异色瓢虫视觉系统中5-HT阳性神经元的分布(英文)

本文运用树脂石蜡(Colophony-Paraffin, CP;专利号: ZL98125709·7)组织包埋切片技术,结合免疫组织化学链酶菌抗生物素蛋白-过氧化物酶(Streptavidin-Peroxidase , SP)双染法,对异色瓢虫视觉系统中5-羟色胺(5-HT)能神经元的分布进行了初步研究。结果显示,异色瓢虫视觉系统的结构及5-HT免疫反应系统相对比较特殊。5-HT阳性神经元胞体数目较少,染色显著,并聚集成群。根据胞体定位、细胞形态及轴突走向,可大体分为5群,其中包括1群呈弱反应的光感细胞。5-HT阳性膨大纤维支配所有的视神经纤维网,并呈柱状或分层排列模式。结果表明5-HT作为经典的神经递质在昆虫的视觉信息处理过程中可能发挥重要的调节作用,且主要以远距离的广域神经调节模式为主,并在特定区域和GABA有伴随现象。此外,昆虫视觉系统中5-HT的含量还可能与其明暗适应的生理调节方式具有相关性[动物学报51 (5) : 912 -918 , 2005]。     

白斑迷蛱蝶视觉系统中GABA和5-HT能神经元的分布

采用树脂石蜡(Colophony-Paraffin,CP)组织包埋切片技术和链霉菌抗生物素蛋白一过氧化物酶(Streptavidin—peroxidase,SP)免疫组织化学方法,首次报道了GABA和5-HT两种神经递质在白斑迷蛱蝶视觉系统(复眼及视叶)中的分布。与以往所报道的昆虫不同,白斑迷蛱蝶复眼中部分光感细胞对GABA和5-HT抗血清产生免疫反应。每侧视叶中约有2600多个GABA能阳性神经元,它们共分为6群。其中3群位于外髓附近(M1-3),另外三群位于内髓复合体边缘(LC1-3)。GABA能神经元发出的轴突在整个视叶的3个神经纤维网中都有分布。相比之下,视叶对5-HT抗血清的反应较弱,视叶神经纤维网中不存在代表5-HT阳性反应的粗大静脉曲张状纤维,只有一些排列规则的细小纤维。每侧视叶只有位于外髓附近的25个神经元呈现阳性反应,它们的分布位置与部分M3群的GABA能样神经元相同。本文还探讨了5-HT和GABA在调节视觉信息时可能发挥的作用[动物学报50(5)：770—777,2004]。     

5-HT2和5-HT3受体在外周初级感觉神经末梢痛反应和痛调制中的相互作用

目的：探讨5-HT2和5-HT3受体亚型在5-HT引起外周痛反应和痛调制中的相互作用及其机制;方法：在大鼠三又神经节神经元标本上应用全细胞膜片钳技术记录5-羟色胺激活电流（15_HT）,并结合痛行为实验进行观察。结果：在大多数受检细胞（54／88,61．4％）特别是中、小型细胞外加5-HT可引起一快去敏感的内向电流,此内向电流能被5-HT,受体特异性激动剂2-甲基-5-羟色胺所模拟,被5-HT3受体拮抗剂ICS250-930可逆性阻断,而5-HT2受体激动剂α-甲基-5-羟色胺则有明显增强15-HT的作用,5-HT1受体激动剂R-（＋）-UH301无明显反应。在进一步的整体清醒动物的行为学试验中我们观察到,大鼠后肢掌底皮下注射5-HT（10-5,10-4和10-3mol／L）引起浓度依赖性的痛行为反应,而用5-HT2和5-HT3受体特异性拮抗剂Cyproheptadine和ICS250-930分别阻断相应受体亚型后,5-HT引起的痛行为反应的强度序列为：5-HT〉5-HT＋ICS〉5-HT＋Cyp。结论：本文结果提示：5-HT所引起的痛反应中,在初级感觉神经元水平5-HT3受体可能仅起着启始作用,而5-HT,受体则在伤害性信息的维持和调制过程中发挥更大的作用。     

中国穿山甲消化道5-羟色胺免疫活性细胞的定位

目的研究中国穿山甲消化道5-羟色胺（5-HT）免疫活性细胞的分布和形态。方法应用链霉菌抗生物素蛋白一过氧化物酶免疫组织化学方法（S-P法）。结果中国穿山甲消化道5-HT细胞在胃幽门部密度最高,食道、胃贲门部和胃体中未见分布。肠道5-HT细胞密度从十二指肠、空肠到回肠依次减少,至大肠又显著升高（P〈0．01）。5-HT细胞形态多样,主要有圆形、椭圆形和锥形,肠上皮中锥形5-HT细胞通过顶部较长的胞突通向肠腔,基部较宽的胞体与固有层相接触。结论中国穿山甲消化道5-HT细胞的分布和形态同其它动物有相似之处,也有其自身特点。中国穿山甲消化道中5-HT细胞的分布与其食性是相适应的。     

脊髓和脊神经节原代分离培养中GABA能神经元的形态观察

选用12—14天胚胎小鼠(C 57 BL/6J),取脊髓及脊神经节原代培养。观察神经元的发育并用GABA抗血清、PAP方法显示GABA能神经元。脊髓神经元呈各种形态大小,随着培养的进行它们的突起和胞体不断生长;脊神经节细胞有不同大小,其体积在培养中保持恒定。随着神经元的逐渐成熟,它们的核质比不断增大。GABA免疫细胞化学阳性脊髓神经元大小不等,可分为两类:1.突起和胞体阳性,核不着色而核仁着色;2.只在突起和细胞膜上有阳性反应而胞体及核为阴性(可能为GABA摄取的结果)。有不同大小的脊神经节细胞呈阳性反应,其胞体及核仁着色而核呈阴性反应。证实了培养条件下处于胚胎发育阶段的阳性脊神经节细胞的存在。     

大鼠胃肌间神经丛中NOS阳性神经元的组织化学研究

采用ＮＡＤＰＨ┐黄递酶（ＮＤＰ）组织化学技术在整装铺片上对大鼠胃肌间神经丛中一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）阳性神经元进行定量和定位研究。结果显示：大鼠胃肌间神经丛中ＮＯＳ阳性神经元密度（个／ｍｍ２）分别为：６２．１±３７．７（幽门部）、４３．４±３１．７（胃体）、３１．６±２７．８（胃底）。胃底部神经节内神经元数量较少,神经元胞体较大,染色较深;幽门部神经节内神经元数量较多,胞体大小不等,染色深浅不一;胃体部的则介于两者之间,呈过渡态。结果表明：胃各部肌间神经丛中ＮＯＳ阳性神经元的差异可能与胃的生理功能密切相关     

昆虫5-羟色胺及其受体的研究进展

5-羟色胺（5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT）是昆虫体内一种重要的生物胺。5-HT在昆虫神经组织和非神经组织中均可合成,它可被5-HT转运体重吸收进入突触前结构中。5-HT通过结合特异性的G蛋白偶联受体在昆虫体内发挥不同的神经调控作用,调节昆虫主要的行为活动,比如取食、生物钟、聚集、学习和记忆等。昆虫体内5-HT受体有5种,分别为5-HT1A,5-HT1B, 5-HT2A,5-HT2B 和5-HT7。其中5-HT1A和5-HT1B偶联胞内cAMP的降低, 5-HT2A和5-HT2B偶联胞内Ca²⁺的释放, 5 HT7偶联胞内cAMP的升高。近年来,昆虫体内5-HT及其受体的研究有了很大的进展,昆虫体内越来越多的5-HT受体被克隆,并进行了功能和药理学性质分析。不同昆虫5 HT受体药理学性质存在差异,将为以5-HT受体为靶标,设计新型特异性杀虫剂提供理论基础。     

猫下丘中央核5-HT、P物质和星形胶质细胞年龄相关变化

目的比较研究青年猫与老年猫下丘中央核(CIC)5-羟色氨(5-HT)、P物质(SP)能神经元及星形胶质细胞年龄性变化,探索老年个体听力下降的神经机制。方法 Nissl染色显示下丘神经元,免疫组织化学ABC法显示5-HT、SP和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)免疫反应(immunoreactive,IR)细胞。光镜下观察、拍照,对神经元和5-HT、SP及GFAP免疫反应细胞分别计数并换算成密度,测量其IR细胞直径取平均值,以及它们的阳性反应平均灰度值。结果 5-HT-IR、SP-IR和GFAP-IR细胞、阳性纤维及其终末在青年猫及老年猫下丘中央核均有分布。与青年猫相比,老年猫下丘中央核5-HT密度均显著下降(P<0.01),胞体直径明显减小(P<0.01),阳性反应明显减弱(阳性反应强度与灰度值呈负相关),SP-IR神经元和星形胶质细胞密度却显著增大,阳性反应显著增强。结论在衰老过程中猫下丘神经元尤其是5-HT能神经元有显著丢失现象,提示5-HT能神经元显著减少导致下丘听觉信息传递功能减弱,可能引起老年个体听觉功能衰退的重要原因;SP能神经元和星形胶质细胞密度显著增大,可能起到延缓衰老的作用。     

5-HT1B受体亚型对小脑顶核介导的运动行为的影响

目的：探讨5-羟色胺（5-HT）能神经系统在经小脑顶核介导的运动行为中的作用。方法：采用大鼠离体脑片膜片钳及大鼠走步机的行为学测试方法。结果：阻断5-HT_1B受体能够增强小脑顶核兴奋性突触传递,行为学试验中给予5-HT及5-HT_1B受体阻断剂SB224289,发现注射5-HT到小脑顶核后,大鼠在Rota-rod走步机上的持续时间显著延长,而给予其阻断剂SB224289后,能够反转此作用。结论：5-HT很可能通过5-HT_1B受体抑制顶核神经元的兴奋性突触传递从而调节小脑核团神经元环路的活动,继而影响小脑的最终输出,实现对小脑顶核介导的运动平衡和协调能力的调控。     

5-HT受体亚型在大鼠颌下腺的免疫组织化学定位及5-HT的功能研究

目的 研究探讨了大鼠颌下腺中5-羟钩胺受体亚型的分布以及5-HT功能。方法 免疫组织化学法和免疫酶联检测法,结果 大鼠颌下腺的浆液性腺泡上皮细胞,闰管,颗粒曲管,纹状管和排泄管的管壁上皮细胞均呈5-HT1AR离体培养的颌下腺分泌神经生长因子（NGF）,但是,当外源5-HT浓度大于10^-7时却抑制NGF的分泌。结论 提示5-HT对颌下腺NGF的分泌可能起双向调节的作用。     

Transmembrane mechanisms in the assembly of the postsynaptic apparatus at the neuromuscular junction

The vertebrate neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is marked by molecular specializations that include postsynaptic clusters of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Whereas AChRs are aggregated in the postsynaptic muscle membrane to a density of 10,000/mum(2), AChE is concentrated, also to a high density, in the synaptic basement membrane (BM). In recent years considerable progress has been made in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of AChR clustering. It is known that during the early stages of motoneuron-muscle interaction, the nerve-secreted proteoglycan agrin activates the muscle-specific kinase MuSK, which leads to the formation of a postsynaptic cytoskeletal scaffold that immobilizes and concentrates AChRs through a process generally accepted to involve diffusion-mediated trapping of the receptors. We have recently tested this diffusion-trap model at the single molecule level for the first time by using quantum-dot labeling to track individual AChRs during NMJ development. Our results showed that single AChRs exhibit Brownian-type movement, with diffusion coefficients of 10(-11) to 10(-9)cm(2)/s, until they become immobilized at "traps" assembled in response to synaptogenic stimuli. Thus, free diffusion of AChRs is an integral part of their clustering mechanism. What is the mechanism for AChE clustering? We previously showed that the A(12) asymmetric form of AChE binds to perlecan, a heparan-sulfate proteoglycan which in turn interacts with the transmembrane dystroglycan complex. Through this linkage AChE becomes bound to the muscle membrane and, like AChRs, may exhibit lateral mobility along the membrane. Consistent with this idea, pre-existent AChE at the cell surface becomes clustered together with AChRs following synaptogenic stimulation. Future studies testing diffusion-mediated trapping of AChE should provide insights into the synaptic localization of BM-bound molecules at the NMJ.     

Functional differentiation of the anterior pituitary cells in the fetal pig

Summary The fetal porcine pituitary was investigated by means of ultrastructural immunocytochemistry (1) to identify the first cells synthesizing the adenohypophyseal hormones, (2) to follow their differentiation during fetal development, and (3) to compare their ultrastructural characteristics with those of mature adult cells.The first ACTH-cells, which produced and stored ACTH, -LPH, -MSH, and - and -endorphin in the same granules, were very numerous at day 34 and displayed a uniform morphology. At day 50 and thereafter, until the end of gestation, the ACTH-cells differed in their appearance probably reflecting various stages of differentiation of one cell type. The GH-cells gained rapidly ultrastructural features comparable to those of mature GH-cells. In contrast, in the case of PRL-cells, which appeared only at the end of the gestation period as immature elements containing very small secretory granules, the morphological maturation seemed to take place only after birth. The first cells synthesizing the glycoprotein hormones (LH, LH, FSH and TSH) displayed ultrastructural features of immature cells. At day 50, their ultrastructural organization started to show a different pattern. At the end of gestation, the TSH-cells and the gonadotropic cells displayed the ultrastructural features of mature cells.     

HLA-DRB1基因多态性与新疆哈萨克族人群结核病易感性的研究

目的:研究HLA-DRB1基因多态性与新疆哈萨克族人群结核病(TB)的相关性。方法:采用病例-对照的研究方法,应用聚合酶链反应-序列特异性引物(PCR-SSP)技术对231例新疆哈萨克族肺结核患者和230例新疆哈萨克族健康对照者的13个HLA-DRB1等位基因进行分型,比较其等位基因频率(GF)并计算其比值比(OR)。结果:与新疆哈萨克族人群对照组相比,新疆哈萨克族人群结核病例组中HLA-DRB1*04显著增高(11.72%比6.75%,p0.05,OR=1.889),HLA-DRB1*10也增高(2.86%比1.09%),但统计学上无显著性差异(Pc0.05)。结论:HLA-DRB1*04可能是新疆哈萨克族人群结核病的易感基因。     

Reorientation of Microfibrils and Microtubules at the Outer Epidermal Wall of Maize Coleoptiles During Auxin-Mediated Growth

Auxin-mediated elongation growth of isolated subapical coleoptile segments of maize (Zea mays L.) is controlled by the extensibility of the outer cell wall of the outer epidermis (Kutschera et al., 1987). Here we investigate the hypothesis that auxin controls the extensibility of this wall by changing the orientation of newly deposited microfibrils through a corresponding change in the orientation of cortical microtubules. On the basis of electron micrographs it is shown that cessation of growth after removal of the endogenous source of auxin is correlated with a relative increase of longitudinally orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. Conversely, reinduction of growth by exogenous auxin is correlated with a relative increase of transversely orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. These changes can be detected 30–60 min after the removal and addition of auxin, respectively. The functional significance of directional changes of newly desposited wall microfibrils for the control of elongation growth is discussed.     

Coccidia of the Leporidae*

Thirty-six species of coccidia, all members of the genus Eimeria, have been described from 3 of the 9 genera and 11 of the more than 48 species in the lagomorph family Leporidae. All these are described briefly in the present paper and their synonymies are given. Coccidia have been described from the single species of Oryctolagus, from 4 of the 13 species of Sylvilagus and from 6 of the 26 species of Lepus. These genera have 12, 12, and 14 known species of Eimeria, of which only 2 are shared by Oryctolagus and Sylvilagus. Lepus has none of the coccidia of these genera. One species is known to occur in the bile ducts of the liver, 13 in the intestine, and the location of 22 is unknown. Life cycles have been determined for 9 of the species, of which 8 have been worked out in the domestic rabbit Oryctolagus and 1 in the cottontail Sylvilagus.     

Modeling the spontaneous initiation of the polymerization of methyl methacrylate

The mechanism of the spontaneous initiation of the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was investigated theoretically. The six minimum energy paths (MEP) of the possible reactions were calculated using the density functional theory (DFT) in conjunction with the B3LYP functional and 6-31G* basis set. The Diels-Alder initiation mechanism (path (I) and path (II)) with remarkably high energy barriers is not applicable to MMA. Four favorable paths were found (path (III), path (IV), path (V) and path (VI)), which are supporting the Flory mechanism. Path (V) has the lowest active energy. Therefore this path is considered as the main path for the spontaneous polymerization of MMA. Figure The mechanism of the spontaneous initiation of the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was investigated theoretically. The six minimum energy paths (MEP) of the possible reactions were calculated using the density functional theory (DFT) in conjunction with the B3LYP functional and 6-31G* basis set.     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对翡翠贻贝抗氧化酶及脂质过氧化水平的影响

实验室条件下,研究了不同浓度邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)长期胁迫(15 d)对翡翠贻贝内脏团和外套膜抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶CAT)及脂质过氧化(LPO)水平(以MDA含量表示)的影响,以及受胁迫翡翠贻贝在清洁海水中恢复阶段上述生化指标的变化特征.结果表明:胁迫阶段,0.5和2.5 mg.L-1DBP下翡翠贻贝内脏团SOD活性表现为先抑制后逐渐恢复,12.5和62.5 mg.L-1下则持续受到显著抑制;不同浓度组CAT活性均明显被抑制.LPO水平明显升高.外套膜中,2.5 mg.L-1下SOD活性受到持续诱导,其他浓度组则先被抑制,后随曝露时间延长逐渐被诱导;各浓度组CAT的变化波动较大,没有明显规律;而LPO水平明显升高.净化恢复阶段,12.5和62.5 mg.L-1DBP胁迫下的内脏团SOD和CAT活性恢复较慢,其LPO水平随时间延长逐渐恢复至对照组水平;外套膜中SOD活性呈持续升高趋势,CAT活性和LPO水平则随时间延长恢复到对照组水平.     

The role of the supramammillary area of the hypothalamus in cognitive functions

The supramammillary area (SUM) of the hypothalamus has wide spread connection with numerous brain structures. It is known that the SUM can control the frequency of the hippocampal theta rhythm, which plays a role in the cognitive functions of the hippocampal formation. In order to examine the role of the specific cells of the SUM in learning and memory, selective cholinergic neurotoxic or excitotoxic lesioned rats of the SUM were tested for spatial memory on the Morris water maze (MWM) test. After the behavior tests, the expression of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the hippocampus was studied using the immunohistochemistry. In the MWM test, both lesion of the SUM with 192 IgG-saporin or ibotenic acid produced the impairment of spatial learning and memory. The expression of AChE immunreactive neurons in the hippocampal CA3 region was decreased after injections of 192 IgG-saporin into the SUM. These findings suggest that cholinoceptive cells of the SUM area may play a critical role in the process of learning and memory.