Lanthanide complexation with 1,3,5-triamino 2,4,6-trihydroxycyclohexane

The protonation constants of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trihydroxycyclohexane (taci), at 25 °C in I = 1.00 M (NaClO₄) were determined to be: pKa₁, 5.57 (0.08); pKa₂, 7.45 (0.02); pKa₃, 9.05 (0.04). The log of the stability constants, log β₃₀₂, at 25°C in I = 1.00 M (NaClO₄) for formation of were measured by potentiometry to be: Nd(III), 25.33 (0.09); Eu(III), 26.42 (0.06); Tm(III), 30.07 (0.10); Lu(III), 33.68 (0.07) ; Y(III), 28.59 (0.07). ¹H NMR spectra were consistent with formation of a single complex from pcH 6 to 10. Laser fluorescence measurements of the ⁷F_o-⁵D_o transition of Eu(III) complexed by taci indicated a single complexed species. The shift in this peak relative to that of Eu³⁺(aq) was significantly greater than the values reported for the complexes of other organic ligands with Eu(III). Luminescence lifetime measurements indicated two water molecules bound to each of the Eu(III) cations in the taci complex.     

The aluminium(III)-sialic acid interaction: A potential role in aluminium-induced cellular membrane degeneration

The coordination between Al(III) and sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid, HL, pK_a = 2.58 ± 0.01) was studied by potentiometric titrations at 25 °C in aqueous 0.2 M KCl, by ¹H NMR, and by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The potentiometric measurements gave the following aluminium complex stoichiometries and stability constants: , log β(AlLH₋₂) = −6.34 ± 0.02, and log β(AlL₂H₋₁) = −1.14 ± 0.04. The ¹H NMR spectra yielded structural information on species . The ESI-MS data confirmed the metal-ligand stoichiometry of the complexes.The metal-ligand speciation at micromolar Al(III) concentrations (i.e., under in vivo conditions) at physiological pH values reveals that considerable amount of Al(III) is complexed. This suggests that the toxic effect of Al(III) towards cellular membranes might be due to its coordination by protein-bound sialic acid.     

EXAFS studies and gaussian view energy calculations of the complexation of europium with 1,3,5-trideoxy-1,3,5-tris((2-hydroxybenzyl)amino)-cis-inositol

Complexation of 1,3,5-trideoxy-1,3,5-tris((2-hydroxybenzyl)amino)-cis-inositol (thci) in I = 1.00 M (NaClO₄) with Eu(III) and La(III) was studied by EXAFS measurements and gaussian view energy calculations.EXAFS studies indicated that two complexes Eu(thci)²⁺ and are formed with thci and Eu(III). At lower pH, Eu(III) is bonded to thci via two hydroxyl groups (cyclohexanetriol or 2-hydroxybenzylamino moieties) and 7 H₂O molecules, for a total of 9 Eu–O bonds. However, at higher pH there are two hydroxyl groups (cyclohexanetriol or 2-hydroxybenzylamino moieties), two amino groups, and five water molecules for a total Eu(III) coordination number of 9. gaussian view energy calculations indicate that in the Eu(thci)²⁺, thci bonds to Eu(III) in a similar manner and is in good correlation with the EXAFS data.     

Polymerization study of o-Si(OH)4 and complexation with Am(III), Eu(III) and Cm(III)

The stability constants of Am⁺³, Cm³⁺ and Eu³⁺ with ortho silicate, were measured at pH 3.50 and in ionic strengths of 0.20-1.00 M (NaClO₄) by the solvent extraction method. The Am⁺³, Cm³⁺ and Eu³⁺ forms 1:1 complex with ortho silicate ion at pH 3.60 with the stability constant (log β₁) value of 8.02 ± 0.10, 7.78 ± 0.08 and 7.81 ± 0.11, respectively. The stability of these metal ions decrease with increased ionic strength from 0.20 to 1.00 M (NaClO₄) for silicic acid concentrations of 0.002-0.020 M. Increasing silicic acid concentration above 0.02 M increased the amount of M³⁺ extracted into the organic phase, contrary to the trend usually observed for increased ligand concentration in solvent extraction. This reversed trend is likely due to the extraction of cationic species of silicic acid by HDEHP. Aging time (60-300 min) had no effect on the stability constant of these metal ions for 0.002-0.020 M silicic acid at pH 3.50 and I = 0.20 M (NaClO₄).The fraction of polymeric silicic acid present in solutions of 0.20-4.50 M NaClO₄ solutions at pH 3.0-10.0, T = 0-60 °C and aging time = 5-300 min was measured for determination of the silicomolybdate reaction to ascertain the proper conditions to study metal-silicate complexation.     

Complexation study of europium(III) and curium(III) with urea in aqueous solution investigated by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy

The complex formation of europium(III) and curium(III) with urea in aqueous solution has been studied at I = 0.1 M (NaClO₄), room temperature and trace metal concentrations in the pH-range of 1-8 at various ligand concentrations using time-resolved laser-fluorescence spectroscopy. While for curium(III) the luminescence maximum is red shifted upon complexation, in case of europium(III) emission wavelengths remain unaltered but a significant change in peak splitting occurs. Both heavy metals form weak complexes of the formulae ML³⁺ and MLOH²⁺ with urea. Stability constants were determined to be log β₁₁₀ = −0.12 ± 0.05 and log β_11-1 = −6.86 ± 0.15 for europium(III) and log β₁₁₀ = −0.28 ± 0.12 and log β_11-1 = −7.01 ± 0.15 for curium(III).     

Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of oxalic acid by tetrachloroaurate(III) ion

The oxidation of oxalic acid by tetrachloroaurate(III) ion in 0.005 ? [HClO₄] ? 0.5 mol dm⁻³ is first order in and a fractional order in [oxalic acid], the reactive entities being AuCl₃(OH)⁻ and ions. The pseudo first-order rate, k_obs, with respect to [Au(III)], is retarded by increasing [H⁺] and [Cl⁻]. The retardation by H⁺ ion is caused by the dissociation equilibrium . A mechanism in which a substitution complex, is formed from AuCl₃(OH)⁻ and ions prior to its rate limiting disproportionation into products is suggested. The rate limiting constant, k, has been evaluated and its activation parameters are reported. The equilibrium constant K₁ for the formation of the substitution complex and its thermodynamic parameters are also reported.     

Acidity and photolability of ruthenium salen nitrosyl and aquo complexes in aqueous solutions

The photochemical behavior of nitrosyl complexes Ru(salen)(NO)(OH₂)⁺ and Ru(salen)(NO)Cl (salen = N,N′-ethylenebis-(salicylideneiminato) dianion) in aqueous solution is described. Irradiation with light in the 350-450 nm range resulted in nitric oxide (NO) release from both. For Ru(salen)(NO)Cl secondary photoreactions also resulted in chloride aquation. Thus, in both cases the final photoproduct is the diaquo cation , for which pK_a’s of 5.9 and 9.1 were determined for the coordinated waters. The pK_a of the Ru(salen)(NO)(OH₂)⁺ cation was also determined as 4.5 ± 0.1, and the relative acidities of these ruthenium aquo units are discussed in the context of the bonding interactions between Ru(III) and NO.     

Interaction of gold(I) with thiosulfate-sulfite mixed ligand systems

The system was studied at 25 °C and at I = 0.1 M NaClO₄ using hydrodynamic voltammetry, gold potentiometry, UV-Vis spectrophotometry and Raman spectroscopy. The presence of two mixed-ligand species, Au(S₂O₃)(SO₃)³⁻ and , was detected from the Raman experiments and supported by the gold potentiometric experiments. The stepwise formation constant, log K_11r, for the reaction was found to be 1.1 (r = 1) and 4.8 (r = 2) from the hydrodynamic voltammetric experiments.     

Anation kinetics of pentacyanoaquachromate(III) by thiocyanate and azide

The kinetics of the reaction of Cr(CN)₅(H₂O)²⁻ with NCS⁻ and were studied at pH 5.0 and at pH 6.3-7.0, respectively, as a function of the temperature between 25.0 and 55.0 °C, and at various ionic strengths. Anation occurs in competition with aquation of CN⁻, with rate constants that exhibit less-than-first-order dependence on the concentration of the entering anions. The results are interpreted in terms of ligand interchange in a context of association of the two reacting anions mediated by the Na⁺ or Ca²⁺ counterions. The degree of aggregation depends mainly on the total cationic charge rather than on the ionic strength, and is ca. 2-fold larger for than for NCS⁻. Within the associated species, is a better entering ligand than NCS⁻ by a factor of 4.5. The Cr(CN)₅(NCS)³⁻ and Cr(CN)₅(N₃)³⁻ complexes were also synthesized, and the rates of aquation of NCS⁻ and were measured at pH 5.0 and between 55.0 and 80.0 °C, over the same range of ionic strengths. The ionic strength enhances the anation rates but has little effect on the aquation rates. The average activation enthalpies of the interchange step are 80 ± 3 and 76 ± 3 kJ mol⁻¹ for entry of NCS⁻ and , respectively. Those of the corresponding aquation reactions are 94 ± 4 and 107 ± 4 kJ mol⁻¹. Within error limits, all ΔH^‡ values are independent of the ionic strength. The results are consistent with an I_d mechanism for substitution in Cr(CN)₅X^z− complexes.     

Effects of bis(salicylidene)trimethylenediamine and 2,2′-bipyridyl on luminescence and extraction of tris(pivaloyltrifluoroacetonato)Eu(III)

The UV, excitation and luminescence spectra of EuA₃B to be the extracted species as well as the extraction of Eu(III) with pivaloyltrifluoroacetone, HA, and/or Lewis bases, B (2,2′-bipyridyl, bpy, and bis(salicylidene)trimethylenediamine, H₂saltn) into CHCl₃ were measured. The results are summarized: the stability constants of EuA₃bpy and EuA₃H₂saltn complexes are 5.85 ± 0.05 and 2.95 ± 0.06 as , respectively. The present results suggest that because of intramolecular hydrogen bonding, the stability and luminescence of the H₂saltn complex including the quantum yield are smaller than those of the bpy complex. The weaker luminescence is also concerned with the fact that the less stable complexes easily dissociate in solvents to diminish the essential concentration.     

Kinetic studies of the reduction of hexaaquacobalt(III) perchlorate by a cobaloxime, [Co(dmgBF2)2(H2O)2]

The reaction of with Co(dmgBF₂)₂(H₂O)₂ in 1.0 M HClO₄/LiClO₄ was found to be first-order in both reactants and the [H⁺] dependence of the second-order rate constant is given by k_2obs = b/[H⁺], b at 25 °C is 9.23 ± 0.14 × 10² s⁻¹. The [H⁺] dependence at lower temperatures shows some saturation effect that allowed an estimate of the hydrolysis constant for as K_a = 9.5 × 10⁻³ M at 10 and 15 °C. Marcus theory and the known self-exchange rate constant for Co(OH₂)₅OH^2+/+ were used to estimate an electron self-exchange rate constant of k₂₂ = 1.7 × 10⁻⁴ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ for .     

Thermodynamics and laser luminescence spectroscopy of binary and ternary complexation of Am, Cm and Eu with citric acid, and citric acid + EDTA at high ionic strength

The binary complexation of Am³⁺, Cm³⁺and Eu³⁺ with citrate has been studied at I = 6.60 m (NaClO₄), pcH 3.60 and in the temperatures range of 0-60 °C employing a solvent extraction technique with di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid/heptane. Two complexes, MCit and , were formed at all temperatures. For the three metal ions, the log β₁₀₁ was between 5.9 and 6.2 and log β₁₀₂ between 10.2 and 10.6 at 25 °C. The thermodynamic parameters for the Am-Cit system have been calculated from the temperature dependence of the β₁₀₁ and β₁₀₂ values. Positive enthalpy and entropy values for the formation of both complexes are interpreted as due to the contributions from the dehydration of the metal ions exceeding the exothermic cation-anion pairing. The formation of the ternary complex M(EDTA)(Cit)⁴⁻ (M = Cm and Eu) was measured to have large stability constants (log β₁₁₁ between 20.9 and 24.4) at 25 and 60 °C. Time resolved laser luminescence spectroscopy and lifetime measurement data validated the nature of the complexes of Eu(III) formed in the presence of Cit and EDTA + Cit in 6.60 m (NaClO₄) solution.     

Reaction of hydrogen peroxide with hexaaquacobalt(III) perchlorate

The reaction of with H₂O₂ in 1.0 M HClO₄/LiClO₄ was found to be first-order in both reactants and the [H⁺] dependence of the second-order rate constant is given by k_2obs = b/[H⁺], b at 25 °C is 26.4 ± 0.5 s⁻¹. The rate law shows a simple inverse dependence on [H⁺] that is consistent with a rapidly maintained equilibrium between and its hydrolyzed form Co(H₂O)₅(OH)²⁺, followed by the rate controlling step, i.e. oxidation of H₂O₂ by Co(H₂O)₅(OH)²⁺.     

Electron transfer. Part 169 . Delayed reduction of mononuclear manganeses(IV) using vanadium(III)

The tris-chelate formed by biguanide, H₂NC(NH)NHC(NH)NH₂, and Mn(IV) is one of the rarely encountered examples of water-stable mononuclear complexes of this oxidation state. This cation is reduced in aqueous acid by both V(II) and V(III). In contrast to the kinetically straightforward bimolecular reduction by V(II) in 0.5 M HClO₄ (k = 7.4 × 10³ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ at 22 °C), reductions by excess V(III) yield profiles which are linear (zero-order in Mn^IV) until the last few percent reaction. Analyses of these composite curves are consistent with the sequences

     

Crystal structure and magnetic behaviour of a five-coordinate iron(III) complex of pyridoxal-4-methylthiosemicarbazone

The crystal structure and magnetic properties of a penta-coordinate iron(III) complex of pyridoxal-4-methylthiosemicarbazone, [Fe(H₂mthpy)Cl₂](CH₃C₆H₄SO₃), are reported. The synthesised ligand and the metal complex were characterised by spectroscopic methods (¹H NMR, IR, and mass spectroscopy), elemental analysis, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The complex crystallises as dark brown microcrystals. The crystal data determined at 100(1) K revealed a triclinic system, space group (Z = 2). The ONSCl₂ geometry around the iron(III) atom is intermediate between trigonal bipyramidal and square pyramidal (τ = 0.40). The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility (5-300 K) is consistent with a high spin Fe(III) ion (S = 5/2) exhibiting zero-field splitting. Interpretation of these data yielded: D = 0.34(1) cm⁻¹ and g = 2.078(3).     

A new cyano-bridged one-dimensional GdFe coordination polymer with o-phenanthroline as the blocking ligand: synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties

Synthesis, structural characterization, and magnetic properties of a new cyano-bridged one-dimensional iron (III)-gadolinium (III) compound, trans-[Gd(o-phen)₂(H₂O)₂(μ-CN)₂Fe(CN)₄]_n · 2no-phen (o-phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), have been described. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group with the following unit cell parameters: a = 10.538(14) Å, b = 12.004(14) Å, c = 20.61(2) Å, α = 92.41(1)°, β = 92.76(1)°, γ = 112.72(1)°, and Z = 2. In this complex, each gadolinium (III) is coordinated to two nitrile nitrogens of the CN groups coming from two different ferricyanides, the mutually trans cyanides of each of which links another different Gd^III to create -NC-Fe(CN)₄-CN-Gd-NC- type 1-D chain structure. The one-dimensional chains are self-assembled in two-dimensions via weak C-H?N hydrogen bonds. Both the variable-temperature (2-300 K, 0.01 T and 0.8 T) and variable-field (0-50 000 Gauss, 2 K) magnetic measurements reveal the existence of very weak interaction in this molecule. The temperature dependence of the susceptibilities has been analyzed using a model for a chain of alternating classic (7/2) and quantum (1/2) spins.     

Mechanistic studies on monodentate-ligand substitution of five-coordinate trigonal-bipyramidal platinum (II) complexes with tris[2-(diphenylphosphino)ethyl]phosphine

Reaction of the five-coordinate trigonal-bipyramidal platinum(II) complex, [Pt(pt)(pp₃)](BF₄) (pt = 1-propanethiolate, pp₃ = tris[2-(diphenylphosphino)ethyl]phosphine), with I⁻ in chloroform gave the five-coordinate square-pyramidal complex with a dissociated terminal phosphino group and an apically coordinated iodide ion in equilibrium. The thermodynamic parameters for the equilibrium between the trigonal-bipyramidal and square-pyramidal geometries, [Pt(pt)(pp₃)]⁺ + I⁻ ? [PtI(pt) (pp₃)], and the kinetic parameters for the chemical exchange were obtained as follows: , ΔH⁰ = − 10 ± 2.4 kJ mol⁻¹, ΔS⁰ = − 36 ± 10 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹, , ΔH^‡ = 34 ± 4.7 kJ mol⁻¹, ΔS^‡ = − 50 ± 21 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹. The square-planar trinuclear platinum(II) complex was formed by bridging reaction of one of the terminal phosphino groups of trigonal-bipyramidal [PtCl(pp₃)]Cl with trans-[PtCl₂(NCC₆H₅)₂] in chloroform. From these facts, ligand substitution reactions of [PtX(pp₃)]⁺ (X = monodentate anion) are expected to proceed via an intermediate with a dissociated phosphino group. The rate constants for the chloro-ligand substitution reactions of [PtCl(pp₃)]⁺ with Br⁻ and I⁻ in chloroform approached the respective limiting values as concentrations of the entering halide ions are increased. These kinetic results confirmed the preassociation mechanism in which the square pyramidal intermediate with a dissociated phosphino group and an apically coordinated halide ion is present in the rapid pre-equilibrium.     

Kinetic studies of tris(2,2′-bipyridine)iron(III) perchlorate with cobaloxime, [Co(dmgBF2)2(H2O)2]

The kinetics of the reduction of by Co(dmgBF₂)₂(H₂O)₂ in 0.041 M HNO₃/NaNO₃ was found to be first-order in both the oxidizing and reducing agents and the second-order rate constant is given by k_obs = k₁ + k₂K[Cl⁻], with k₁=1.59 × 10⁶ M⁻¹ s⁻¹and k₂K = 1.83 × 10⁸ M⁻² s⁻¹, at 25 °C. The term that is first-order in [Cl⁻] is attributed to the formation of an ion-pair between and Cl⁻. For k₁, the activation parameters ΔH* and ΔS* are 2.22 ± 0.02 kcal mol⁻¹ and −22.7 ± 0.8 cal mol⁻¹ K⁻¹, respectively. The self-exchange rate constant of k₂₂ ≈ 8.7 × 10⁻³ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ for was estimated using Marcus theory and the known self-exchange rate constant for .     

Multinuclear NMR and molecular modelling investigations on the structure and equilibria of complexes that form in aqueous solutions of Ca and gluconate

Complexation of d-gluconate (Gluc⁻) with Ca²⁺ has been investigated via ¹H, ¹³C and ⁴³Ca NMR spectroscopy in aqueous solutions in the presence of high concentration background electrolytes (1 M ? I ? 4 M (NaCl) ionic strength). From the ionic strength dependence of its formation constant, the stability constant at 6 ? pH ? 11 and at I → 0 M has been derived (). The protonation constant of Gluc⁻ at I = 1 M (NaCl) ionic strength was also determined and was found to be log K_a = 3.24 ± 0.01 (¹³C NMR) and log K_a = 3.23 ± 0.01 (¹H NMR). It was found that ¹H and ¹³C NMR chemical shifts upon complexation (both with H⁺ and with Ca²⁺) do not vary in an unchanging way with the distance from the Ca²⁺/H⁺ binding site. From 2D ¹H-⁴³Ca NMR spectra, simultaneous binding of Ca²⁺ to the alcoholic OH on C2 and C3 was deduced. Molecular modelling results modulated this picture by revealing structures in which the Gluc⁻ behaves as a multidentate ligand. The five-membered chelated initial structure was found to be thermodynamically more stable than that derived from a six-membered chelated initial structure.