

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Quercus liaotungensis Acorn Predation by Vertebrates in Dongling Mountain,Northern China

In studying the spatial and temporal patterns of acorn predation of Quercus liaotungensis Koidz. by vertebrates, Three forests in Dongling Mountain, Northern China, including a broad-leaved forest, a Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forest and a Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr. forest were selected in which acorn predation was observed in the peak period of acornfall and the period after natural acornfall. The survival of acorn from predation was influenced by forest types and period of acornfall as well as the interaction of forest types and the period of acornfall. The rates of acorn loss are high in the Pinus tabulaeformis forest and Larix principis-rupprechtii forest in both peak period of acornfall and period after natural acornfall. All the acorns deployed on the ground disappeared within two days. In the broad-leaved forest, the rate of acorn loss was high in the period after natural acornfall, but low in the peak period of acornfall probably due to predator satiation. In addition, the acorn removal by the small mammals under study was different among 3 forests. These results suggest that small vertebrates play an important role in predating and dispersing acorns with different spatial and temporal patterns which may affect the acorn fate in different types of forests and the establishment of seedlings as well as the natural regeneration of Q. liaotungensis population.     

Trade-offs between vegetative growth and acorn production in Quercus lobata during a mast year: the relevance of crop size and hierarchical level within the canopy

The concept of trade-offs between reproduction and other fitness traits is a fundamental principle of life history theory. For many plant species, the cost of sexual reproduction affects vegetative growth in years of high seed production through the allocation of resources to reproduction at different hierarchical levels of canopy organization. We have examined these tradeoffs at the shoot and branch level in an endemic California oak, Quercus lobata, during a mast year. To determine whether acorn production caused a reduction in vegetative growth, we studied trees that were high and low acorn producers, respectively. We observed that in both low and high acorn producers, shoots without acorns located adjacent to reproductive shoots showed reduced vegetative growth but that reduced branch-level growth on acorn-bearing branches occurred only in low acorn producers. The availability of local resources, measured as previous year growth, was the main factor determining acorn biomass. These findings show that the costs of reproduction varied among hierarchical levels, suggesting some degree of physiological autonomy of shoots in terms of acorn production. Costs also differed among trees with different acorn crops, suggesting that trees with large acorn crops had more available resources to allocate for growth and acorn production and to compensate for immediate local costs of seed production. These findings provide new insight into the proximate mechanisms for mast-seeding as a reproductive strategy.     

The coexistence of acorns with different maturation patterns explains acorn production variability in cork oak

In dry areas such as Mediterranean ecosystems, fluctuations in seed production are typically explained by resource (water) availability. However, acorn production in cork oak (Quercus suber) populations shows a very low relationship to weather. Because cork oak trees produce acorns with different maturation patterns (annual and biennial), we hypothesized that acorn production in coexisting individuals with a different dominant acorn maturation type should respond differently to climatic factors and that disaggregating the trees according to their acorn-maturation pattern should provide a more proximal relation to weather factors. We assessed acorn production variability in fragmented cork oak populations of the eastern Iberian Peninsula by counting the total number of acorns in 155 trees during an 8-year period. An initial assessment of acorn production variability in relation to weather parameters yielded very low explained variance (7%). However, after the trees were grouped according to their dominant acorn maturation pattern, weather parameters were found to account for 44% of the variability in acorn crops, with trees with annual acorns exhibiting mast fruiting in years with reduced spring frost and shorter summer droughts and trees with biennial acorns showing the opposite pattern. Thus, conditions that negatively affect annual production could be beneficial for biennial production (and vice versa). The results highlight the importance of the resource-matching hypothesis for explaining acorn production in Quercus suber and suggest that different seed maturation types within a population may allow the species to deal with highly variable weather conditions. They also emphasize the importance of understanding acorn maturation patterns for interpreting masting cycles.     

Main determinants of rodent population fluctuations in managed Central European temperate lowland forests

Whilst studies have shown that climatic (North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)) and biotic (acorn production) factors influence rodent populations, mechanisms driving temporal and spatial fluctuation of rodent populations are understudied. This study evaluates relationships between the influence of environmental factors (biotic and abiotic) and phenotypic characteristics across two rodent feeding guilds (granivorous and non-granivorous species) represented by four species of rodents in Central Europe. We hypothesise that the relationship between acorn density and population growth rate are indirectly affected by climatic factors (winter NAO) and that these effects differ amongst herbivorous and granivorous species. In addition, we also tested whether effects of weather and competition on individual phenotype characteristic vary amongst mast and non-mast years. Rodent populations were estimated by catching individuals in snap traps during the growing season (from March to November) over a period of 9 years at three sites. The results of the generalised linear model provide evidence that acorn production best explained the population fluctuations. We therefore conclude that the between-year population fluctuations in rodent abundance were governed by density dependence and initiated primarily by acorn mast years. Auto-regressive models also revealed direct density dependence in combination with the direct effects of mast years. Therefore, strong intraspecific competition for food is likely in years following mast years. Our results also showed that abundance of non-granivorous species is mainly influenced by local weather conditions which could regulate food quality and abundance. On the other hand, population dynamics of granivorous species are caused directly by acorn density and indirectly by climatic condition influencing acorn production.     

Airborne hyperspectral imaging for estimating acorn yield based on the PLS B-matrix calibration technique

Alternate bearing of acorn is a well-marked yield variability phenomenon in forest production. In Japan, this phenomenon is also related to wildlife management (e.g. of animals such as wild pigs, that rely on acorn as their major feed source). Effective management of animals dependent on acorn will require accurate estimation of acorn yield at an early stage. In this paper, we proposed a way to estimate acorn yield from the canopy reflectance values of individual trees. Using an Airborne Imaging Spectrometer for Application (AISA) Eagle System, hyperspectral images in 72 visible and near-infrared wavelengths (407–898 nm) were acquired over an acorn forest in Japan 10 times over three consecutive years (2003–2005) during the early acorn growing season. The canopy spectral reflectance values for individual trees at each wavelength were extracted from the images, and important wavelengths were determined as estimating factors by the B-matrix technique based on partial least squares (PLS) analysis. Yield-estimating models were then developed by multiple linear regression (MLR). Three models obtained from images acquired on June 27 in 2003, July 13 in 2004 and June 21 in 2005 estimated acorn yield well in comparison with ground truth, indicating that the procedure has considerable potential. The study also demonstrated the B-matrix technique based on PLS analysis to be reliable and efficient in identifying important wavelengths for determining suitable estimating factors that best contribute to the estimation model.     

CATKIN FREEZING AND ACORN PRODUCTION IN GAMBEL OAK IN UTAH, 1978

In May 1978, a general freeze of the male flowers of Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.) was observed in northern Utah. In August, transect reconnaissance was conducted throughout Utah to assess acorn production and the incidence of freeze damage in Gambel oak. It was found that below ca. 1950 m elevation acorn production was relatively low while the incidence of freeze damage was high. Above ca. 1950 m elevation, where the oaks were still dormant at the time of the freeze, acorn production was relatively high while freeze damage was relatively low. Occasional acorn production observed at low elevations appeared to be associated with subterranean pooling of water and/or cold air drainage. Some biogeographic implications of freeze stress are discussed.