微波法从黄连中提取黄连素的工艺研究

为了研究微波法从黄连中提取黄连素的效果,分别考察不同微波功率、原料浸泡时间、料液比(g/mL,下同)、提取次数、微波辐射时间对黄连素提取率的影响。结果微波法从黄连中提取黄连素的最佳工艺条件为:提取功率500W,原料浸泡时间24 h,料液比1∶120,提取次数2次,微波辐射时间3 min,提取率达5.61%,提取效果较好。与硫酸法、石灰法、乙醇浸取法相比,不仅提高了提取速度,并且更加环保。     

微波提取山楂中黄酮类化合物的工艺优化

以总黄酮得率为指标,采用微波法辅助提取山楂叶中的总黄酮,选取浸提时间、乙醇体积分数、微波辐射时间、液固比等参数进行单因素试验,选择影响较大的因素,利用Design-Expert 8.0.5b进行响应面分析,得到优化的提取工艺条件:乙醇体积分数56%,液固比51 m L/g,微波辐射时间3.7 min,在此条件下,山楂叶中总黄酮得率为8.923%。     

提取防风多糖的工艺优化

采用超声波强化和微波辅助提取2种方法提取防风多糖,并与传统热水浸提法在多糖的提取率上进行比较。防风多糖超声提取的最佳工艺条件为超声功率1 000 W、提取时间25 min、液固体积质量比为25,防风多糖微波提取的最佳工艺条件为微波功率560 W、液固体积质量比为30、提取时间10 min,在最佳提取工艺下,2种方法的提取率分别为6.103%和7.639%。与传统热水浸提法相比,超声法和微波法提取防风多糖具有迅速、节能、高效、提取率高等诸多优点。     

微波辅助索氏提取法提取欧李仁油的工艺参数优化

为探讨欧李仁油提取的最佳工艺参数,以欧李种仁为材料,粗脂肪提取率为评价指标,采用随机试验设计和L9（3^4）正交试验设计,测定了不同提取剂、浸提时间、浸提温度、料液比、辐射功率、辐射时间对欧李仁油提取率的影响。结果表明：以三氯甲烷为提取剂,微波辅助索氏提取法提取欧李仁油的最佳工艺参数为：辐射功率462 W,辐射时间3 min,提取时间7 h,提取温度80℃,料液比1∶35,欧李仁油提取率为47.37%,比常规索氏提取法提高了18.63%。     

苹果渣中原花青素的提取分离条件的优化

采用单因素和正交试验优化了溶剂直接提取及微波辅助提取苹果渣中原花青素的提取条件。结果表明:溶剂直接提取苹果渣中原花青素的最佳提取条件为乙醇体积分数30%,料液比(g/mL)1∶12,浸提温度90℃,提取时间0.5h;微波辅助提取法提取苹果渣中原花青素的最佳提取条件为乙醇体积分数50%,料液比(g/mL)1∶9,微波功率为700W,提取时间3min。与溶剂直接提取法相比,微波辅助提取法能更省时、高效地提取苹果渣中的原花青素。     

正交设计优选五味子果实中总木脂素提取工艺

目的:比较不同方法对北五味子总木脂素提取的影响,优选最佳提取工艺方法。研究五味子木脂素抗微波辐射损伤作用。方法:以干燥北五味子果实为原料,分别采用传统加热回流法、超声提取法、微波提取法、微波—超声提取法提取北五味子总木脂素,对这四种提取方法分别进行正交试验分析,以确定最佳提取工艺。结果:通过结果比较分析,以微波提取工艺结果最佳,在微波提取功率为200W,乙醇体积分数为80%,提取时间为40min,料液比为1:12的提取条件下,北五味子总木脂素的产量达到了16.44mg/g,使得木脂素的提取产量较传统加热回流法、超声提取法、微波—超声提取法得到了显著的提高。     

微波法提取鼠尾藻多糖的工艺研究

研究采用了微波法提取鼠尾藻多糖,考查了微波辐照时间、微波功率、料液比、超声预处理时间四个因素的影响,并采用正交实验法确定微波提取的最佳工艺。结果表明微波法提取多糖产率为6.5%,其优化工艺条件为:微波辐照时间8 min,微波功率540 W,料液比1∶30,超声时间3 min。经红外光谱得知鼠尾藻多糖的主要组成单糖为吡喃糖。微波法提取鼠尾藻多糖可行,工艺简单,产率令人满意。     

莲子Fe-SOD的提取及其耐高温能力的初探

通过对莲子中超氧化物歧化酶(Super Oxide Dimutase,SOD)进行分离提纯,证实其是Fe-SOD,并观察Fe-SOD的耐热性,为SOD的提取和应用开辟了新的思路【。方法】以热变性与有机溶剂沉淀联合法分离提纯莲子Fe-SOD;利用Fe-SOD活性受H2O2的抑制而不受氰化物的抑制的特性来鉴定;设置不同的温度观察提取额莲子SOD的耐热性。【结果】莲子提取酶液活性为90.522U/ml,SOD酶液对邻苯三酚自氧化的抑制率为96.3%。莲子SOD活性受H2O2的抑制而不受氰化物的抑制。在75℃时保温30min后,酶活力仍然保留60%以上,在100℃保温30min时酶活力保留35%。【结论】以热变性与有机溶剂沉淀联合法分离提纯莲子SOD并鉴定其为耐热性Fe-SOD。     

纤维素酶法提取川牛膝多糖

以得率为评价指标,采用纤维素酶提取川牛膝多糖。对药材粒径、酶的用量、酶解温度、酶解时间、溶剂p H、液固比和提取时间等因素进行了考察,结合正交试验设计,得到最佳工艺条件:药材粒径550~830μm、酶用量4 mg/g、酶解温度50℃、酶解时间90 min、溶剂p H5.0、液固比60(m L/g)和提取时间30 min,发现在此条件下,川牛膝多糖得率为71.70%。     

西花蓟马蛋白的提取及双向电泳体系的建立

【目的】蛋白样品的制备是获得良好双向凝胶电泳(2-DE)图谱的前提,建立合理的西花蓟马蛋白的双向电泳体系,获得分辨率较高、重复性较好的图谱,能够为后续的研究提供有力支撑。【方法】实验以西花蓟马成虫为实验材料,对比了饱和酚法、TCA/丙酮法和直接裂解法3种蛋白提取方法,从中选出最适宜双向电泳分析的一种蛋白提取方法。【结果】3种方法蛋白提取率差异显著,直接裂解法蛋白提取率最高,饱和酚法的蛋白提取率最低;3种方法的SDS-PAGE条带数差异不明显;TCA/丙酮法的双向凝胶图谱效果最好,蛋白点最多。【结论】TCA/丙酮法能够有效去除西花蓟马蛋白中的干扰物质,是最适合西花蓟马双向凝胶电泳的蛋白提取方法,为后续西花蓟马在蛋白组学方面的研究奠定了基础。     

微生物烟气脱硫中硫酸盐还原阶段的限制性因素及其影响

【目的】利用硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)厌氧活性污泥进行烟气脱硫,探索硫酸盐生物还原的最适条件及重金属离子对硫酸盐生物还原的影响,以提高硫酸盐还原阶段的效率。【方法】对取自污水处理厂的SRB厌氧活性污泥进行高浓度硫酸盐胁迫驯化。分析生物脱硫过程中SRB厌氧污泥还原硫酸盐的限制性因素及影响。【结果】在最适生长条件下(pH 6.5,32°C),经驯化获得的SRB厌氧活性污泥有较强的硫酸盐还原能力。Fe2+的适量添加对硫酸盐还原有一定促进作用。SRB厌氧污泥还原硫酸盐的ThCOD/SO42-最适值为3.00,ThCOD=3.33为最适理论化学需氧量,硫酸盐还原率可达72.15%。SRB厌氧污泥还原硫酸盐反应体系中抑制SRB活性的硫化物浓度为300 mg/L。Pb2+和Ni2+在较低的浓度下(1.0 mg/L和2.0 mg/L)对硫酸盐的还原产生较强的抑制作用,而Cu2+在稍高的浓度下(8.0 mg/L)显示出明显的抑制作用。【结论】经驯化,SRB厌氧活性污泥显示出较强的硫酸盐还原能力,具有应用于工业烟气生物脱硫的潜力。去除重金属离子Pb2+、Ni2+和Cu2+可有效解除对硫酸盐生物还原作用的抑制。     

The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism

The effects of hyperthermia, alone and in conjunction with microwave exposure, on brain energetics were studied in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. The effect of temperature on adenosine triphosphate concentration [ATP] and creatine phosphate concentration [CP] was determined in the brains of rats that were maintained at 35.6, 37.0, 39.0, and 41.0 degrees C. At 37, 39, and 41 degrees C brain [ATP] and [CP] were down 6.0, 10.8, and 29.2%, and 19.6, 28.7, and 44%, respectively, from the 35.6 degrees C control concentrations. Exposure of the brain to 591-MHz radiation at 13.8 mW/cm2 for 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 min caused further decreases (below those observed for 30 degrees C hyperthermia only) of 16.0, 29.8, 22.5, and 12.3% in brain [ATP], and of 15.6, 25.1, 21.4, and 25.9% in brain [CP] after 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 min, respectively. Recording of brain reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) fluorescence before, during, and after microwave exposure showed an increase in NADH fluorescence during microwave exposure that returned to preexposure levels within 1 min postexposure. Continuous recording of brain temperatures during microwave exposures showed that brain temperature varied between -0.1 and +0.05 degrees C. Since the microwave exposures did not induce tissue hyperthermia, it is concluded that direct microwave interaction at the subcellular level is responsible for the observed decrease in [ATP] and [CP].     

Optimal production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) in activated sludge fed by volatile fatty acids (VFAs) generated from alkaline excess sludge fermentation

To reduce the production cost of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and disposal amount of excess sludge simultaneously, the feasibility of using fermentative volatile fatty acids (VFAs) as carbon sources to synthesize PHA by activated sludge was examined. At pH 11.0, 60 degrees C and fermentative time of 7d, the VFAs yield was 258.65 mgTOC/gVSS. To restrain cell growth during PHA production, the released phosphorus and residual ammonium in the fermentative VFAs was recovered by the formation of struvite precipitation. Acetic acid was the predominant composition of the fermentative VFAs. PHA accumulation in excess sludge occurred feeding by fermentative VFAs with aerobic dynamic feeding process. The maximum PHA content accounted for 56.5% of the dry cell. It can be concluded from this study that the VFAs generated from excess sludge fermentation were a suitable carbon source for PHA production by activated sludge.     

Optimization of dynamic-microwave assisted enzymatic hydrolysis extraction of total ginsenosides from stems and leaves of panax ginseng by response surface methodology

Abstract

Ginseng stems and leaves (GSAL) are abundant in ginsenosides compounds. For efficient utilization of GSAL and the enhancement of total ginsenosides (TG) compound yields in GSAL, TG from GSAL were extracted, using dynamic-microwave assisted extraction coupled with enzymatic hydrolysis (DMAE-EH) method. The extraction process has been simulated and its main influencing factors such as ethanol concentration, microwave temperature, microwave time and pump flow rate have been optimized by response surface methodology coupled with a Box-Behnken design(BBD). The experimental results indicated that optimal extraction conditions of TG from GSAL were as follows: ethanol concentration of 75%, microwave temperature of 60°C, microwave time of 20?min and pump flow rate of 38 r/min. After experimental verification, the experimental yields of TG was 60.62?±?0.85?mg?g^?1, which were well agreement with the predicted by the model. In general, the present results demonstrated that DMAE-EH method was successfully used to extract total ginsenosides in GSAL.     

利用微波-热效应进行限制性内切核酸酶反应的可行性验证

限制性内切酶催化的酶解反应是分子生物学实验中的常用技术.鉴于酶切反应时间长,有人提出采用微波释放的热效应催化限制性内切酶解反应,以期缩短酶解时间.但微波是否能代替传统酶切反应还需验证.本研究设计了一系列的酶切 试验,验证微波酶切是否有效.结果表明：短时间（2 min）微波炉高火处理未导致DNA降解及内切酶失活.对于质粒的单酶切和部分双酶切,短时间（2 min）微波炉处理可替代水浴加热完成酶解反应.对于部分双酶切体系,微波炉处理酶切不完全,不能替代温水浴.使用微波酶解需严格控制时间,切勿时间过长.     

基于代谢组的厌氧氨氧化菌群对温度的响应机制

【背景】在环境工程领域中,大多数耐冷菌从活性污泥中分离得到。了解活性污泥菌群对低温的响应有助于耐冷菌的驯化培养。【目的】以厌氧氨氧化污泥菌群作为研究对象,研究温度对厌氧氨氧化菌群代谢通路与代谢产物的影响,以期初步阐释厌氧氨氧化菌群低温响应机理。【方法】在25°C与35°C条件下驯化培养厌氧氨氧化污泥,研究温度对反应器脱氮效能、菌群活性与生长以及群落结构的影响,通过代谢组学比较两个温度下厌氧氨氧化菌群代谢物丰度以及代谢通路活性。【结果】虽然低温导致厌氧氨氧化菌群CO_2固定、TCA循环与丙酮酸代谢的下调,进而导致氮去除活性以及增长速率显著下降,但菌群RNA合成水平、腐胺与信号分子合成上调,从而通过转录调控、调控膜脂组成与改变膜结构的方式,调控菌群代谢以适应低温环境。【结论】从分子机理的角度探究了厌氧氨氧化污泥菌群适应低温环境的生理机制,首次阐释了腐胺与信号分子在污泥菌群适应低温过程中的重要作用。     

Determination of Urease Activity in Biological Purification Systems

Summary This paper deals with the standardisation of a suitable method to determine urease activity in bottom deposits of sewage stabilisation ponds and activated sludge units.Standard conditions were established; pH, incubation time, sample quantity, temperature, and the results are presented graphically.As the method is not dependent on ammonia distillation under vacuo, it is therefore suitable for serial analysis.Results from tests using this method can be used to determine the urea degrading efficiency of purification systems like stabilisation ponds and activated sludge systems treating urea containing effluents.     

Microwave irradiation decreases ATP,increases free [Mg2+], and alters in vivo intracellular reactions in rat brain

Rapid inactivation of metabolism is essential for accurately determining the concentrations of metabolic intermediates in the in vivo state. We compared a broad spectrum of energetic intermediate metabolites and neurotransmitters in brains obtained by microwave irradiation to those obtained by freeze blowing, the most rapid method of extracting and freezing rat brain. The concentrations of many intermediates, cytosolic free NAD(P)⁺/NAD(P)H ratios, as well as neurotransmitters were not affected by the microwave procedure. However, the brain concentrations of ATP were about 30% lower, whereas those of ADP, AMP, and GDP were higher in the microwave‐irradiated compared with the freeze‐blown brains. In addition, the hydrolysis of approximately 1 μmol/g of ATP, a major in vivo Mg²⁺‐binding site, was related to approximately five‐fold increase in free [Mg²⁺] (0.53 ± 0.07 mM in freeze blown vs. 2.91 mM ± 0.48 mM in microwaved brains), as determined from the ratio [citrate]/[isocitrate]. Consequently, many intracellular properties, such as the phosphorylation potential and the ?G' of ATP hydrolysis were significantly altered in microwaved tissue. The determinations of some glycolytic and TCA cycle metabolites, the phosphorylation potential, and the ?G' of ATP hydrolysis do not represent the in vivo state when using microwave‐fixed brain tissue.