褐飞虱为害对不同抗性水稻品种苗期根系几种营养物质和总酚含量的影响

本文以对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(St?l)具不同抗性水平的水稻品种为研究对象,通过在苗期接入不同密度褐飞虱后测定水稻根系可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白质和总酚变化情况,以明确水稻抗虫性与根系生理生化物质含量的关系.研究结果表明,根系中的可溶性糖除了苗龄8d不接虫的处理,其余处理均以感虫品种TN1含量最高,显著高于3个抗虫品种IR36、Rathu-Heenati(RHT)、Ptb33.各苗龄不同接虫密度TN1根系游离氨基酸及可溶性蛋白质含量均显著高于3个抗虫品种.各苗龄不同接虫密度TN1根系总酚含量均显著低于3个抗虫品种,以Ptb33总酚含量最高,各处理均显著高于IR36及RHT.结果可为进一步开发利用根系指标优良的抗性水稻品种提供科学依据.     

夏季苹果新梢生理指标与抗苹果绵蚜的关系

研究苹果生理指标与其对苹果绵蚜(Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann)抗性的关系,为筛选培育抗性品种,实现持续有效治理苹果绵蚜提供依据.田间调查不同苹果品种对苹果绵蚜的抗性,测定比较各品种正常枝条生理指标,以及被苹果绵蚜危害后生理指标的变化.结果表明,正常枝条中可溶性糖(r=0.99)、蛋白质(r=0.86)含量与感蚜率呈正相关;氨基酸含量与感蚜率呈负相关(r=-0.96);酚类物质和4种酶活性与苹果感蚜率均不存在明显相关性.被害后昭锦108可溶性糖含量有所下降,红富士、金冠分别上升1.4％、7.0％;蛋白质、氨基酸、酚类物质含量均有所下降,其中红富士总酚含量明显下降,达23.5％,总酚下降率与感蚜率呈正相关(r=0.94);超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)活性均上升,其中CAT变化率与感蚜率存在相关性(r=-0.92),昭锦108 CAT活性明显上升,达91.2％;多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol Oxidase,PPO)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)活性增减不一;金冠4种酶活性均上升.研究表明,对苹果绵蚜抗性较强的品种:可溶性糖、蛋白质含量较低,游离氨基酸含量较高;受害后可溶性糖含量下降,总酚含量下降率较低,游离氨基酸含量下降率较高.酶活性对抗蚜性的影响不明显.     

不同抗性马尾松针叶中营养物质含量与对松突圆蚧抗性关系的判别分析

为了探讨马尾松Pinus massoniana针叶营养物质含量与其对松突圆蚧Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi抗性的关系, 选择了不同抗性的10个马尾松家系, 分别测定未受松突圆蚧危害植株与受害植株针叶中可溶性糖、 总糖、 可溶性蛋白、 全N、 游离氨基酸、 粗脂肪等营养物质的含量和总糖/全N等7个指标, 并采用判别分析法分析这7个指标与马尾松家系对松突圆蚧抗性的关系。结果表明：马尾松家系不论是否受松突圆蚧的危害,能明显区别抗性组别的指标都是可溶性蛋白（X₃）、全N（X₄）和游离氨基酸总量（X₇）,随抗性的降低, 它们的含量呈上升趋势, 受害植株中上述3个指标的含量低于未受害植株; 受害后, 各指标变化量中能明显区别抗性组别的是全N（X₄）, 随着植株抗性的降低, 针叶中的可溶性蛋白（X₃）、全N（X₄）和游离氨基酸总量（X₇）的含量变化量减小。据此得出：（1）可溶性蛋白（X₃）、全N（X₄）和游离氨基酸总量（X₇）是与抗性关系最密切的指标, 含量与抗性呈负相关关系,变化量与抗性呈正相关关系;（2）受到危害后, 无论含量或变化量, 7个指标都发生了重要变化, 都表现出与抗性的相关性, 构成了有效判别函数的组成变量;（3）因判别分析方法可以分析各指标的综合作用, 应用该方法分析各营养成分与马尾松对松突圆蚧抗性的关系, 比用方差分析和多重比较方法更有优越性。上述研究结果为抗松突圆蚧马尾松家系的选育及其抗性机理的深入研究, 提供了重要的科学参考价值。     

不同抽薹性不结球白菜抽薹过程中碳氮指标的分析

以抽薹性不同的不结球白菜自交系为材料,研究了抽薹前后6个发育阶段叶片中碳水化合物、可溶性蛋白质、游离氨基酸含量的变化。结果表明,可溶性总糖、蔗糖、淀粉含量在花芽分化时不断升高,分化完成后下降,抽薹时又有所升高;还原糖仅在花芽分化中期升高;三个自交系相比,晚抽薹自交系08-1P-89在花芽分化时糖含量最高;可溶性蛋白质和游离氨基酸变化趋势与可溶性总糖基本一致,但游离氨基酸含量在抽薹时明显下降,整个过程中晚抽薹自交系含量都最高;在花芽分化过程和抽薹期,碳氮比呈升高趋势。     

苹果绵蚜对不同苹果品种春梢生长期生理指标的影响

为了筛选培育对苹果绵蚜(Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann)的抗性品种,实现持续有效治理苹果绵蚜的目的,通过测定红富士、金帅、昭锦108、秦冠、红将军等5种不同苹果品种春梢生长期被苹果绵蚜危害前后枝条内可溶性糖、蛋白质、游离氨基酸、总酚含量以及防御性酶的活性变化,探讨苹果生理指标与抗蚜性的关系。结果表明,被害后可溶性糖含量除红将军外均有所上升,其中红富士上升达13.7%;蛋白质含量除红富士外均有所降低;氨基酸含量均有所上升,其中红将军变化明显,变化率达68.8%。酚类物质是一种重要的抗蚜物质,红富士、昭锦108、秦冠被害后总酚含量均升高,其中昭锦108、秦冠中总酚含量上升率约为红富士的2倍。红富士品种正常枝条内超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)、多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol Oxidase,PPO)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)以及过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)活性均显著低于昭锦108,被害后各苹果枝条SOD活性均出现上升趋势,除红将军的PPO、POD活性降低外,其他品种均升高;金帅、红富士的CAT活性上升明显,分别为110.8%、45.5%。植物的防御性酶与其抗虫性有密切关系,苹果春梢生长期对苹果绵蚜的抗性与苹果体内的可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、SOD、PPO、POD以及CAT活性均有关,而且不同苹果品种被害后生理指标的变化也与其抗蚜性有一定关系。     

水分和氯化钙胁迫对麦冬抗逆性生理指标的影响

为研究麦冬在水分胁迫和盐分胁迫条件下一些抗逆性生理指标的变化,本文以盆栽后以正常浇水处理为对照,设置了不同程度人工水分胁迫和钙离子胁迫处理研究可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量及丙二醛含量的变化情况.结果显示,轻度水分胁迫使可溶性总糖和游离脯氨酸含量减低.但随着时间的推移,胁迫程度加剧,可溶性总糖和游离脯氨酸含量开始回升,而MDA含量无显著变化.表明水分胁迫下.麦冬可积累可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸等渗透调节物质,从而改善自身水分状况,保护细胞膜及生理代谢过程,膜脂过氧化程度减轻.钙盐胁迫也可使可溶性总糖和游离脯氨酸含量升高.     

红花玉兰花色形成的初步研究

对红花玉兰不同花色花瓣中营养元素、基础代谢物、花色素苷含量及苯丙氨酸转氨酶(PAL)、苯基苯乙烯酮黄烷酮异构酶(CHI)活性差异进行比较分析,以探讨花色形成的生理机制.结果显示:(1)随着花色的加深,全氮、硝态氮、磷、钾、游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白含量逐渐降低,铁、锌、可溶性糖和花色素苷含量逐渐升高,PAL和CHI的活性增强.全氮、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖和花色素苷含量在不同花色花瓣中差异显著.(2)相关性分析表明,可溶性糖含量、PAL和CHI的活性与花色素苷含量变化之间呈极显著正相关;钾、锌、铁含量变化与花色素苷含量之间呈显著正相关;全氮、磷、硝态氮含量变化与花色素苷含量之间呈极显著负相关;游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白质含量与花色素苷含量之间呈显著负相关.研究表明,全氮、游离氨基酸含量降低,可溶性糖、花色素苷含量增加可显著促进花色加深;钾、磷、锌,铁、PAL、CHI通过参与一定的生理代谢,调节花色素苷的形成而影响红花玉兰花色色调的改变.     

辣椒品种对烟粉虱的抗生性研究

【目的】通过对不同品种辣椒叶片内容物和烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)种群数量的相关关系研究,探讨辣椒品种对烟粉虱的抗生性机制。【方法】在不同品种辣椒上饲养烟粉虱,研究烟粉虱的种群趋势指数,同时测定不同辣椒品种叶片中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸、酚类化合物和黄酮类化合物含量,分析烟粉虱种群数量与辣椒内容物的相关关系。【结果】不同品种辣椒上烟粉虱的种群趋势指数存在显著差异;抗虫辣椒品种叶片中可溶性糖、酚类化合物和黄酮类化合物含量显著高于感虫品种,可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸含量显著低于感虫品种。烟粉虱种群趋势指数与可溶性糖、酚类化合物和黄酮类化合物含量呈显著负相关,与可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸含量呈显著的正相关,其中可溶性糖含量对烟粉虱种群趋势指数影响最大。对可溶性糖(X_1)、可溶性蛋白(X_2)、游离脯氨酸(X_3)、酚类化合物(X_4)、黄酮类化合物(X_5)的含量5个因素与烟粉虱种群趋势指数(Y)进行多元回归分析,其回归方程为:Y=47.801-1.754X_1+1.206X_2+1.108X_3-0.437X_4-0.649X_5(R~2=0.688)。【结论】抗性辣椒品种对烟粉虱具有明显的抗生性。     

山东栽培瓜蒌氨基酸的含量测定

利用氨基酸自动分析仪对10个山东栽培瓜蒌样品中的水解氨基酸和游离氨基酸进行含量测定.结果发现山东栽培瓜萎中氨基酸的种类较为丰富,均含有19种相同的游离氨基酸和水解氨基酸;氨基酸含量在各个样品之间差异显著,从游离总氨基酸的含量考虑,糖瓜蒌略优于仁瓜萎,仁瓜蒌优于地瓜萎.     

转基因棉花中糖类和游离氨基酸含量的变化对棉蚜泌蜜量及蜜露主要成分的影响

以3个转基因棉和2个亲本对照棉花品种为研究材料,分别测定了这5种棉花植株体内主要糖分与游离氨基酸含量;同时,分别用这5个棉花品种的叶片饲养棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover并测定其蜜露分泌量及其主要营养成分。结果表明,转基因棉花“国抗22”叶片中葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖的平均含量及可溶性糖总量分别比亲本对照棉“泗棉3号”减少61.76%、 89.05%、77.86%和23.61%,转基因棉花“苏抗103”和“中抗310”叶片中葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖的平均含量及可溶性糖总量分别比亲本对照棉“苏棉12”下降14.15%、32.80%、92.22%、11.46% 和4 6.81%、93.19%、61.11%、43.91%,游离氨基酸总量及各种氨基酸、果糖、鼠李糖、海藻糖的含量在不同转基因棉与亲本对照棉花品种间也存在很大差异,其中一些处理间的差异达显著或极显著水平。这表明外源基因的导入已经影响到了转基因棉花品种中主要糖分与游离氨基酸的合成。棉蚜取食转基因棉花品种“国抗22”后,蜜露的日平均分泌量比取食对照品种“泗棉3号”减少40.54%,取食其他两个转基因棉花品种“苏抗103”和“中抗310”后蜜露的分泌量也比取食对照棉花品种“苏棉12”降低22.67%和30.0%,但棉蚜取食转基因棉花后蜜露中游离氨基酸的总量均高于对照棉花品种,蜜露中可溶性总糖、蔗糖和各种氨基酸含量在取食转基因棉和常规棉花品种间存在一定差异。     

Responses of Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: Aphididae) to leaf excision in resistant and susceptible sorghum

Greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), were reared on intact and excised leaves of varieties of sorghum which differed in their suitability as hosts for this aphid. Aphids grew poorly on intact leaves of three resistant varieties, but grew well on excised leaves of the same varieties. Leaf excision did not affect aphid growth on three susceptible varieties. By electronically monitoring the feeding behaviour of aphids on two resistant and one susceptible variety, significant differences were found in many parameters between aphids assayed on excised vs. intact leaves of only the resistant varieties. Aphids on excised leaves of the resistant varieties, and on excised or intact leaves of the susceptible variety, made fewer probes to the phloem, spending more time ingesting from phloem during each probe, compared to aphids on intact resistant plants. There was a higher level of free amino acids in excised leaves of all varieties, but aphid growth and feeding behaviour improved as a result of excision only on resistant varieties. This observation, coupled with the fact that intact plants of all varieties have similar amino acid levels, indicates that these nutrients are not of primary importance in sorghum suitability to the greenbug. Other explanations for the aphids' responses to excised leaves are discussed.     

Evaluation of natural resistance of winter triticale cultivars to grain aphid using food coefficients

Five food coefficients were used to evaluate resistance of winter triticale cultivars against grain aphid Sitobion avenae (Fabr.). On the basis of the results of biochemical analysis the following coefficients were calculated: soluble carbohydrates–total nitrogen, soluble carbohydrates–free amino acids, soluble carbohydrates–protein amino acids, nonprotein amino acids–protein amino acids, nonprotein amino acids–free protein amino acids. The results showed that the values of all coefficients for the 'Lasko' cultivar, which is resistant to S. avenae , were higher than those of the susceptible 'Grado' cultivar. Applied tests of natural resistance of winter triticale, based on biochemical properties of the plants, revealed considerable variability of resistance of both cultivars to grain aphid. Thus, the tests may be very useful for preliminary selection of newly introduced strains and cultivars of winter triticale in respect of their resistance to grain aphid. The method may be also applied for a quick evaluation of new genetically engineered products and the culture of highly aphid-resistant plants.     

The effect of leaf excision on the performance of Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae in relation to the nutrient treatment of the plants

Two groups of brussels sprout plants of one variety given different fertilizer treatments proved ‘resistant’ and ‘susceptible’ to both Myzus persicae and Breicoryrie brassicae, as measured by aphid mean relative growth rate. The hypothesis that leaf disc would fail to reflect differences in ‘nutritionallybased’ plant resistance was confirmed with B.brussicue but not M.persicae. Both aphids grew more slowly on discs than leaves of ‘susceptible’ plants; the reverse tendency showed on ‘resistant’ material. Total:(, amino nitrogen proved poorly correlated with aphid performance. Previously published (van Emden & Bashford, 1971) equations relating individual amino acids to aphid performance gave a better fit to the results, but still failed to account for the reduced performance of the aphids on ‘susceptible’ discs.     

蚜虫(Aphis medicaginis Koch)危害胁迫对不同苜蓿品种体内丙二醛含量及防御性酶活性的影响

研究了蚜虫危害胁迫后不同抗蚜性苜蓿品种叶片内丙二醛含量及防御性酶活性的动态变化。结果表明：在蚜虫刺吸诱导的过程中，高感品种的MDA含量始终高于高抗品种，并且高感和高抗品种均保持上升的趋势;高感品种的SOD、POD和PAL活性始终低于高抗品种，其中高感和高抗品种的SOD和POD活性均表现先上升后下降的趋势，而PAL活性上升到高峰后均趋于稳定;CAT活性在高感和高抗品种间表现为交替的上升下降;高抗品种的PPO活性前期低于高感品种，而后期高于高感品种。由此可见，在蚜虫危害胁迫下，高感和高抗品种间MDA、SOD、POD、PAL和PPO活性的变化与苜蓿的抗蚜性密切相关，均可作为苜蓿抗蚜性鉴定的生理指标，而CAT活性变化与苜蓿抗蚜性的联系有待进一步研究。     

Effects of fertilisation on amino acid mobilisation by a plant‐manipulating insect

1. Phytophagous insects frequently manipulate their host‐plant to improve their immediate environment. This generally implies substantial modifications of host metabolism, and sometimes an alteration of nitrogen allocation within the host‐plant. However, the outcome of plant manipulation on amino acid or protein content can be modulated by environmental factors and host‐plant traits. 2. It was investigated whether the pseudogall induced by the aphid Phloeomyzus passerinii (Signoret) (Aphididae: Phloeomyzinae) in the bark of its host‐plant affects the amino acid content in bark tissues, and whether the strength of the modification is modulated by the fertilisation regime and/or the resistance level of the host‐plant. The development of aphid colonies on a resistant and a susceptible poplar genotype, under three fertilisation regimes, was studied. After the development of colonies, the free and protein‐bound amino acid content of the infested bark were quantified. 3. Fertilisation enhanced poplar growth and increased the free amino acid content of bark tissues. Infestation also triggered accumulations of both free and protein‐bound amino acids in the feeding sites, but in the susceptible genotype only. The increase in amino acid content was more pronounced when fertilisation was low, and fertilisation did not enhance aphid development. 4. In conclusion, infestation by P. passerinii triggers an accumulation of amino acids, but the effect is influenced by both the fertilisation regime and the resistance level of the host‐plant. This suggests that P. passerinii could affect the allocation of nutrients within trees during outbreaks.     

棉花抗蚜性与苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性的关系

为探讨苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性与棉花抗蚜性的关系,在室内人工接蚜危害和田间自然蚜群2种条件下,测定不同抗蚜性棉花品种受棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover危害后叶片的PAL活性。结果表明:未受棉蚜危害时,抗、感品种PAL活性无明显差异;棉蚜危害胁迫棉花PAL活性升高,抗蚜品种受到棉蚜危害诱导所产生的PAL活性远比感蚜品种高。田间有蚜株率与棉花叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性的呈显著的负相关关系。研究说明PAL酶活性对棉花的抗蚜性有一定的影响。     

Effects of herbivore stress by Aphis medicaginis Koch on the Malondialdehyde contents and the activities of protective enzymes in different alfalfa varieties

The study focused on the dynamics of Malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the activities of protective enzymes in the leaves of alfalfa varieties with various resistances to Aphis medicaginis Koch. The results showed that susceptible varieties always had higher MDA contents than resistant varieties, and the MDA contents tended to rise in both susceptible and resistant varieties in period of the varieties were pierced and sucked by aphids. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities in susceptible varieties were lower than those in resistant varieties, and in both susceptible and resistant varieties the SOD and POD activities tended to rise at first and then decline, and the PAL activities rose to their peaks and then tended to remain stable. In the susceptible and resistant varieties the catalase (CAT) activities appeared to rise and decline alternatively; the PPO activities in resistant varieties were lower than those in susceptible varieties in early growth, but higher than those in susceptible varieties in later growth. It follows that infested by aphids, susceptible and resistant varieties had the MDA contents, variations of SOD, POD, PAL and PPO activities were closely correlated with their aphid resistances, hence these indexes could be used as physiological indexes for testing aphid resistance of alfalfa, whereas the relations of their CAT activities to their resistances needed to be further studied.     

Effects of herbivore stress by Aphis medicaginis Koch on the Malondialdehyde contents and the activities of protective enzymes in different alfalfa varieties

The study focused on the dynamics of Malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the activities of protective enzymes in the leaves of alfalfa varieties with various resistances to Aphis medicaginis Koch. The results showed that susceptible varieties always had higher MDA contents than resistant varieties, and the MDA contents tended to rise in both susceptible and resistant varieties in period of the varieties were pierced and sucked by aphids. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities in susceptible varieties were lower than those in resistant varieties, and in both susceptible and resistant varieties the SOD and POD activities tended to rise at first and then decline, and the PAL activities rose to their peaks and then tended to remain stable. In the susceptible and resistant varieties the catalase (CAT) activities appeared to rise and decline alternatively; the PPO activities in resistant varieties were lower than those in susceptible varieties in early growth, but higher than those in susceptible varieties in later growth. It follows that infested by aphids, susceptible and resistant varieties had the MDA contents, variations of SOD, POD, PAL and PPO activities were closely correlated with their aphid resistances, hence these indexes could be used as physiological indexes for testing aphid resistance of alfalfa, whereas the relations of their CAT activities to their resistances needed to be further studied.     

Effect of bioregulator-treated sorghum on greenbug fecundity and feeding behavior: implications for host-plant resistance

Three commercial and six experimental plant growth bioregulators were surveyed for their effect on aphid reproduction when applied to sorghum. Only CCC and PIX had a significant effect on the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum. Application of the commercial bioregulators CCC and PIX^R caused about a 50% decrease in aphid reproduction rate when applied to greenbug susceptible sorghum but had little effect when applied to a greenbug resistant sorghum line. Electronic monitoring of aphid probing behavior on CCC treated, greenbug-susceptible sorghum showed a response pattern which was indistinguishable from that normally observed on greenbug resistant lines and was different from that associated with aphid probing behavior on untreated susceptible lines. The isolated pectin content of the CCC treated susceptible sorghum was twice that of the controls and had twice the methoxy content. These results support the argument that pectin is a barrier to aphid-stylet penetration for phloem feeding aphids which probe intercellularly and that manipulation of pectin content and/or structure can be a major factor in host-plant resistance to sap-sucking insects.