黄土高原沟壑区土壤酶活性对植被恢复的响应

结合野外调查与室内分析,研究了黄土高原沟壑区小流域自然坡面和不同植被恢复条件下剖面土壤酶活性的分布特征,以及土壤酶活性对植被恢复的响应.结果表明:黄土高原沟壑区小流域坡地土壤的脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性为高度变异指标,过氧化氢酶活性则为弱变异指标.土壤剖面酶活性受植被恢复措施的显著影响,随土层的加深,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性逐渐降低,过氧化氢酶活性升高.3种水解酶活性之间呈显著正相关,并与土壤物理性质显著负相关,与土壤化学性质显著正相关;过氧化氢酶活性除与含水量和pH正相关外,与其他理化性质呈负相关.土壤水解酶类可以敏感指示植被恢复的土壤效应,植被恢复措施可以改善表层和深层土壤的生物学性质.     

稻草覆盖、间作三叶草茶园土壤酶活性与养分的关系

通过小区实验,分析了稻草覆盖与间作三叶草后的丘陵茶园土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性变化,并采用相关分析、通径分析、主成分分析探讨了酶活性和土壤养分的关系。结果表明：稻草覆盖与间作三叶草能显著提高丘陵茶园土壤有机质、全N及速效P、速效K含量,间作三叶草明显增加土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶含量,而稻草覆盖明显增加磷酸酶和脲酶活性。相关分析表明,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶均与全氮、有机质、速效N呈极显著或显著正相关。通径分析表明,与4种酶关系最直接的是有机质或全N。主成分分析表明,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性在第1主成分内的权重分别为0.842、0.937、0.873和0.847,可见,过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性可用于评价丘陵茶园土壤C、N肥力。     

荒漠草原区土壤粒径组成对柠条根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响

柠条(Caragana korshinskii)是荒漠草原区主要的造林绿化树种,研究其根际土壤微生物和酶活性与不同土壤类型土壤粒径组成的关系有重要意义,然而土壤粒径对荒漠草原柠条根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响知之甚少,探讨土壤颗粒组分与微生物数量、土壤酶活性之间的关系,以及土壤颗粒组成对荒漠草原区固沙灌木植物柠条根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响,可为揭示荒漠草原土壤退化及生态修复提供参考。以宁夏荒漠草原区土壤粒径组成差异显著的灰钙土、红黏土、风沙土环境下栽植的柠条为研究对象,研究不同土壤颗粒组成对根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性的相互关系与影响。结果表明:土壤微生物的数量表现为细菌放线菌真菌。根际土壤中的细菌、真菌数量显著高于非根际,且在3种不同类型的土壤中随着细砂粒的增多,真菌和放线菌数量逐渐降低,而细菌数量呈先增大后减小的趋势;根际与非根际土壤的蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶及过氧化氢酶活性均呈现出灰钙土红黏土风沙土的趋势,红黏土根际土壤中的脲酶活性显著高于灰钙土与风沙土;除过氧化氢酶外,土壤酶活性表现为根际高于非根际,在3种不同类型的土壤中随着细砂含量的增加,土壤酶活性均呈递减趋势。土壤颗粒组成与微生物数量之间没有明显的相关性,而与土壤酶活性之间显著相关,土壤酶活性与黏粒、粉粒呈正相关,与细砂、中砂呈负相关关系,根际土壤中酶活性更高,能够为植物及微生物提供更多的营养。     

红毛草不同程度入侵区土壤微生物群落结构和部分理化指标的比较及其相关性分析

采用磷脂脂肪酸( PLFAs)分析法比较了红毛草﹝Rhynchelytrum repens ( Willd.) C. E. Hubb.﹞非入侵区、轻度入侵区和重度入侵区土壤微生物群落结构的差异,并对不同程度入侵区土壤部分理化指标的差异进行比较;在此基础上,对土壤中不同类型微生物含量与部分理化指标的相关性进行分析。结果表明：在不同程度入侵区土壤中共检测到37种微生物,包括28种细菌、4种放线菌、4种真菌和1种原生动物,其中,细菌含量最高。6种微生物的PLFAs含量较高,且它们在3类入侵区均有分布;27种微生物的PLFAs含量较低,且它们在3类入侵区也均有分布;4种微生物的PLFAs含量较低,且它们仅分布在个别入侵区。随红毛草入侵程度加剧,土壤中细菌、真菌和原生动物的含量均逐渐升高,且它们在重度入侵区土壤中的含量分别较非入侵区增高11.34%、19.60%和13.95%;并且,土壤中的微生物种类也逐渐升高。随着红毛草入侵程度的加剧,土壤的过氧化氢酶活性逐渐下降,蔗糖酶和脲酶活性以及pH值和含水量均逐渐升高,而纤维素酶活性变化较小;与非入侵区相比,重度入侵区土壤的过氧化氢酶活性下降59.27%,而蔗糖酶和脲酶活性以及 pH 值和含水量分别升高73.71%、68.60%、15.09%和32.95%。相关性分析结果表明：土壤中的细菌含量与过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性以及pH值和含水量均存在极显著相关性(P<0.01),相关系数分别为-0.909、0.864、0.868、0.836和0.889;土壤中的真菌含量与过氧化氢酶活性存在显著负相关(P<0.05),与蔗糖酶活性和pH值存在极显著正相关,相关系数分别为-0.739、0.868和0.832。研究结果显示：红毛草能够改变土壤的微生物群落结构及理化性质,使土壤条件更利于红毛草的生长。     

藏锦鸡儿群落土壤资源空间异质性

在内蒙古高原, 藏锦鸡儿(Caragana tibetica)群落分布在草原向荒漠的过渡带上, 在植被区划中常作为由草原进入荒漠的指示物种。藏锦鸡儿是一种旱生垫状矮灌木, 由于其垫状生物学特性, 在地表覆沙的生境中常形成较均匀的、非常醒目的灌丛沙堆。不同大小的灌丛沙堆可对应其不同的发育阶段, 选取不同大小的藏锦鸡儿灌丛沙堆, 划分成小、中、大3组, 小、中两组灌丛沙堆对应其发育阶段, 大沙堆组对应于稳定阶段, 通过测定沙堆间、沙堆内(顶部、中部)及沙堆下的土壤有机质(Soil organic matters, SOM)、全磷(Total phosphorus, TP)和土壤质量含水量(Mass water content of soil, W_m), 分析了藏锦鸡儿群落土壤资源的特点。结果显示, 随着沙堆的发育, 沙堆内和堆下0~20 cm处的土壤有机质、全磷和土壤质量含水量的平均含量呈递增趋势, 大沙堆、中沙堆及堆下0~20 cm处的土壤有机质、全磷和土壤质量含水量的平均含量均大于沙堆间, 小沙堆的土壤有机质、堆下0~20 cm的土壤全磷和质量含水量的平均含量大于沙堆间。不同大小的灌丛沙堆, 在垂直方向上, 土壤有机质、全磷含量基本均呈先增加后减少的趋势, 土壤质量含水量呈递减趋势; 在水平方向, 随着灌丛沙堆的发育, 土壤有机质、全磷和土壤质量含水量在同一部位的同一土层基本呈递增趋势; 不同大小的沙堆表层0~20 cm 处的土壤有机质由顶部、中部、沙堆间依次呈先增加后减小的趋势; 大沙堆和中沙堆的全磷由沙堆顶部、中部、沙堆间依次呈递减趋势, 而小沙堆土壤全磷呈先增加后减少的趋势。随着灌丛沙堆的发育, 藏锦鸡儿灌丛截获的植物残体量呈增加趋势。研究显示, 藏锦鸡儿在发育过程中形成“沃岛效应”, 这种效应不仅表现在沙堆内, 也表现在沙堆下, 同时也引起土壤有机质、全磷和土壤水分的空间异质性分布。     

沈北新区不同土地利用类型土壤磷酸酶活性特征及其影响因素分析

采用均匀网格布点法采集沈阳市沈北新区不同土地利用类型101个表层(0—20 cm)土壤样品, 测定了土壤磷酸酶活性、土壤理化性质和土壤细菌群落组成, 分析了不同利用类型土壤磷酸酶活性变化特征及其与土壤理化性质、土壤细菌优势菌群之间的关系。土壤酶活力测定结果表明, 沈北新区不同利用类型土壤磷酸酶活性由高到低依次为: 城市绿地>旱田>天然林地>水田; 相关分析结果表明, 土壤磷酸酶活性与土壤pH值、含水量、粘粒、粉粒、总磷呈极显著负相关关系, 与砂粒呈极显著正相关关系, 上述土壤理化性质是影响土壤磷酸酶活性的主要因素; 冗余分析结果表明, 疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)对土壤磷酸酶活性影响较大, 其菌群丰度主要受土壤pH、含水量和总磷的调控, 且其随土壤pH、含水量和总磷的变化特征与土壤磷酸酶活性变化趋势相一致, 提示这些菌群可能是土壤磷酸酶的重要来源。     

毛竹林土壤酶活性变化的海拔效应

在毛竹分布南缘的中亚热带与南亚热带气候过渡区,选择土壤类型、坡度、坡向、经营水平等一致的3个海拔高度(低海拔90～120m、中海拔360～400m、高海拔700～780m)毛竹林,对其土壤酶活性和物理、化学性质进行了测定。磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性分别为0.031～0.042、0.104～0.146和0.017～0.039mg·g-1.h-1,中海拔是3种酶活性显著变化的转折点。蛋白酶活性为0.248～0.259mg·g-1.h-1,随海拔的升高酶活性缓慢提高。过氧化氢酶活性为0.097～0.143mg·g-1.h-1,随海拔的升高酶活性显著上升。不同海拔高度毛竹林土壤物理性质对土壤酶活性无显著影响。土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量与土壤酶活性呈显著或极显著正相关,pH值对土壤酶活性具正效应,海拔梯度上的土壤全磷、全钾、速磷、速钾含量对土壤酶活性影响不显著。不同种类土壤酶活性间呈显著或极显著相关,酶促反应具专一性和共同性特点。     

根结线虫对黄瓜叶片氮磷含量、土壤pH和酶活性的影响

通过盆栽试验,采用人工接种的方法研究了接种根结线虫对黄瓜植株根际和非根际土壤pH值、土壤酶活性及叶片N、P含量的影响.结果表明:根际土壤pH值在接种量达到每株6000个时才显著降低;随着接种量的增加,叶片N、P含量、根际土壤过氧化物酶、根际和非根际土壤多酚氧化酶活性逐渐降低,根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性却逐渐升高,非根际土壤pH值先升高后降低,非根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性没有明显的变化规律.接种根结线虫后,根际土壤脲酶活性显著降低,根际和非根际土壤磷酸酶活性、非根际土壤过氧化物酶活性仅在较高接种量时才显著降低.根际土壤pH值、酶活性及叶片N、P含量之间多数呈极显著相关,而非根际土壤pH值、酶活性及叶片N、P含量之间只有部分呈极显著相关.     

重金属污染区土壤酶活性变化——以福建龙岩新罗区特钢厂污水灌溉区为例

从福建龙岩新罗区特钢厂污灌区农田采集土壤,测定土壤基本理化性质及脲酶、纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性和Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn含量,探讨重金属污染和土壤性质对土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明:4种全量或有效态重金属与土壤脲酶、纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性呈显著正相关,与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著或极显著负相关;土壤pH与碱性磷酸酶活性呈极显著正相关,粉粒含量与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著负相关.经通径分析,重金属污染刺激了脲酶、多酚氧化酶和纤维素酶活性,但对碱性磷酸酶活性的影响较小.有效态Cu、Cd、Pb、zn对过氧化氢酶活性的直接影响并不大,但通过间接途径抑制了过氧化氢酶活性.土壤理化性质对5种土壤酶活性的影响较大,碱解氮直接抑制了脲酶活性;全磷直接刺激了碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性,并通过有效磷刺激了纤维素酶活性;有效磷直接刺激了纤维素酶活性,直接抑制了碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性;全钾直接抑制了碱性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性;速效钾通过有效磷刺激了纤维素酶活性;土壤颗粒组成明显影响多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性.5种酶活性与土壤Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn含量之间的关系不明确,因此其活性不是指示土壤Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn污染的良好指标.     

猫儿山不同海拔典型植被带土壤酶活性变化特征

为研究猫儿山不同海拔典型植被带土壤酶活性的变化规律,对该保护区内4个不同海拔植被带的5种土壤酶活性进行了分析测定。结果表明:随着海拔的上升,土壤磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性随海拔上升呈递增趋势,而土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性呈递减趋势。不同海拔植被带土壤酶活性与土壤理化性质的相关性分析结果表明,除了全磷外,土壤过氧化氢酶活性与其它理化性质之间的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平。土壤过氧化氢酶活性与脲酶和蔗糖酶活性之间呈显著负相关关系。土壤过氧化氢酶活性与土壤理化性质及其它酶活性之间的相关性最为显著。猫儿山不同海拔典型植被带土壤酶活性呈现一定的变化规律,该结果揭示了不同海拔土壤酶活性的差异及空间分布特点,为猫儿山不同海拔森林土壤的利用和改良提供理论依据。     

不同植物对黄顶菊根际土壤微生物和土壤养分的影响

[目的] 不同植物对外来入侵植物的抵御能力不同,研究不同植物对入侵植物根际土壤生态的影响可为筛选入侵植物的竞争替代植物提供科学依据。[方法] 利用同质园试验,以入侵植物黄顶菊为研究对象,设置黄顶菊单种、黄顶菊与不同植物（地肤、苘麻、苏丹草、反枝苋）混种处理,采用磷脂脂肪酸分析方法来研究不同植物对黄顶菊根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响,并结合土壤养分的变化探究不同植物对黄顶菊根际土壤生态的影响。[结果] 与黄顶菊单种相比,地肤和苘麻降低了黄顶菊根际微生物的总含量,改变了黄顶菊根际微生物群落结构。地肤、苘麻能竞争性抑制黄顶菊对铵态氮的吸收,从而抑制黄顶菊的生长。[结论] 不同植物的抵御能力与其土壤生态有关,替代植物通过改变黄顶菊根际土壤微生物,抑制黄顶菊对氮的吸收,从而抑制黄顶菊的生长,实现对黄顶菊的替代控制。     

产胞外多糖菌株的分离鉴定及其功能研究

微生物产生的胞外多糖(exopolysaccharides, EPS)可促进大粒径土壤团聚体形成,高产EPS的菌株在土壤改良、促进作物生长方面具有较好的应用前景。【目的】从土壤样品中筛选高产胞外多糖的细菌,研究其在土壤改良、环境适应性、广谱抗病等方面的功能,为制备土壤改良型功能菌剂提供候选菌株。【方法】采用蒽酮硫酸法测定菌株胞外多糖的产量,通过形态学观察、生理生化试验及16S rRNA基因序列测定确定其分类地位,结合土壤培养试验研究菌株对土壤团聚体形成的影响。【结果】获得3株胞外多糖产量大于500 mg/L的细菌,经鉴定A-5为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis),XJ-3为萎缩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus atrophaeus),KW3-10为耐盐芽孢杆菌(Bacillus halotolerans)。菌株A-5、XJ-3、KW3-10处理后,土壤大团聚体(>0.25 mm)含量较对照分别提高了4.07、2.14和3.16倍。3株菌株对疮痂链霉菌(Streptomyces scabies)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、茄链格孢菌(Alternaria solani)和立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)等多种植物病原菌具有明显的抑制效果,可耐受pH为5-9和NaCl含量1%‒9%的盐碱环境,促进植物生长,其中KW3-10的代谢产物中IAA含量为25.58 mg/L。【结论】菌株A-5、XJ-3、KW3-10可显著促进土壤团粒结构形成,具有较好的广谱抗病性和促生长特性,可作为高效复合功能菌剂的候选菌株。     

Investigations into the exploitation of heterogeneous soils by Lupinus albus L. and L. pilosus Murr. and the effect upon plant growth

In calcareous soils, genotypes of Lupinus albus L. generally grow poorly, resulting in stunted plants that often develop lime-induced chlorosis. In contrast, some genotypes of L. pilosus Murr. occur naturally in calcareous soils without developing any visible symptoms of stress. Some genotypic variation for tolerance to calcareous soil does exist in L. albus and the tolerance mechanisms need to be determined. The adaptation through root system morphological plasticity of L. albus and L. pilosus, to heterogeneous limed soil profiles (pH 7.8) containing either patches of acid (non-limed) soil, or vertically split between acid and limed soil, was investigated. When grown in the presence of patches of acid soil, L. albus had a 52% greater shoot dry weight and visibly greener leaves compared with plants grown in the homogeneous limed soil. Total root dry matter in the acid-soil patches was greater than in the control limed-soil patches. This was due to a four-fold increase in the cluster root mass, accounting for 95% of the root dry matter in the acid-soil patch. Although these cluster roots secreted no more citric acid per unit mass than those in the limed soil did, their greater mass resulted in a higher citrate concentration in the surrounding soil. L. pilosus responded to the patches of acid soil in a manner comparable with L. albus. When grown in the homogeneous limed soil, L. pilosus had a greater maximum net CO₂ assimilation rate (P_max) than L. albus, however, the P_max of both species increased after they had accessed a patch of acid soil. Differences were apparent between the L. albus genotypes grown in soil profiles split vertically into limed and acid soil. A genotype by soil interaction occurred in the partitioning between soils of the cluster roots. The genotype La 674 was comparable with L. pilosus and produced over 11% of its cluster roots in the limed soil, whereas the other genotypes produced only 1–3% of their cluster roots in the limed soil. These results indicate L. pilosus is better adapted to the limed soil than L. albus, but that both species respond to a heterogeneous soil by producing mainly cluster roots in an acid-soil patch. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

微地形对大西沟新疆野杏萌发层土壤因子的影响

野杏是新疆野果林的主要建群种和种质资源树种。野杏在种子萌发成苗期,幼苗的根系主要分布在0—15 cm土层中。为了阐明坡向、坡位、坡度和坡形等微地形因子对野杏种子萌发层土壤特征和养分分布的影响,在新疆伊犁州霍城县大西沟的封育野果林内(44°26′01.09″—44°26′17.12″N,80°46′27.49″—80°47′03.26″E)设置样地,测定0—15 cm土层的土壤砾石、酸碱值、有机质和全氮、全磷、全钾、水解性氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,分析各土壤因子和地形因子的关系。结果表明:(1)东北坡土壤养分含量较高,其土壤砾石含量、酸碱值、有机质、全磷、水解性氮和速效钾含量与东南坡、南坡皆存在显著差异(P0.05),阴坡的土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量都高于阳坡,不同坡向的土壤特征和养分分布存在显著差异(P0.05);(2)不同坡位的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和有效磷含量均表现为中坡位下坡位上坡位,土壤砾石、全钾和速效钾含量均呈现上坡位中坡位下坡位,全钾、全磷和有效磷含量在同坡位分布较均匀,不同坡位的土壤特征和土壤养分分布无显著差异(P0.05);(3)不同坡度下的土壤水解性氮和有效磷含量是缓坡中坡缓中坡陡坡,土壤砾石、酸碱值、全氮、水解性氮、有效磷和速效钾含量有显著差异(P0.05),陡坡土壤有机质、全氮、水解性氮和有效磷含量均低于其他坡度,而土壤砾石、土壤酸碱值和全钾在陡坡土层中含量最高,缓坡与缓中坡的土壤养分含量丰富,陡坡较为贫瘠,坡度对土壤特征和土壤养分分布有显著影响(P0.05);(4)不同坡形下的土壤砾石、全钾、水解性氮、有效磷和速效钾含量是凸形坡凹形坡直线坡,不同坡形下的土壤特征和土壤养分(除全钾和速效钾)均存在显著差异性(P0.05)。野果林地形因子对野杏萌发层土壤特征和土壤养分分布有显著影响,东北坡、中坡位、缓坡和凸形坡土壤养分含量较为丰富,是适宜野杏萌发的地形。研究结果可为探究影响野杏种子萌发和生长的气候与土壤水热等因子奠定良好基础。     

pH buffering in acidic soils developed under Picea abies and Quercus robur – effects of soil organic matter, adsorbed cations and soil solution ionic strength

Soil solution chemistry, soil acidity andcomposition of adsorbed cations were determinedin two soil profiles developed under a mixedspruce (Picea abies and Piceasitchensis) stand and in one soil profiledeveloped under an oak (Quercus robur)stand. Soils under spruce were classified asSpodosols and soils under oak were classifiedas Inceptisols. All profiles were developed inthe same parent material; a Saahlian sandy tillcontaining less than 2% clay. In the mineralsoil, the contribution from mineral surfaces tothe total cation-exchange capacity (CEC_t)was estimated to be less than 3%. Soilsolution pH and the percent base saturation ofCEC_t [%BS = 100 (2Ca + 2Mg + Na + K)CEC_t ^–1] were substantially lower inthe upper 35–40 cm of the two Spodosols, ascompared to the Inceptisol. The total amount ofsoil adsorbed base cations (BC) did not differamong the three profiles on an area basis downto 1 m soil depth. Thus, soil acidification ofCEC_t due to net losses of BC could notexplain differences in soil pH and %BS amongthe soil profiles. A weak acid analogue, takingthe pH-effect of metal complexation intoconsideration, combined with soil solutionionic strength as a covariate, could describeboth the pH variation by depth within soilprofiles and pH differences between theInceptisol and the two Spodosol profiles. Ourresults confirm and extend earlier findingsfrom O and E horizons of Spodosols that theextent to which organic acid groups react withAl minerals to form Al-SOM complexes is a majorpH-buffering process in acidic forest soils. Wesuggest that an increasing Al-saturation of SOMis the major reason for the widely observed pHincrease by depth in acidic forest soils with apH less than approximately 4.5. Our resultsstrongly imply that changes in mass of SOM, theionic strength in soil solution and therelative composition of soil adsorbed Al and Hneed to be considered when the causality behindchanges in pH and base saturation isinvestigated.     

模拟降水减少对中亚热带杉木人工林土壤甲烷吸收的影响

森林土壤是大气中甲烷重要的汇,降水变化是影响森林土壤甲烷吸收速率(V_(CH_4))的重要因子。以中亚热带地区不同降水减少程度的杉木林土壤为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法来测定不同模拟降水减少处理样地的土壤甲烷吸收速率。结果表明:模拟降水减少后显著改变了土壤中的含水量,降水减少60%、降水减少20%和对照样地的年均土壤含水量分别为18.87%、23.89%和28.33%。杉木人工林土壤甲烷吸收速率在月变化上存在较大幅度的波动,其中土壤甲烷吸收速率在8月份达到一年中的最大值(对照75μg m~(-2) h~(-1)),2月份达到一年中的最小值(对照10.93μg m~(-2) h~(-1))。3种处理样地的土壤全年均为甲烷汇,与对照样地的甲烷年通量(2.48 kg hm~(-2) a~(-1))相比,降水减少60%和20%样地的甲烷年通量分别增加44%和19%。在对照样地中,土壤甲烷吸收速率与土壤含水量呈现负相关(P=0.001),与温度相关性不显著(P0.05);而模拟降水减少后,土壤甲烷吸收速率与土壤温度呈正相关关系(P=0.006和P=0.034),与土壤含水量相关性不显著(P0.05)。总之,模拟降水减少后不仅提高了杉木人工林土壤甲烷吸收的能力,同时也可能改变影响土壤甲烷吸收的环境因子;在模拟降水减少前土壤甲烷吸收速率与土壤水分相关性更为密切,而模拟降水减少后土壤甲烷吸收速率可能主要受土壤温度的影响。     

高原鼢鼠干扰下高寒草甸大型土壤动物多样性对环境因子的响应

为研究高寒草甸大型土壤动物群落组成和分布对环境因子的响应,选取祁连山东段的甘肃省天祝县高原鼢鼠典型分布区域,以鼠丘密度代表干扰强度设置4个干扰区。调查各干扰区植被群落特征、土壤理化性质、大型土壤动物类群组成及其数量,采用约束性排序方法分析环境因子对大型土壤动物类群组成和分布的影响。结果表明：高原鼢鼠干扰下高寒草甸大型土壤动物优势类群为瓦娄蜗牛科、象甲科和短角亚目幼虫;极重度干扰区大型土壤动物类群的丰度、丰富度、Shannon指数显著高于重度干扰区（P<0.05）;多元回归分析表明大型土壤动物类群丰度、丰富度和Shannon指数与土壤温度呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,丰富度与土壤含水量呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,丰度与土壤紧实度呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,丰富度和Shannon指数与植物Shannon指数呈显著负相关（P<0.05）;冗余分析和偏冗余分析表明,土壤温度、紧实度和含水量是影响高寒草甸大型土壤动物类群组成和分布的主要环境因子。     

南亚热带马尾松人工林土壤氮矿化对减雨的响应

为预测降水变化对人工林生态系统土壤氮矿化过程的影响,以南亚热带马尾松（Pinus massoniana Lamb.）人工林为研究对象,采用PVC顶盖埋管法,研究穿透雨减少50%和不减雨（对照）下土壤氮矿化特征。铵态氮是南亚热带马尾松人工林无机氮存在的主要形态,土壤氮矿化以氨化作用为主。穿透雨减少显著降低了土壤净硝化速率、土壤含水量、pH、可溶性有机碳含量、过氧化物酶及丛枝菌根真菌饱和脂肪酸,而显著增加了土壤净氨化速率、硝态氮、N-乙酰-葡萄糖苷酶和蛋白酶,但是影响程度因季节和土层而异。土壤净氨化速率与N-乙酰-葡萄糖苷酶呈极显著负相关,土壤含水量是对土壤净硝化速率影响力最大的变量,β-葡萄糖苷酶、真菌饱和脂肪酸及细菌真菌饱和脂肪酸比的影响次之。表明短期降水减少显著改变了马尾松人工林的土壤理化性质、净氨化和硝化速率,这可能会进一步影响其树木生长和养分吸收。     

Soil boron and selenium removal by three plant species

High concentrations of boron (B) and selenium (Se) naturally found in the environment are detrimental to sustainable agriculture in the western USA. Greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to study B and Se uptake in three different plant species; Brassica juncea (L.) Czern (wild brown mustard), Festuca arundinacea Schreb. L. (tall fescue), and Brassica napus (canola) were grown in soil containing naturally occurring concentrations of 3.00 mg extractable B kg^–1 and 1.17 mg total Se kg^–1 soil. During the growing season, four intermediate harvests were performed on wild mustard and tall fescue. Final harvest I consisted of harvesting wild mustard, canola, and clipping tall fescue. Final harvest II consisted of harvesting wild mustard, which had been planted in soil in which wild mustard was previously grown, and harvesting previously clipped tall fescue. The greatest total amount of above ground biomass and below surface biomass was produced by tall fescue. Plants were separated into shoots and roots, weighted, and plant tissues were analyzed for total B and Se. The highest concentrations of tissue B were recovered in shoots of wild mustard and canola at final harvest I, while roots from tall fescue contained the highest concentrations of B irrespective of the harvest. Tissue Se concentrations were similar in all plants species. Soils were analyzed for residual B and Se. Extractable soil B concentrations at harvest times were lowered no less than 32% and total Se no less than 24% for all three species. The planting of wild mustard, canola, or tall fescue can reduce water-extractable B and total Se in the soil.     

Soil acidity in relation to groundnut-Bradyrhizobium symbiotic performance

Effects of soil acidity on groundnut-Bradyrhizobium symbiotic performance were studied in a potted, sandy soil in a glasshouse in Zimbabwe. The soil was limed to soil-pH levels of 5.0 and 6.5. Soil acidity negatively affected plant development, measured as leaf area and plant dry weight, while nodulation was enhanced. This acidity-enhanced nodulation was most evident when nodulation was caused by the indigenousBradyrhizobium population. Effects of soil acidity differed between groundnut cultivars andBradyrhizobium spp. strains, the former having greater importance. TwoArachis hypogaea L. Spanish-type cultivars, Falcon and Plover, performed equally well at neutral soil pH, but Falcon was more acid tolerant. Comparison of the symbiotic performance in neutral versus acid soil of twoBradyrhizobium spp. strains, MAR 411 (3G4b20) and MAR 1510 (CB 756), showed that MAR 411 performed superiorly in neutral soil, but MAR 1510 in acid soil. The indigenousBradyrhizobium population was more effective than was inoculation with strains MAR 411 or MAR 1510. Comparison of twelveBradyrhizobium spp. strains for their symbiotic performance in acid soil showed that some strains were totally ineffective under acidity stress (MAR 253, MAR 967 and MAR 1506), while others performed well.Bradyrhizobium spp. strain MAR 1576 (32 H1) ranked highest for nitrogen accumulation, plant dry weight and leaf area, with strains MAR 1555 (TAL 11) and MAR 1510 following closely. Nitrate fertilisation of groundnut plants led to soil alkalinisation, while nitrogen fixation resulted in soil acidification. Soil acidity in combination with soil sterilisation gave rise to symptoms associated with Al and Mn toxicity.