对执行护航任务舰艇官兵的情绪研究

目的:近年来,随着执行护航任务的日趋常态化,舰艇官兵要面临一系列的身心考验,可能会出现一定的情绪问题。本文的目的是为了更清楚的了解护航任务期间官兵的情绪变化和情绪问题,以便更好为官兵服务。方法:本文通过使用SAS、SDS及POMS量表对执行护航的舰艇官兵情绪进行跟踪研究。结果:结果表明,执行任务官兵的焦虑、抑郁体验及心境纷乱程度得分均显著高于军人常模,从时间变量来看,护航焦虑体验最高的是护航初期,抑郁体验最高的是护航中期,护航后期的心境纷乱程度最低。结论:护航任务官兵焦虑、抑郁情绪明显,心境状态受任务影响显著,并且随任务执行的时间,在任务的不同阶段存在不同的表现。     

负性情绪与认知执行功能的关系研究

目的:对负性情绪组和正常对照组被试进行认知执行功能测定,探讨负性情绪患者的认知执行功能特征,为临床诊断治疗提供参考.方法:通过贝克抑郁量表和贝克焦虑量表测查被试的抑郁和焦虑程度,并运用认知调控测试、Stroop测试和语词流畅性测试研究所有被试的认知执行功能,比较高负性情绪组和低负性情绪组的认知执行功能特征.结果:(1)低负性情绪组比高负性情绪组在完成AST测验大多数任务操作上速度更快(P＜0.05),错误数更少,且抑郁情绪症状和焦虑情绪症状与完成AST测验所需时间的相关性分别在0.01和0.05的水平上显著;(2)低抑郁组比高抑郁组在完成Stroop任务操作上速度更快(P＜0.01),且难度越大,低负性情绪组与高负性情绪组的成绩差异越明显;(3)低负性情绪组与高负性情绪组在完成VF测验中,除了低焦虑组在正确率指标上不如高焦虑组外,其他成绩都优于高负性情绪组.结论:高负性情绪者的认知执行功能受到不同程度的损伤,任务难度越大,其认知执行功能受损表现越明显.     

高中生学习生物学行为归因的研究

采用自编成绩归因问卷对高中生学习生物行为归因进行调查,以探索高中学生对学习生物行为归因的倾向,寻找其规律性,为今后教学中根据不同学生进行适当的心理归因训练提供依据。结果表明:1)努力程度、学习兴趣是对生物学习影响较大的因素;学习方法、试题难度、休息等的影响则较小;2)成绩与内归因的影响成线性关系;3)考试失败的学生其成绩与内归因有线性关系。     

亚丁湾海军护航官兵营养状况调查

目的：评价护航官兵的营养健康状况及膳食结构合理性。方法：参与索马里、亚丁湾海域护航任务的某批官兵372人,年龄18~56岁,平均年龄29±7.5岁。采用问卷调查的方式对护航官兵的身高、体重、各类食物摄入、水、营养剂补充、体重丢失及膳食摄入减少情况进行调查和膳食营养状况评价。结果：护航官兵营养不良比例（包括不足与过剩）总计31%,其中营养过剩30%、营养不足1%。返航后,13%护航官兵营养状况受损,医务人员和加强人员营养受损和营养过剩均高于舰员。96%护航官兵主食摄入满足每日需要量,79%护航官兵肉类摄入满足每日需要量。10%护航官兵未摄入蛋类、12%护航官兵未摄入奶类、13%护航官兵未摄入水果类食物。结论：部分护航官兵存在着营养过剩或不足、膳食结构不合理、微量营养素补充剂摄入不足等问题,舰员整体营养健康状况优于医务人员和加强人员。     

长远航对护航官兵铁代谢的影响

目的：探讨长远航对海军护航官兵铁代谢的影响,分析影响血红蛋白合成的原因。方法：随机抽样调查参与亚丁湾护航任务的某批官兵104人,根据体检结果分为平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度（MCHC）正常组和降低组,测定血清铁（SI）、总铁结合力（TIBC）、铁蛋白（Fn）、转铁蛋白（TF）。结果：返航后护航官兵TIBC、TF和Fn低于正常范围平均值（P<0.05）,40%（8/20）护航官兵血清TIBC低于参考值,20%（4/20）护航官兵SI在参考范围之外,升高和降低分别为15%（3/20）和5%（1/20）。返航后15%（3/20）护航官兵血清转铁蛋白饱和度TFS高于参考值,MCHC降低组与MCHC正常组相比,SI低29%,TFS高30%（P<0.05）。TFS与SI存在正相关（P<0.05）。结论：铁利用障碍所致的SI改变是引起护航官兵铁代谢紊乱、影响血红蛋白合成的重要原因。     

西部民众对社会焦点问题的社会归因研究

目的：调查西部民众对社会焦点问题的社会归因,以了解民众的社会认知特点。方法：运用自编问卷,调查了四川、重庆、贵州、新疆、内蒙、甘肃、宁夏、陕西等西部地区的1830名民众。结果：在精神文明建设等九个典型社会事件上,不同年龄民众在对自身条件、努力程度和工作方式的归因上不同,不同地区民众在政府政策、官员作风、努力程度、外部援助、工作方式和运气归因上不同,不同职业民众在自身条件、外部援助和工作方式的归因上有显著差异,不同文化程度民众在政府政策归因上有显著差异。结论：西部民众对社会焦点问题的归因倾向于外倾。     

宽恕心理的影响因素综述

宽恕与心理健康高度相关,宽恕的干预实施能有效提高人们的心理健康水平.本文采用文献分析法,对新近关于宽恕心理影响因素的研究成果进行梳理、归类,以探讨宽恕心理的影响因素及其作用机制,为宽恕的有效干预实施提供理论依据和实践指导.宽恕心理的影响因素来自受害者的共情、人格特质、认知归因、反思,冒犯者的态度及道歉,受害者与冒犯者的人际亲密程度、社会文化背景等三方面因素.最后,就宽恕心理的作用机制.研究者提出了自已的构想.     

汶川地震救援官兵睡眠质量与睡眠自适应的关系研究*

目的:考察汶川地震救援官兵在连续作业状态下睡眠质量及其与睡眠自适应的关系。方法:采用匹兹堡睡眠质量问卷,在地震爆发后约65天左右,对122名救援官兵进行调查;采用匹兹堡睡眠质量问卷和军人睡眠自适应量表,在地震爆发后约102天,对2000名救援官兵进行调查。结果:地震救援官兵在执行任务中睡眠质量差者占72%,结束任务后睡眠质量差者占30%。两组睡眠质量各分量表得分除"催眠药物"因素外均有显著差异;救援官兵的睡眠自适应水平偏低,平均分为2.74,低于理论中点分3分;睡眠质量与睡眠自适应水平之间的关系较为密切,除了与对睡眠的影响因素相关不显著外(相关系数为-.027),与睡眠自适应总体水平及其5个因子的相关在.16-.533之间(P<0.001);睡眠的积极暗示、睡眠的抗干扰力和睡眠的积极态度等3个因子是影响军人睡眠质量总体水平的主要因素。结论:使官兵形成和睡眠有关的积极、正确的信念与态度能够有效改善人们的睡眠质量。     

大学生人际价值观现状调查

目的:调查大学生人际价值观的基本状况.方法:采用大学生人际价值观问卷对618名1-4年级大学生进行调查.结果:大学生在人际交往过程中首先看重的是心理因素,其次是生理因素,最后是社会因素;男生在生理因素(比如外表、健康等)分值高于女生(P＜0.01);文科生在能力、经历和帮助上分值高于理科生(P＜0.05);不同年级、不同家庭月收入的大学生在人际交往价值观上也存在差异显著性(P＜0.05).结论:大学生人际价值观受性别、学科、年级等因素的影响.     

啮齿类动物注意定势转移任务研究进展

认知是前额叶执行功能的重要组成部分,其过程主要包括注意定势的组建、维持和转移,而认知的行为学表现结果不仅受到外在的注意定势转移任务(attentional set-shifting task,ASST)检测方法的影响,同时还受到内在特定脑区及特定神经递质的调控。因此本综述回顾了有关ASST检测认知灵活性的发展历程,分析了啮齿类动物ASST的检测方法、原理及检测方法之间的异同,并系统地总结了不同脑区在认知过程中的作用及多种神经递质包括多巴胺,乙酰胆碱,去甲肾上腺素,5-羟色胺等在ASST过程中所扮演的重要角色,详细地阐明了目前有关ASST检测认知灵活性的发展现状,亟待解决的问题及未来发展趋势,为进一步挖掘认知灵活性的调控机制和影响因素提供重要的理论依据。     

Politics or metaphysics? On attributing psychological properties to animals

Following recent arguments that there is no logical problem with attributing mental or agential states to animals, I address the epistemological problem of how to go about making accurate attributions. I suggest that there is a two-part general method for determining whether a psychological property can be accurately attributed to a member of another species: folk expert opinion and functionality. This method is based on well-known assessments used to attribute mental states to humans who are unable to self-ascribe due to an early stage of development or impairment, and can be used to describe social and emotional development as well as personality. I describe how instruments such as the Child Behavior Checklist, which relies on intersubjective expert opinion, could be modified to assess other species subjects. The measures are validated via the accuracy of the predictions that are derived, which is an example of the functionality of attribution. I respond to theoretical criticisms against use of this method, and argue that if the method counts as good science for infant cognition research, then it should count as good science for animal cognition research as well. Correspondingly, if the method doesn’t count as good science for animal cognition research, then we must be very skeptical of its use with nonverbal humans.

Individual and Developmental Differences in Interpersonal Understanding

In the study of personality as a subject reflecting knowledge, work, and interaction, the totality of internal conditions through which all external influences on the personality are refracted is a prime consideration. An individual, who for others is an object of cognition and activity, is reflected in their consciousness and determines their behavior only as "refracted" through their internal world, i.e., their set of ideas and attitudes. The same person is seen differently by people having different experiences in work, knowledge, and social interactions. In addition to our ideas concerning perception and conception of a personality, which has been formed, for example, in a young schoolchild, and in addition to the ideas of similarity between the perception and concepts of children and adults, we must always consider special features connected with the development of the youngest child as a personality, as a subject reflecting knowledge.     

Reconsidering low-dose aspirin therapy for cardiovascular disease: a study protocol for physician and patient behavioral change

Background

Opinion leaders represent one way to disseminate new knowledge and influence the practice behaviors of physicians. This study explored the stability of opinion leaders over time, whether opinion leaders were polymorphic (i.e., influencing multiple practice areas) or monomorphic (i.e., influencing one practice area), and reach of opinion leaders in their local network.

Methods

We surveyed surgeons and pathologists in Ontario to identify opinion leaders for colorectal cancer in 2003 and 2005 and to identify opinion leaders for breast cancer in 2005. We explored whether opinion leaders for colorectal cancer identified in 2003 were re-identified in 2005. We examined whether opinion leaders were considered polymorphic (nominated in 2005 as opinion leaders for both colorectal and breast cancer) or monomorphic (nominated in 2005 for only one condition). Social-network mapping was used to identify the number of local colleagues identifying opinion leaders.

Results

Response rates for surgeons were 41% (2003) and 40% (2005); response rates for pathologists were 42% (2003) and 37% (2005). Four (25%) of the surgical opinion leaders identified in 2003 for colorectal cancer were re-identified in 2005. No pathology opinion leaders for colorectal cancer were identified in both 2003 and 2005. Only 29% of surgical opinion leaders and 17% of pathology opinion leaders identified in the 2005 survey were considered influential for both colorectal cancer and breast cancer. Social-network mapping revealed that only a limited number of general surgeons (12%) or pathologists (7%) were connected to the social networks of identified opinion leaders.

Conclusions

Opinion leaders identified in this study were not stable over a two-year time period and generally appear to be monomorphic, with clearly demarcated areas of expertise and limited spheres of influence. These findings may limit the practicability of routinely using opinion leaders to influence practice.     

Psychiatry and tuberculosis

Studies on the psychosomatic aspects of tuberculosis have not brought to light a clearcut correlation between a specific personality structure and susceptibility to the illness. The recommendation is made to look for several rather than for one personality type. It is suggested that people should be studied who react to stress with loss of appetite and loss of sleep. This character structure in contrast to that where the person withdraws into sleep and overeats might make a person prone to tuberculosis. The somatopsychic influence of tuberculosis needs to be interpreted in terms of the localization of the lesion as well as infectiousness and conspicuousness of the disease. Some common sociopsychological factors of tuberculosis have been mentioned. Reports on mental illness and tuberculosis and on diet were reviewed.     

Psychiatry and Tuberculosis

Studies on the psychosomatic aspects of tuberculosis have not brought to light a clearcut correlation between a specific personality structure and susceptibility to the illness. The recommendation is made to look for several rather than for one personality type. It is suggested that people should be studied who react to stress with loss of appetite and loss of sleep. This character structure in contrast to that where the person withdraws into sleep and overeats might make a person prone to tuberculosis.The somatopsychic influence of tuberculosis needs to be interpreted in terms of the localization of the lesion as well as infectiousness and conspicuousness of the disease.Some common sociopsychological factors of tuberculosis have been mentioned. Reports on mental illness and tuberculosis and on diet were reviewed.     

Factors Affecting Attendance at and Timing of Formal Antenatal Care: Results from a Qualitative Study in Madang,Papua New Guinea

Background

Appropriate antenatal care (ANC) is key for the health of mother and child. However, in Papua New Guinea (PNG), only a third of women receive any ANC during pregnancy. Drawing on qualitative research, this paper explores the influences on ANC attendance and timing of first visit in the Madang region of Papua New Guinea.

Methods

Data were collected in three sites utilizing several qualitative methods: free-listing and sorting of terms and definitions, focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, observation in health care facilities and case studies of pregnant women. Respondents included pregnant women, their relatives, biomedical and traditional health providers, opinion leaders and community members.

Results

Although generally reported to be important, respondents’ understanding of the procedures involved in ANC was limited. Factors influencing attendance fell into three main categories: accessibility, attitudes to ANC, and interpersonal issues. Although women saw accessibility (distance and cost) as a barrier, those who lived close to health facilities and could easily afford ANC also demonstrated poor attendance. Attitudes were shaped by previous experiences of ANC, such as waiting times, quality of care, and perceptions of preventative care and medical interventions during pregnancy. Interpersonal factors included relationships with healthcare providers, pregnancy disclosure, and family conflict. A desire to avoid repeat clinic visits, ideas about the strength of the fetus and parity were particularly relevant to the timing of first ANC visit.

Conclusions

This long-term in-depth study (the first of its kind in Madang, PNG) shows how socio-cultural and economic factors influence ANC attendance. These factors must be addressed to encourage timely ANC visits: interventions could focus on ANC delivery in health facilities, for example, by addressing healthcare staff’s attitudes towards pregnant women.     

Word selection affects perceptions of synthetic biology

Members of the synthetic biology community have discussed the significance of word selection when describing synthetic biology to the general public. In particular, many leaders proposed the word "create" was laden with negative connotations. We found that word choice and framing does affect public perception of synthetic biology. In a controlled experiment, participants perceived synthetic biology more negatively when "create" was used to describe the field compared to "construct" (p = 0.008). Contrary to popular opinion among synthetic biologists, however, low religiosity individuals were more influenced negatively by the framing manipulation than high religiosity people. Our results suggest that synthetic biologists directly influence public perception of their field through avoidance of the word "create".     

Sleep and stress

Stress is one of the main factors influencing sleep. Sleep could be considered as the adaptive mechanism including the stress defence. In the article, changes of the human night structure under the influence of stress are discussed. Specific and unspecific reaction of sleep parameters reflecting stress influences of different modalities, the pole of personality factors, and the methods of increasing the adaptive forces of the human through sleep normalization are described.