草地贪夜蛾海藻糖合成酶基因的克隆、时空表达谱及对温度胁迫的响应

【目的】本研究旨在通过克隆草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的海藻糖合成酶(trehalose-6-phosphate synthase)基因SfTPS,分析其在草地贪夜蛾不同发育阶段、不同组织中的表达水平及不同温度胁迫时5龄幼虫中的相对表达量,为进一步探究TPS在草地贪夜蛾生长发育及抗逆应激反应中的功能奠定基础。【方法】运用RT-PCR技术克隆草地贪夜蛾SfTPS的全长编码区,并进行生物信息学分析。运用RT-qPCR技术检测SfTPS在草地贪夜蛾不同发育阶段(卵、1-6龄幼虫、蛹和成虫)、5龄幼虫不同组织(体壁、中肠和脂肪体)中和经短期(2, 4和8 h)高(35℃)低温(10℃)胁迫后5龄幼虫中的表达变化。【结果】克隆获得2 571 bp的草地贪夜蛾TPS cDNA序列,命名为SfTPS(GenBank登录号： MT920672),全长开放阅读框(ORF)长2 481 bp,编码的826个氨基酸具有TPS和TPP两个保守结构域。同源比对和系统进化分析表明,昆虫TPS蛋白具有较高的保守性,SfTPS与斜纹夜蛾S. litura的TPS亲缘关系最近,序列一致性达到99.15%。SfTPS中α-螺旋、β-折叠和无规则卷曲占比分别为38.14%, 12.23%和48.55%;SfTPS的三级结构为同源二聚体。RT-qPCR结果表明,SfTPS在草地贪夜蛾卵期和1-5龄幼虫期低表达,在6龄幼虫期、蛹期和成虫期高表达,且草地贪夜蛾变态前后SfTPS的表达量变化较大。组织分布结果显示,SfTPS在5龄幼虫脂肪体中表达量最高。草地贪夜蛾5龄幼虫经2~8 h低温(10℃)和高温(35℃)胁迫后,SfTPS的相对表达量显著高于对照(25℃),分别为对照的4.43~9.34和2.50~6.03倍。【结论】SfTPS基因在草地贪夜蛾生长发育过程及抵御高低温度胁迫中可能具有重要作用。     

草地贪夜蛾热激蛋白基因SfHsp90的克隆及在高低温和UV-A胁迫下的表达分析

【目的】本研究旨在探索草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda响应高低温和UV-A胁迫的分子机制。【方法】通过RT-PCR技术克隆草地贪夜蛾热激蛋白基因Hsp90,利用生物信息学方法分析其序列特征;采用RT-qPCR技术检测草地贪夜蛾Hsp90基因在不同发育阶段(卵、1-6龄幼虫、蛹和成虫)、成虫不同组织(去除触角和复眼的头、胸、腹、触角、复眼、足、翅、中肠、精巢和卵巢)及在不同时长(0, 30, 60, 90, 120和150 min)高温(36℃)、低温(4℃)和UV-A胁迫下成虫中的相对表达量。【结果】克隆获得草地贪夜蛾Hsp90基因,命名为SfHsp90(GenBank登录号:MN832694),该基因开放阅读框(ORF)长2 154 bp,编码717个氨基酸,编码蛋白质相对分子量为82.52 kD,等电点(pI)为5.01,C末端序列含保守基序EEVD,说明该蛋白为胞质型热激蛋白。系统进化分析结果表明,昆虫Hsp90高度保守。发育表达模式显示SfHsp90在草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫中表达量最高;组织表达模式显示,SfHsp90在草地贪夜蛾雌雄成虫的触角、复眼和去除触角和复眼的头中的表达量显著高于在其他组织中的。高低温胁迫对草地贪夜蛾SfHsp90表达具有明显的诱导作用,36℃胁迫下,SfHsp90表达量显著高于对照,且随着处理时间的延长,在雄成虫中表达量先上升后下降,在60 min时达到最高值,在雌成虫中表达量随处理时间延长逐渐升高;4℃胁迫下,在雄成虫中表达量随着处理时间的延长先上升后下降,在30 min时表达量达到峰值,在雌成虫中表达量随着处理时间延长逐渐上升;随着UV-A照射时间的延长,在雌雄成虫中表达量先上升后下降,90 min时在雄成虫中表达量达到最高值,60 min时在雌成虫中表达量达到最高值。【结论】草地贪夜蛾SfHsp90基因在高低温和UV-A胁迫下的差异表达说明该基因在草地贪夜蛾响应环境胁迫的分子机制中发挥重要作用。     

草地贪夜蛾烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体α6和α7亚基基因克隆及其对乙基多杀菌素胁迫的响应

【目的】烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, nAchRs)作为昆虫中枢神经系统中重要的神经递质受体,是乙基多杀菌素的重要靶标。本研究旨在克隆草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda nAchR基因,并探析其对乙基多杀菌素胁迫的响应。【方法】基于前期草地贪夜蛾转录组数据,采用RT-PCR和RACE分别克隆草地贪夜蛾nAchRα6和α7亚基基因;乙基多杀菌素(0.400 mg/L)处理草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫48 h后,采用RT-qPCR技术检测nAchRα6和α7亚基基因的表达量的变化。【结果】nAchRα6亚基基因(GenBank登录号：MT951400)开放阅读框长1 506 bp,编码502个氨基酸,并具有跨膜区与信号肽;nAchRsα7亚基基因(GenBank登录号：MW557608)开放阅读框长1 524 bp,编码508个氨基酸,并具有跨膜区与信号肽。根据氨基酸多序列比对分析,草地贪夜蛾nAchR亚基α6和α7具有烟碱性乙酰胆碱受体α家族典型特征。0.400 mg/L乙基多杀菌素胁迫48 h后,草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫nA...     

草地贪夜蛾雌性先熟现象的稳定性及影响因素分析

【目的】在性二型昆虫发育历期的研究中雄性先熟更为常见,雌性先熟报道较少。草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda是玉米上的重大迁飞性害虫,在发育历期上存在雌性先熟现象。本研究旨在明确该现象的稳定性并探索其影响因素,为草地贪夜蛾的准确监测和早期预警提供理论依据。【方法】分析草地贪夜蛾在16L∶8D, 14L∶10D和8L∶16D 3种光周期及玉米叶、花生叶和人工饲料3种食物条件下的生长发育情况,并对不同光周期和食物条件下饲养的草地贪夜蛾卵巢进行解剖;同时选择夜蛾科(Noctuidae)粘虫Mythimna separata和斜纹夜蛾S.litura与草地贪夜蛾的生长发育情况进行比较,评价雌性先熟现象是否为具有迁飞习性的夜蛾科昆虫的共性。【结果】3种夜蛾科迁飞性昆虫中仅有草地贪夜蛾雌成虫显著早于雄成虫羽化,提前1.28 d,且该羽化现象在不同光周期和不同食物条件下稳定存在,仅在草地贪夜蛾取食花生叶时呈现弱化趋势。解剖发现,不同光周期和不同食物条件下,初羽化的草地贪夜蛾成虫卵巢始终处于未成熟期,不随外在条件的变化而改变。草地贪夜蛾雌蛹发育显著快于雄蛹是造成草地贪夜蛾两性羽化时间差...     

草地贪夜蛾雄性成虫和5龄幼虫的转录组比较分析

【目的】草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda是一种新近入侵我国的重要害虫。本研究旨在对草地贪夜蛾雄性成虫和5龄幼虫两个不同发育阶段的转录组进行比较分析。【方法】利用高通量测序技术对草地贪夜蛾雄性成虫和5龄幼虫进行转录组测序和数据组装,并对转录组数据进行功能注释和比较分析。【结果】经de novo组装共获得209 002条转录本,平均长度为687.55 bp,N50为982 bp。共有46 198条(57.43%) unigene在至少一个数据库中获得功能注释,其中1 713条(2.13%) unigene在所有数据库中均能获得注释。在GO数据库中获得205 269条unigene的注释,主要包括68个功能分类;在KEGG数据库中共有3 408条unigene得到注释,涉及277个代谢通路。共鉴定到424个嗅觉相关的基因,并且在雄性成虫和5龄幼虫之间的表达存在差异。通过比较转录组分析,在雄性成虫中鉴定到9 162个上调和6 399个下调差异表达基因(DEGs);功能富集分析发现在上调DEGs中涉及信息素以及信号转导的代谢通路显著富集,而下调DEGs中涉及解毒相关的通路显著富集。【结论】这些转录组数据为探究草地贪夜蛾的生长发育、嗅觉相关功能基因以及候选分子靶标提供资源信息。     

4种昆虫病原线虫对草地贪夜蛾的致死作用

【目的】探讨昆虫病原线虫对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的侵染效果。【方法】在室内条件下采用生测试验法,测定了小卷蛾斯氏线虫AⅡ、长尾斯氏线虫X-7、夜蛾斯氏线虫SN和嗜菌异小杆线虫H06等4种昆虫病原线虫对草地贪夜蛾2龄和5龄幼虫的致死作用。【结果】小卷蛾斯氏线虫AⅡ与草地贪夜蛾数量比为50∶1时,36 h后草地贪夜蛾2龄和5龄幼虫的死亡率分别为92%和100%。长尾斯氏线虫X-7与草地贪夜蛾数量比为50∶1时,36 h后草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的死亡率为80%;在数量比30∶1时,36 h后草地贪夜蛾5龄幼虫死亡率为100%。夜蛾斯氏线虫SN与草地贪夜蛾数量比为400∶1时,36 h后草地贪夜蛾2龄和5龄幼虫的死亡率分别为88%和85%。嗜菌异小杆线虫H06与草地贪夜蛾在400∶1时,36 h后草地贪夜蛾2龄和5龄幼虫的死亡率分别为32%和67.5%。【结论】小卷蛾斯氏线虫AⅡ具有较好的草地贪夜蛾生物防治潜质,其次是长尾斯氏线虫X-7。     

淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生对草地贪夜蛾幼虫血淋巴黑化反应及酚氧化酶的影响

【目的】明确淡足侧沟茧蜂Microplitis pallidipes寄生对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda血淋巴黑化率、酚氧化酶原（Prophenoloxidase,PPO）基因表达量和酚氧化酶（Phenoloxidase,PO）活性的影响,为更有效的利用淡足侧沟茧蜂防控草地贪夜蛾提供理论依据。【方法】通过室内寄生实验确定草地贪夜蛾被淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生的最佳龄期;通过RT-qPCR分析草地贪夜蛾两个PPO基因（SfPPO1和SfPPO2）的时空表达谱;通过薄膜法统计草地贪夜蛾被寄生后的血淋巴黑化率;采用吸光光度法测定草地贪夜蛾被寄生后的血淋巴PO活性;采用RT-qPCR测定草地贪夜蛾被寄生后血淋巴SfPPO1和SfPPO2的相对基因表达量。【结果】草地贪夜蛾被淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生的最佳龄期为3龄幼虫,SfPPO1和SfPPO2均在卵块和4龄幼虫中基因表达量较高,且主要在幼虫血淋巴中表达。草地贪夜蛾被寄生后12、24、48和72 h的血淋巴黑化率显著低于未寄生组（P<0.05）,SfPPO1和SfPPO2的相对基因表达量和PO活性也低于未寄生组。相关关系分析表明,SfPPO1的相对基因表达量与SfPPO2的表达量呈现线性关系（R2=0.9124）,PO活性与两个PPO基因相对表达量之间、黑化率与PO活性和PPO基因相对表达量之间均呈现正相关。【结论】淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生会抑制草地贪夜蛾血淋巴的黑化率,下调血淋巴中酚氧化酶原基因的表达量和PO活性,且PO活性、PPO基因相对表达量及血淋巴黑化率3个指标之中,两两之间均呈现正相关性。     

草地贪夜蛾对水稻和玉米的取食和产卵选择性与适合度

【目的】明确草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda对寄主植物水稻和玉米的取食和产卵选择性与适合度,进而分析草地贪夜蛾对水稻的为害风险。【方法】采用自由选择法,测定草地贪夜蛾对水稻和玉米的取食、产卵选择性。调查取食水稻和玉米苗的草地贪夜蛾的生长发育、存活率、繁殖力的差异,用种群增长趋势指数(I)评价水稻对草地贪夜蛾的适合度。【结果】草地贪夜蛾对水稻和玉米的取食和产卵选择性存在显著差异。接虫后2-48 h,幼虫对玉米的取食选择率随时间延长而逐渐增加,而幼虫对水稻的取食选择率随时间延长而逐渐降低;接虫后48 h,2龄幼虫和4龄幼虫对玉米的取食选择率分别为93.06%和59.72%,分别是对水稻的取食选择率的66.95倍和21.48倍。自由产卵6 d,在玉米上的产卵量是在水稻上的8.64倍。与取食玉米苗的相比,取食水稻苗的草地贪夜蛾幼虫发育历期延长,卵孵化率、幼虫存活率、化蛹率和成虫羽化率均显著降低,雌性比率下降,雌成虫寿命显著缩短,单雌产卵量显著减少。取食玉米苗的草地贪夜蛾的种群增长趋势指数(I)为165.93,其在水稻上的相对适合度为0.21。【结论】相较于水稻,草地贪夜蛾在玉米上表现出更高的适合度,其偏好在玉米上取食和产卵。水稻不是目前侵入我国的草地贪夜蛾的嗜食寄主,但其可以通过取食水稻幼苗正常生长发育并完成生活史,在其种群密度较大、嗜食寄主植物缺乏时存在转移为害水稻的潜在风险。     

三种杀虫剂亚致死剂量对草地贪夜蛾细胞色素P450基因表达的影响

【目的】为明确杀虫剂亚致死剂量对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda细胞色素P450基因表达的影响。【方法】本研究采用叶片浸渍法测定了3种杀虫剂[氯虫苯甲酰胺、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和苏云金杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)]对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的毒力,以及通过实时荧光定量PCR(real-time quantitative PCR, RT-qPCR)技术测定了这3种杀虫剂亚致死剂量(LC_(10))处理后48 h时草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫16个P450基因的表达量。【结果】氯虫苯甲酰胺、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和Bt对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的LC_(10)值分别为0.931, 0.283和1 089.688 mg/L。2龄幼虫受LC_(10)氯虫苯甲酰胺胁迫后,13个P450基因(CYP4G75,CYP6AB12,CYP6B50,CYP321A7,CY321A8,CYP321A9,CYP321A10,CYP321B1,CYP337B5,CYP9A59,CYP9A58,CYP6AE44及CYP6AE43)表达上调,其中CYP6AE44表达量为对照的34.60倍;2龄幼虫受LC_(10)甲维盐胁迫后,11个P450基因(CYP4G75,CYP6AB12,CYP321A7,CY321A8,CYP321A9,CYP321A10,CYP321B1,CYP337B5,CYP9A58,CYP6AE44及CYP6AE43)表达上调,其中CYP321B1表达量为对照的28.70倍;2龄幼虫受LC_(10)Bt胁迫后,11个P450基因(CYP4G75,CYP6AB12,CYP6AN4,CYP321A7,CY321A8,CYP321A9,CYP321A10,CYP321B1,CYP337B5,CYP6AE44及CYP6AE43)表达上调,其中CYP6AE44表达量为对照的40.80倍。【结论】草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的多个P450基因受这3种杀虫剂亚致死剂量处理后表达上调,其中CYP4G75,CYP6AB12,CYP321A7,CY321A8,CYP321A9,CYP321A10,CYP321B1,CYP321B5,CYP6AE44及CYP6AE43均能被这3种杀虫剂诱导表达。     

ATP合酶亚基d参与海藻糖代谢调控棉铃虫幼虫变态的分子机理

【目的】本研究旨在解析ATP合酶亚基d(ATP synthase subunit d, ATPs-d)参与海藻糖代谢调控棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera幼虫发育和变态中的功能及分子机理。【方法】PCR扩增棉铃虫HaATPs-d的开放阅读框，并利用生物信息学方法对其序列及系统发育进行分析；利用qRT-PCR检测HaATPs-d在5龄蜕皮期幼虫和6龄幼虫表皮、中肠和脂肪体中及对20-羟基蜕皮酮(20-hydroxyecdysone, 20E)(0.1 mg/mL)响应的6龄幼虫脂肪体和表皮中的表达量；利用荧光拍照分析HaATPs-d在草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda卵巢细胞系Sf9细胞中的亚细胞定位；采用酵母双杂交分析与HaATPs-d互作的蛋白；对棉铃虫6龄幼虫注射dsHaATPs-d,分析RNAi降低HaATPs-d的表达量对幼虫发育及变态和中肠中可溶性海藻糖酶活性和海藻糖含量的影响。【结果】棉铃虫HaATPs-d(GenBank登录号：LOC110375576)的开放阅读框长525 bp,编码174个氨基酸并具有较高的保守性，与草地贪夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾S...     

Exercise, dobutamine, and combined atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine compared

We compared the cardiovascular effects evoked in conscious dogs by 1) submaximal exercise; 2) infusion of dobutamine (40 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1); and 3) infusion of a combination of atropine (0.15 mg/kg), norepinephrine (0.19 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1), and epinephrine (0.05 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1). Myocardial O2 demand, as estimated by the double product (heart rate X systolic blood pressure), was similar during all three interventions. Cardiac output and heart rate increased significantly (P less than 0.05) during each of the three interventions. Arteriovenous O2 difference and total body O2 consumption, however, increased only during submaximal exercise. Although myocardial blood flow increased similarly during each of the three interventions, blood flow to skeletal muscle and the tongue increased only during exercise. Exercise and the combined infusion of atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine produced similar increases in blood flow to the diaphragm and similar decreases in blood flow to the stomach. These changes in blood flow were associated with appropriate changes in vascular resistance. Additionally, blood flow to the brain, kidney, adrenal glands, liver, and intestine did not change during any of the three interventions. Thus, in dogs, submaximal exercise, infusion of dobutamine, and infusion of a combination of atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine to evoke a given level of estimated myocardial O2 consumption produce similar increases in cardiac output, heart rate, and myocardial blood flow. In contrast, the changes in total body O2 consumption, arteriovenous O2 difference, regional blood flow, and regional vascular resistance that occur during each of these three interventions are different.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

Indians, Markets, and Rainforests: Theory, Methods, and Analysis

Indians, Markets, and Rainforests: Theory, Methods, and Analysis. Ricardo A. Godoy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. 274 pp.     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Lipid,lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein models: past,present, and future

Mones Berman's untimely death on 12 August 1982 put an end to his work in the development of theoretical biology. Arguments are examined, and it is concluded that a formal theory of lipoprotein metabolism flourished and expanded under the guidance of Dr. Berman. Not many scientists in the field of biology spend a major portion of their energies on theoretical work xxx was outstanding because of his early decision to follow the theoretical path.     

Pericytes: developmental, physiological, and pathological perspectives, problems, and promises

Pericytes, the mural cells of blood microvessels, have recently come into focus as regulators of vascular morphogenesis and function during development, cardiovascular homeostasis, and disease. Pericytes are implicated in the development of diabetic retinopathy and tissue fibrosis, and they are potential stromal targets for cancer therapy. Some pericytes are probably mesenchymal stem or progenitor cells, which give rise to adipocytes, cartilage, bone, and muscle. However, there is still confusion about the identity, ontogeny, and progeny of pericytes. Here, we review the history of these investigations, indicate emerging concepts, and point out problems and promise in the field of pericyte biology.