油菜主要性状遗传力和遗传相关的初步研究

在数量性状遗传的研究中,遗传力和遗传 相关是其中最主要研究内容之一。遗传力 (Heritability）是指亲代遗传传递某一性状给子 代的能力。任何一种性状的表现型都是其内部 的基因型和外部环境条件共同作用的结果。所 以表型变量可分解为遗传变量和环境变量两部 分。通常用遗传变量占表型变量的百分比来表 示性状的遗传传递能力。遗传变量在表型变量 中所占的比重大,说明这一性状是高度遗传的, 并容易从表现型来识别它的基因型,选择也越 有效。反之,百分比小,从表现型不容易识别它 的基因型,选择的效果就差。     

洞庭青鲫形态性状遗传分析

为查明洞庭青鲫(Carassius auratusTungting)原种亲本种质的纯度,进行亲本、子一代之间形态学性状遗传传递规律的分析,测定了从北民湖引入的洞庭青鲫原种亲本27尾和子一代32尾,对其7项可比性状和可数性状进行统计分析,计算出各性状的均值、标准差、变异系数。对亲子之间各性状的综合差异性进行卡方检测。结果表明:亲子之间各性状的均值比较接近但子代比亲本平均多一片侧线鳞;各性状的变异系数,亲本和子代接近,且子代多数性状的变异系数小于亲本;卡方值为0.0172,说明亲子之间各性状的综合评定无显著差异。洞庭青鲫亲子间各性状统计分析说明,子一代不仅没有性状分离现象,而且基因有进一步纯化的趋势。由此推论:北民湖洞庭青鲫原种种群的纯度较高。     

对遗传概念的思考--遗传物质的横向传递

1 什么是遗传 遗传, 作为重要的生命特征之一, 其传统的意义为: 遗传(heredity)是指生物在通过生殖所进行的种族繁衍过程中, 表现出来的世代间的相似现象.众所周知, 生物的生殖过程, 在一定意义上, 其实质就是遗传物质在上下代之间的传递过程, 即亲代将其遗传物质, 通过一定的方式传递给子代, 并使之表达亲代的性状.显然, 这一遗传的概念告诉我们: 遗传是垂直式的.     

关于遗传物质的来源问题

一.引言有机体在繁殖过程中,通过生殖细胞(有性繁殖)或营养体(无性繁殖),把亲代的遗传特性传递给子代,使每种生物表现了一定的遗传性。但是任何性状不能直接由生殖细胞或营养体传递给子代,它是在一定物貭基础上通过个体发育而表现出来的。那么生物的性状究竟借什么而遗传呢?到底有没有遗传物貭?它的性貭怎样?这个问题一直是生物科学上争论的焦点之一。     

微生物遗传学

遗传和变异,是处于统一体中的一对矛盾同,是生物界存在的普遍规律。亲代与子代之间表现出大体相似的性状,这是遗传现象。亲代与子代的个体之间,也表现出某些差异的性状,这是变异现象。微生物遗传学是研究微生物的遗传变异规律和内在本质的学科,从而掌握微生物遗传变异规律及内     

甘薯单株鲜署重和甘薯重的遗传分析

试用遗传相关方法分析甘薯同一数量性状的亲子关系。结果表明,鲜薯重、甘薯重在亲子间呈高度正相关,显示双亲加行销应对子代产量的主导作用;但组合近交系数和特殊配合力对子代产量有影响。另外,还就我国甘薯杂交育种的亲本选配和种质资源问题提出看法。     

人体身高的遗传度

本文旨在通过亲代（父母）的身高和子代（子女）的身高之间的回归系数及子代同胞（兄弟姐妹）间身高的组内相关系数来估计身高的遗传度。     

甘薯单株鲜署重和甘薯重的遗传分析1)

试用遗传相关方法分析甘薯同一数量性状的亲子关系。结果表明，鲜薯重、甘薯重在亲子间呈高度正相关，显示双亲加行销应对子代产量的主导作用；但组合近交系数和特殊配合力对子代产量有影响。另外，还就我国甘薯杂交育种的亲本选配和种质资源问题提出看法。     

子代身高性别对父母身高的回归分析

对抽样调查的身高数据进行计量分析,建立了子代对亲代身高的回归分析模型,揭示了子代身高与亲代身高的遗传率;研究结果表明,父母身高对下一代的遗传率强度不同,母亲要强于父亲;子女接受遗传的效应也不一样,女儿要强于儿子;建立了性别遗传模型,深入研究了亲代父母之间的身高差对子代性别的影响,亲代身高差越大,则生女孩的几率就越大,反之生男孩的几率就越大．     

凡纳滨对虾繁殖中不同亲本对子代遗传贡献率的差异

利用5个含有稀有等位基因的高度多态性微卫星位点比较了凡纳滨对虾繁殖中不同亲本对子代遗传贡献率的差异。通过稀有等位基因的5个微卫星位点能够对亲代和子代的谱系进行明确的鉴别。10个亲代个体中有8个个体对子代群体的基因库有贡献,不同个体之间的贡献率存在差别,最高为54.28%,最低为8.57%。在亲代和子代群体遗传结构的分析中,子代等位基因的数目与亲代相比降低了11.11%。子代的平均期望杂合度(He)、平均观测杂合度(Ho)和平均多态性信息含量(PIC)等指标均低于亲代。实验结果表明:亲本对子代基因库的贡献率的差异也是造成子代群体遗传变异水平降低的原因之一;微卫星标记可作为一种有效的工具用于对虾系谱的确认、人工繁育群体遗传多样性水平的监测等方面     

The effect of isozyme selection on metric characters in an interspecific backcross of tomato — basis of an early screening procedure

Summary The extent of correlation was estimated between isozyme genotypes and the four widely segregating characters — leaf segment W/L ratio, stigma exsertion, fruit weight, and seed weight — in the first backcross of F₁ Lycopersicon esculentum x Solanum pennellii to the former parent. The inbred parents differ in their alleles at the 12 tested isozymic loci, which are known to mark a minimum of eight of the twelve tomato chromosomes. Based on the isozyme data, a mean heterozygosity value, ¯H, was calculated which estimates the proportion of pennillii alleles in each individual. Correlations between mean heterozygosity and observed levels of each quantitative trait were highly significant and positive or negative as expected from the relative parental values. Plants with the lowest mean heterozygosity — i.e., closest to the esculentum zymotype also had mean values closest to those of this parent amongst the whole backcross population for each of the quantitative traits.Bivariate and multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the ability of isozymes vs diagnostic morphological characters to estimate the portion of recurrent parent genes carried in each backcross individual. The results suggest that isozyme data gives better estimates than single diagnostic morphological characters and approach the level obtained by combinations of three morphological traits. Since electrophoretic determinations are made on small seedlings, selection at that stage can effect great savings of space and effort by greatly deminishing the size of the population needed at maturity. As such, isozyme selection would precede morphological selection but not replace it, thus the predictive value of these biochemical markers as well as diagnostic morphological characters could be obtained.     

Familial resemblance for anthropometrical traits in a Bulgarian population

Genetic influences on body and craniofacial morphology have been studied on a sample of 251 fathers and 251 mothers and their 502 children over 15 years in 251 urban Bulgarian families. Midparent-offspring correlation coefficients are consistently higher than those from single parent-offspring. However, these values are lower than those expected under exclusive polygenic model, indicating considerable environmental influences. Dominance could be present for 3 body traits and for 2 cranio-facial traits. The hypothesis of higher maternal influence could be proposed for biacromial diameter and of higher paternal influence for head height, nose height and for ear height and breadth. The pattern of the different parent-offspring correlations (father-daugther, fatherson, mother-daughter, mother-son) is not compatible with a hypothesis of X-linkage heredity.     

Parent-offspring conflict and co-adaptation: behavioural ecology meets quantitative genetics

The evolution of the complex and dynamic behavioural interactions between caring parents and their dependent offspring is a major area of research in behavioural ecology and quantitative genetics. While behavioural ecologists examine the evolution of interactions between parents and offspring in the light of parent-offspring conflict and its resolution, quantitative geneticists explore the evolution of such interactions in the light of parent-offspring co-adaptation due to combined effects of parental and offspring behaviours on fitness. To date, there is little interaction or integration between these two fields. Here, we first review the merits and limitations of each of these two approaches and show that they provide important complementary insights into the evolution of strategies for offspring begging and parental resource provisioning. We then outline how central ideas from behavioural ecology and quantitative genetics can be combined within a framework based on the concept of behavioural reaction norms, which provides a common basis for behavioural ecologists and quantitative geneticists to study the evolution of parent-offspring interactions. Finally, we discuss how the behavioural reaction norm approach can be used to advance our understanding of parent-offspring conflict by combining information about the genetic basis of traits from quantitative genetics with key insights regarding the adaptive function and dynamic nature of parental and offspring behaviours from behavioural ecology.     

Selection, inheritance, and the evolution of parent-offspring interactions

Very few studies have examined parent-offspring interactions from a quantitative genetic perspective. We used a cross-fostering design and measured genetic correlations and components of social selection arising from two parental and two offspring behaviors in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides. Genetic correlations were assessed by examining behavior of relatives independent of common social influences. We found positive genetic correlations between all pairs of behaviors, including between parent and offspring behaviors. Patterns of selection were assessed by standardized performance and selection gradients. Parental provisioning had positive effects on offspring performance and fitness, while remaining near the larvae without feeding them had negative effects. Begging had positive effects on offspring performance and fitness, while increased competition among siblings had negative effects. Coadaptations between parenting and offspring behavior appear to be maintained by genetic correlations and functional trade-offs; parents that feed their offspring more also spend more time in the area where they can forage for themselves. Families with high levels of begging have high levels of sibling competition. Integrating information from genetics and selection thus provides a general explanation for why variation persists in seemingly beneficial traits expressed in parent-offspring interactions and illustrates why it is important to measure functionally related suites of behaviors.     

Skewed distribution of morphological character scores and molecular markers in three interspecific crosses in Rosa section Caninae

The dogroses, Rosa section Caninae, are all polyploid and characterised by their unbalanced meiosis; the pollen parent contributes one genome, whereas the seed parent contributes 3-5 genomes depending upon ploidy level of the species. As a result, genetically determined traits are expected to be matroclinally inherited. In the present study, the transmittal of genetic material was studied using manually scored reproductive characters (ovary and sepals), automated image analysis of leaflet shape (Fourier coefficients), and molecular markers (RAPD). The plant material consisted of a pair of reciprocal crosses between R. sherardii and R. villosa, a R. rubiginosa x R. sherardii cross and offspring obtained from selfing or within-population crosses of the parental species. All but one of the maternal markers were transmitted to all the offspring plants, whereas only 41% of the paternal markers were transmitted to all of them, 23% were never transmitted and 36% reached only one or two of the offspring plants. Canonical variates analyses (CVA) based on the vegetative characters could easily separate the offspring groups representing parental species and also all three hybridogenous offspring groups from each other, whereas CVA based on reproductive characters failed to separate R. sherardii x R. villosa from its seed parent, but otherwise distinguished all offspring groups. The study shows that the expression of characters as well as molecular marker inheritance is dependent upon the direction of the cross, and on the species involved. It also demonstrates the importance of employing several different types of character sets for an improved comprehension of the effects of the peculiar canina meiosis.     

Variable modes of inheritance of morphometrical traits in hybrids between Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans.

We investigated body-size inheritance in interspecific sterile hybrids by crossing a Drosophila simulans strain with 13 strains of Drosophila melanogaster, which were of various origins and chosen for their broad range of genetic variation. A highly significant parent-offspring correlation was observed, showing that the D. melanogaster genes for size are still expressed in a hybrid background. Superimposed on to this additive inheritance, the size of hybrids was always less than the mid-parent value. This phenomenon, which at first sight might be described as dominance or overdominance, is more precisely interpreted as a consequence of a hybrid breakdown, that is, a dysfunction of the parental genes for size when put to work together. This interpretation is enforced by the fact that phenotypic variability was much more prevalent in hybrids than in parents. We also analysed body pigmentation inheritance in the same crosses and got a very different picture. There was no increase in the phenotypic variance of F(1) hybrids and only a low parent-offspring correlation. Apparent overdominance could be observed but in opposite directions, with no evidence of hybrid breakdown. Our data point to the possibility of analysing a diversity of quantitative traits in interspecific hybrids, and indicate that breakdown might be restricted to some traits only.     

The coadaptation of parental supply and offspring demand

The evolution of parent-offspring interactions for the provisioning of care is usually explained as the phenotypic outcome of resolved conflicting selection pressures. However, parental care and offspring solicitation are expected to have complex patterns of inheritance. Here we present a quantitative genetic model of parent-offspring interactions that allows us to investigate the evolutionary maintenance of a state of resolved conflict. We show that offspring solicitation and parental provisioning are expected to become genetically correlated through coadaptation and that their genetic architecture is dictated by an interaction between patterns of selection and the proximate mechanisms regulating supply and demand. When selection is predominately on offspring solicitation, our model suggests that the genetic correlations between provisioning and solicitation are usually positive if provisioning reduces solicitation. Conversely, when selection is predominately on parental provisioning, the correlations are mostly negative as long as parents show a positive response to offspring demand. Empirical estimates of the genetic architecture of traits involved in family interactions fit these predictions. Our model demonstrates how the evolutionary maintenance of parent-offspring interactions can result in variable patterns of coadaptation, and it provides an explanation for the diversity of family interactions within and among species.     

Genetic variation in Solanum tuberosum group Andigena haploids

Summary A random sample of haploids, derived from 28 parental introductions from Solarium tuberosum Gp. Andigena, was used to estimate the quantitative genetic variation for six traits within this group. The six traits analyzed on a plot mean basis were: total tuber weight, fresh vine weight, total fresh weight (tuber+vine), dry vine weight, total dry matter (tuber+vine) and specific gravity. Progenies were obtained following the North Carolina mating Design I and were evaluated along with the female parental clones at two locations. Components of variance and narrow sense heritabilities were calculated by two methods: Design I and female parent-offspring regression. Heritability estimates calculated by the two procedures were in close agreement for most traits. The estimates for total tuber weight from the Design I procedure were twice that from parent offspring regression. The genetic coefficient of variation for these traits indicated a large amount of total genetic variance in this population. Genetic variability for total tuber weight was mostly additive, while both additive and dominant genetic variances were equally important for the remaining traits.     

小麦品种间杂种优势与配合力分析

对９个冬小麦亲本１３个性状的杂种优势分析表明,产量性状的杂种优势较强,品质性状的杂种优势较弱。籽粒蛋白质含量、硬度和湿面筋、干面筋含量偏低亲或中亲遗传,沉淀值偏高遗传,存在较明显杂种优势（１６．１－２３．８％）。