杉科植物花粉形态的研究

杉科(Taxodiaceac)是裸子植物的重要科之一。全科共有10属16种。本文用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了本科7属10种植物花粉,并用透射电镜研究了其中5个属代表种的外壁内部的超微结构。     

Chemotaxonomic study of Codonopsis (family Campanulaceae) and its related genera

Nine sterols and triterpenes isolated from Codonopsis pilosula and Adenophora stricta were used as reference compounds fir thin layer chromatographic identification of hydrophobic constituents in the roots of 28 species belonging to four genera of the family Campanulaceae: Codonopsis, Adenophora, Campanumoea and Platycodon. Two of the subgenera of Codonopsis (subgen. Codonopsis and subgen. Obconicicapsula) and two sections of Subgenus Codonopsis (sect. Codonopsis and sect. Erectae) were included in the study. The results indicated that the four genera could be distinguished from one another. β-Sitosterol and taraxerol were present in all the four genera studied. -Spinasterol was the characteristic compound in Codonopsis while β-sitosteryl palmitate was diagnostic to Adenophora.     

The family prosthogonimidae (Trematoda) in Australia

The family Prosthogonimidae (Trematoda) in Australia. International Journal for Parasitology 3: 853–862. The family Prosthogonimidae has previously been known in Australia by three species of Prosthogonimus Lühe, 1899 (from birds) and by Coelomotrema Angel, 1970 (from marsupials). Two new genera are now proposed: Cylindrotrema cygni from Cygnus atratus (Latham) (caecum), and Mawsonotrema eudyptulae from Eudyptula minor (Forster) (liver). Prosthogonimus vitellatus Nicoll, 1914 is recorded from three new hosts, Gymnorhina tibicen leuconota (Latham), Phalacrocorax melanoleucos (Vieillot) and Chlidonias hybrida (Pallas), and the species is redescribed from 11 specimens from the first of these. The life history, not known for any Australian species, is discussed.

The only plump-bodied genera in the family are Coelomotrema, Cylindrotrema and Mawsonotrema, all of which are confined to Australia.

Mawsonotrema differs from all other members of the family in the position of the genital pore, which is away from the anterior end of the body, lying against the anterior border of the acetabulum.     

Polyhydroxyalkaloids in the Aroid Tribes Nephthytideae and Aglaonemateae: Phytochemical Support for an Intertribal relationship

Using living and herbarium material, a survey of polyhydroxyalkaloids in species of 52 genera of Araceae revealed the presence of 2,5-dihydroxymethyl-3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidine (DMDP) and -homonojirimycin (HNJ) in leaves of Nephthytis Schott, Anchomanes Schott, Pseudohydrosme Engl. (tribe Nephthytideae), Aglaonema Schott and Aglaodorum Engl. (tribe Aglaonemateae). Levels were high in living plants, ranging from 0.1 to 1% dry weight DMDP and 0.04 to 0.6% HNJ. Isomers of HNJ, such as -3,4-di-epi-homonojirimycin, were also present in the five genera. Seven of the eight Nephthytis species examined also contained deoxymannojirimycin at levels, in fresh material, of 0.1–0.2% dry weight. Lower levels of DMDP (mean 0.009%) and HNJ (mean 0.002%) were detected in species of Amorphophallus Blume & Decne and Pseudodracontium N.E. Br. (tribe Thomsonieae). The similarity in polyhydroxyalkaloid chemistry between Nephthytideae and Aglaonemateae concurs with recently published chloroplast restriction site data in suggesting a relationship between these tribes.     

我国罂粟科(Papaveraceae)植物的花粉形态

本文用光学显微镜对我国16属60种5变种罂粟科植物花粉形态进行了系统地观察研究。其中对15属27种进行了扫描观察。本科花粉形态为多类型。3沟为原始的、基本的花粉类型。根据萌发孔的形状、数目和特征,将罂粟科的花粉分为2沟,3沟,4-6沟、散沟、散孔和无萌发孔6个花粉类型。根据孢粉学资料,本文对绿绒蒿属(Meconopsis Vig.)花粉粒和其它器官的进化趋势,罂粟科在进化上的亲缘关系和本科花粉萌发孔的演化趋向等问题进行了讨论。     

西藏马鹿与同域野生有蹄类、家畜草青期食性比较

西藏马鹿为我国特有种,曾一度被认定为野外灭绝。在其生境中有多种食性相近的野生有蹄类及家畜同域分布,探究青藏高原特殊环境下西藏马鹿与这些有蹄类的食物资源种间竞争与共存关系十分必要。2013年和2014年8—9月,采用粪便显微分析法确定了桑日县西藏马鹿自然保护区西藏马鹿、白唇鹿、藏原羚、牦牛、山羊草青期食物组成,并比较分析了西藏马鹿与同域野生有蹄类、家畜之间的食物重叠和分化状况。结果表明: 西藏马鹿与其他有蹄类具有相似的可食植物种类组成,但所占食谱比例不同。西藏马鹿主要可食植物多为其他有蹄类次要可食植物,其中弱小火绒草为西藏马鹿(在动物食谱中的百分比为11.2%)与牦牛(10.2%)共同的主要食物,西藏柳为西藏马鹿(9.6%)和白唇鹿(11.4%)共同的主要食物。从科级水平来看,豆科植物为西藏马鹿(21.4%)与藏原羚(42.5%)的共同主要可食植物,莎草科植物为白唇鹿(49.2%)、牦牛(33.4%)、山羊(50.3%)的共同主要可食植物。菊科植物作为西藏马鹿(29.6%)的主要可食植物,也是白唇鹿(7.6%)、藏原羚(11.6%)、牦牛(17.3%)和山羊(14.1%)的次要可食植物。禾本科植物作为西藏马鹿(7.1%)次要可食植物,较其他4种有蹄类(白唇鹿13.6%、藏原羚12.3%、牦牛11.5%、山羊16.0%)所占比例低。西藏马鹿与其他有蹄类食物重叠度均高于0.5,与牦牛的重叠度最高(0.65)。西藏马鹿食物多样性指数(1.32)、均匀度指数(0.37)和生态位宽度指数(15.79)均较高。与2007—2008年相比,西藏马鹿食物组成变化较大,豆科植物比例增大,莎草科植物比例降低,食物质量总体有所提高。西藏马鹿与家畜之间存在较高的食物资源竞争,这将进一步影响西藏马鹿的分布范围和生存空间。     

幕阜山脉石松类和蕨类植物多样性及生物地理学特征

通过资料收集及野外调查, 得出幕阜山脉地区共有石松类和蕨类植物26科72属261种, 具有一定的东西过渡性, 为鳞毛蕨-铁角蕨植物区系, 最大属为鳞毛蕨属(Dryopteris) (29种)。其中, 庐山的物种丰富度较高(224种), 以铁角蕨属(Asplenium)为主; 幕阜山的物种密度较大(2.09种/km ²), 以卷柏属(Selaginella)为主; 九宫山以瓦韦属(Lepisorus)为主; 三者共通种有95种, 新特有现象较丰富。该区属种分化限制明显, 表现在单种科、属及寡种科、属占总科数的60%及总属数的80%。从区系成分看, 该区科、属以热带成分为主, 科和属的热带性成分与温带性成分比值(R/T值)分别为2.6和2.3。与同纬度带山地石松类和蕨类植物属的R/T值比较, 中亚热带与北亚热带交界带的蕨类植物属的R/T值在2.18-2.36之间; 种的R/T值为0.2, 为热带成分的5倍, 表现出明显的温带性质, 是罗霄山脉植物区系温带成分的重要组成部分。该区石松类和蕨类植物区系与华东、华南植物区系联系比较紧密, 表现出华东与华南两区系成分的交汇。     

Pourtalesiid sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Five species of deep-sea pourtalesiid echinoids were collected by the RV G.O. Sars MAR-ECO expedition to the northern part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Solenocystis imitans new genus, new species, Echinosigra phiale (Thomson, 1872), Echinosigra (Echinogutta) fabrefacta Mironov, 1974, and two unidentified species of Pourtalesia. Three types of plastron plating are distinguished within the family Pourtalesiidae; in Solenocystis new genus the plating is similar to that in Spatagocystis, a genus known only from the deep-sea Antarctic. Each of three groups with distinctive plastron plating shows a continuous morphological gradation from a less elongated test without subanal rostrum to an extraordinarily elongated test with large rostrum and wide subanal fasciole; the ratio width/length of test varies from 0.86 to 0.12. Some morphological characters of the pourtalesiids are regarded as adaptations to burrowing and appear to be correlated with test elongation. The family is represented in the northern Atlantic only by 'advanced' genera (Echinosigra, Pourtalesia and Solenocystis) with very elongated tests.     

A REASSESSMENT OF SPECIES BOUNDARIES IN CYSTOSEIRA AND HALIDRYS (PHAEOPHYCEAE,FUCALES) ALONG THE NORTH AMERICAN WEST COAST1

Application of phylogenetic species recognition to morphologically recognized species in the genera Cystoseira Agardh and Halidrys Lyngbye on North American west coasts revealed little genetic variation despite a remarkable degree of morphological variation currently used to recognize and delineate species. Whereas morphological characteristics allow recognition of two genera, four morphological species and three informal forms, maximum genetic variation among them was similar to that characteristic of the intraspecific level in European congeners and other Fucales. Among morphological species and forms, nucleotide variation in a combined 26S (large subunit (LSU)) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA analysis was below 3% while it was 1% or less for the RUBISCO spacer of the chloroplast DNA. Comparison of the LSU data to available data for European congeners showed that the genera Cystoseira and Halidrys are not monophyletic and that the previously recognized Cystoseiraceae should be included within the family Sargassaceae. These observations suggest that the current taxonomy for the Sargassaceae fails to reflect evolutionary history because Atlantic and Pacific Cystoseira and Halidrys appear to have arrived at similar morphologies independently. Our results indicate a comparatively recent establishment on the west coast of North America of a sargassacean progenitor whose descendant taxa have experienced limited genetic divergence and are characterized by a high capacity for phenotypic variation despite their overall genetic similarity.     

Biogeography,timing, and life-history traits in the PPAM clade: Coleanthinae (syn. Puccinelliinae), Poinae,Alopecurinae superclade,Miliinae, and Avenulinae and Phleinae (Poaceae,Pooideae, Poeae)

We conducted a biogeographic analysis of the PPAM clade of Poeae Plastid DNA Group 2, which includes 12 subtribes of C₃ grasses. One hundred and eighty-four species sampled represent 42 of 43 accepted genera and taxonomic diversity in large genera. We analyzed plastid sequences of matK, trnC-rpoB, and trnT-trnL-trnF using BEAST to produce a dated tree and MrBayes to produce a Bayesian tree, on which we ran Bayesian-Binary-Markov-Chain analyses on a worldwide biogeographic data set of 12 areas. PPAM split in southwestern Asia into subtribe Coleanthinae and PAM clades in the Early Miocene. PAM diversified rapidly in the Middle Miocene in southwestern Asia into four monogeneric lineages, Avenulinae, Phleinae, Miliinae, Poinae, and the Alopecurinae superclade (seven subtribes with 27 genera). In the Late Miocene, Pliocene, and mostly Pleistocene, the latter four lineages diversified and dispersed across Eurasia and established in North America. Dispersals to the southern hemisphere occurred in the Pliocene and Pleistocene. Annuals occur in 15 Mediterranean and southwestern Asia genera, but in few genera in other regions. Beyond phylogenetically isolated annual species dating to the Miocene, all other annuals evolved in the Pliocene and Pleistocene. Cold tolerance is high among perennial species, many occurring in the alpine, nine genera ranging into the Arctic. We suggest that alpine and subalpine habitats were ancestral. High tolerance of saline and alkaline conditions arose between the Pliocene and Pleistocene in Coleanthinae, Alopecurinae, Poinae, Hookerochloinae, Beckmanniinae, and Arctopoa. Combinations are proposed for Cornucopiae alopecuroides in Alopecurus and for Paracolpodium colchicum in Hyalopodium. A nothogenus × Catanellia is proposed for Catabrosa × Puccinellia.     

浙江种子植物物种编目

生物多样性的编目和分类以及生物多样性监测是全球生物多样性研究的两个核心内容。物种编目是了解物种多样性的基础, 只有掌握物种分布格局及物种与环境的关系, 才能为物种监测和科学管理提供依据。作为浙江种子植物研究的“家底”, 本文在《浙江植物志(新编)》编研的基础上, 系统整理了浙江种子植物的物种名录。结果显示, 浙江共有种子植物212科1,469属4,430种, 其中野生植物有190科1,085属3,347种。所含种数多于100种的科有禾本科(285种)、莎草科(216种)、菊科(186种)、蔷薇科(153种)、兰科(126种)、蝶形花科(109种)和唇形科(108种); 含20种以上的属有15属, 包括薹草属(Carex, 126种)、刚竹属(Phyllostachys, 44种)、悬钩子属(Rubus, 44种)、冬青属(Ilex, 35种)、蓼属(Polygonum, 34种)、珍珠菜属(Lysimachia, 32种)、铁线莲属(Clematis, 31种)、景天属(Sedum, 28种)、槭属(Acer, 26种)、荚蒾属(Viburnum, 26种)、飘拂草属(Fimbristylis, 26种)、蒿属(Artemisia, 25种)、堇菜属(Viola, 22种)、葡萄属(Vitis, 21种)和山矾属(Symplocos, 21种)。其区系特点主要反映在: 物种丰富, 其科属组成多样; 保存了较多古老孑遗植物; 地理成分多样, 联系广泛, 由热带向温带过渡; 中国特有科2科、中国特有属45属、浙江(准)特有种近500种(含亚种和变种), 珍稀濒危植物丰富, 96种为国家重点保护植物; 外来植物多, 入侵风险大, 有些种已形成明显的危害。     

木灵藓科分类与系统学研究：历史、问题和展望

木灵藓科(Orthotrichaceae)是藓类植物中的第3大科。该科不仅种类多, 生态类型特殊, 而且是世界公认的多样化程度高、分类难度大、系统关系复杂的类群。当代木灵藓科植物分类系统学研究主要集中在该科的地区志编写和专属分类修订。目前, 除了热带美洲、热带非洲的变齿藓属(Zygodon)和火藓属(Schlotheimia)部分类群外, 木灵藓科主要类群的分类修订工作已基本完成, 但是有关亚科和属的划分和地位以及各属之间的关系等方面仍存在众多争议。木灵藓科分支系统学研究也不够系统全面, 有的仅应用了单个基因片段, 或者只涉及少数类群。因此, 需要基于更多的分子和形态学性状, 进一步开展世界木灵藓科植物的系统发育研究, 建立一个更趋自然的木灵藓科分类系统。     

Polyploidy in Cupressaceae: Discovery of a new naturally occurring tetraploid,Xanthocyparis vietnamensis

While polyploidy (whole-genome multiplication) is generally considered rare in extant gymnosperms (with the exception of Ephedra, Ephedraceae), the occurrence of sporadic polyploid individuals belonging to various genera in the conifer family Cupressaceae has been reported in the literature. In addition, recent studies have revealed that polyploidy is not uncommon in the genus Juniperus (Cupressaceae), with tetraploid and hexaploid individuals reported in individuals collected from wild populations. Given these findings, we undertook a comprehensive screening of ploidy levels in 32 species belonging to the four genera that are phylogenetically closest to Juniperus (i.e.,Callitropsis, Hesperocyparis, Xanthocyparis, and Cupressus), referred to as the CaHXCu complex. In addition, we also determined the ploidy level of two accessions in the poorly studied tetraploid, Fitzroya cupressoides. Using flow cytometry together with published chromosome counts to assign ploidy levels, we show that all species of the CaHXCu complex are diploid except Xanthocyparis vietnamensis, which is tetraploid, with a genome size of 44.60 pg/2 C. This study opens up new opportunities for studying the impact and consequences of polyploidy on the evolution and adaptation of species in Cupressaceae.     

武夷山自然保护区土壤可培养芽胞杆菌 的物种多样性及分布

为了解武夷山自然保护区土壤中可培养芽胞杆菌的分布状况, 2012年6月从该保护区的黄岗山顶部、中部、底部和桐木关、挂墩、大竹岚等6个地点采集土样75份。用80℃水浴加热、稀释平板法进行芽胞杆菌的分离, 并根据16S rRNA基因序列分析对菌株进行初步鉴定。从土样中分离出芽胞杆菌418株, 鉴定为8个属42个种, 其中Bacillus属的种数最多, 有20种, Paenibacillus属和Lysinibacillus属分别有8种和7种。不同地点分离到的芽胞杆菌在种类、数量上存在差异: 从大竹岚土壤中分离到的芽胞杆菌种类最多, 从黄岗山中部和底部分离到的种类数则较少; 挂墩、大竹岚土壤中芽胞杆菌的数量较大, 达3.6×10⁶ cfu/g以上, 而黄岗山顶部和中部土壤中的数量则少于4.9×10⁵ cfu/g。Bacillus cereus、B. mycoides、B. thuringiensis和Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus等4个种在6个地点的土样中均有分离到, 其中B. thuringiensis、L. xylanilyticus是该保护区土壤中的优势种。桐木关土壤中芽胞杆菌的种类多样性和均匀度指数都比其他5个地点的高, 而挂墩土壤中芽胞杆菌的Shannon-Wiener多样性、均匀度和优势度指数都最低。B. mycoides和B. thuringiensis的数量与海拔显著相关, 相关系数分别为0.852和-0.834, B. cereus、B. mycoides、B. thuringiensis的分离频度与海拔的相关性极显著, 相关系数分别为0.960、0.952和-0.931。研究结果表明, 武夷山自然保护区土壤中可培养芽胞杆菌的种类丰富、数量较大, 具有较高的多样性。     

Chorioactidaceae: a new family in the Pezizales (Ascomycota) with four genera

Molecular phylogenetic and comparative morphological studies provide evidence for the recognition of a new family, Chorioactidaceae, in the Pezizales. Four genera are placed in the family: Chorioactis, Desmazierella, Neournula, and Wolfina. Based on parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian analyses of LSU, SSU, and RPB2 sequence data, Chorioactidaceae represents a sister clade to the Sarcosomataceae, to which some of these taxa were previously referred. Morphologically these genera are similar in pigmentation, excipular construction, and asci, which mostly have terminal opercula and rounded, sometimes forked, bases without croziers. Ascospores have cyanophilic walls or cyanophilic surface ornamentation in the form of ridges or warts. So far as is known the ascospores and the cells of the paraphyses of all species are multinucleate. The six species recognized in these four genera all have limited geographical distributions in the northern hemisphere.     

The chemosystematics of Tribulaceae

The chemistry of members of the family Tribulaceae has been studied. Thirty-two flavonoid glycosides were detected in the 22 taxa examinied and found to be based on the aglycones kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin and tricin. The compounds ranged from mono- to tetraglycosides as well as acylated glycosides. The four genera Tribulus, Tribulopis, Kelleronia and Kallstroemia belonging to the subfamily Tribuloideae were studied together with Sisyndite belonging to the subfamily Neoluederitziodeae. The chemosystematics of the Tribulaceae are discussed in relation to the Zygophyllaceae.     

大兴安岭地区可培养毛霉门真菌多样性与分布

为查明大兴安岭地区可培养毛霉门真菌的资源、多样性及其分布, 本研究选取9个代表市县, 采集了279份枯枝落叶、腐殖质、土壤和粪便样品, 采用稀释平板挑取法、稀释平板切块法和样品直接培养挑取法进行分离培养。通过形态初步观察鉴定, 共得到毛霉门真菌1,153株。选取代表性的菌株706株, 基于真菌分子条形码ITS rDNA进行分子系统发育多样性分析, 明确了毛霉门真菌总计3目8科10属38种。优势属为被孢霉属(Mortierella)、伞形霉属(Umbelopsis)和毛霉属(Mucor), 优势种为类变形被孢霉(Mortierella amoeboidea)、冻土毛霉(Mucor hiemalis)和深黄伞形霉(Umbelopsis isabellina)。本文同时汇总了全国已报道毛霉亚门和被孢霉亚门共计26属的分布, 分析了大兴安岭优势属和优势种在全国的分布。按三大主要生态区(东部湿润、半湿润生态区, 西北干旱、半干旱生态区和青藏高原高寒生态区)对所有属进行区域分析, 结果表明: 有9个属在3个大区都有分布; 对特有属而言, 东部湿润、半湿润生态区发现9个, 西北干旱、半干旱生态区仅有1个, 青藏高原高寒生态区未发现。     

中国爬行纲动物分类厘定

本文对中国爬行纲动物的分类体系和物种进行了系统的评估, 规范了中文学名, 给出了《中国爬行纲校正名录》, 结果表明: 中国现存爬行纲动物3目30科132属462种, 其中鳄形目(Crocodylia)1科1属1种, 龟鳖目(Testudines)6科18属33种, 有鳞目(Squamata)蜥蜴亚目(Lacertilia)10科41属189种, 有鳞目蛇亚目(Serpentes)13科72属239种。与《中国动物志 爬行纲 第一卷(总论、龟鳖目、鳄形目)》、《中国动物志 爬行纲 第二卷(有鳞目: 蜥蜴亚目)》和《中国蛇类》相比, 目和亚目无变化; 科级水平新增5科, 变更2科; 属级水平新增23属, 合并15属, 变更6属; 种级水平新增81种, 变动2种; 未收录同物异名12种、杂交6种、中国无分布7种。形态和分子系统发育研究结果在爬行动物不同分类阶元均有一定差异, 文章对这些争议进行了讨论, 并对名录的选择做了说明。     

大小兴安岭可培养细菌的资源多样性

细菌作为微生物中的重要组成部分, 在有机质的形成与分解、维持生态系统平衡、促进动植物发育等多方面都有着重要作用。2014-2017年, 我们采用常见培养基分离纯培养法及16S rRNA基因序列分析方法对大小兴安岭地区土壤可培养细菌的群落结构和多样性进行了调查研究。结果表明: 从大小兴安岭地区的17个自然保护区内不同生境的土壤中分离获得3,180个菌株, 隶属于24属120种。其中, 芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)的种数和株数最多, 分别为38种和2,419株, 是大小兴安岭地区可培养细菌的绝对优势类群(占总株数的76.1%); 其次是短杆菌属(Brevibacterium)(13.0%)。大兴安岭地区的物种数、Simpson多样性指数和Shannon-Wiener指数高于小兴安岭地区。优势类群芽孢杆菌属的枯草芽孢杆菌(B. subtilis)、苏云金芽孢杆菌(B. thuringiensis)、巨大芽孢杆菌(B. megaterium)等有重要的生产及科学研究价值。