两种长臂猿染色体的C带和Ag－NORs的比较研究

本文对长臂猿属（Ｈｙｌｏｂａｔｅｓ）中白眉长臂猿（Ｈ．ｈｏｏｌｏｃｋ）２ｎ＝３８和白颊长臂猿（Ｈ．ｌｅｕｃｏｇｅｎｙｓ）２ｎ＝５２的染色体Ｃ带和Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ进行了比较研究。结果表明,两种长臂猿的Ｃ带核型中除多数染色体有着丝点Ｃ带外,一些染色体上还出现插入Ｃ带和着丝点Ｃ带弱化或减少现象;白眉长臂猿有全异染色质臂;白颊长臂猿有较多的端位Ｃ带。白眉长臂猿有两个Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ,而白颊长臂猿的Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ雌体有４个,雄体有５个,Ｙ染色体上有ＮＯＲ．本文对长臂猿的核型进化作了讨论。     

黑长臂猿的群体大小及组成

黑长臂猿（Ｈｙｌｏｂａｔｅｓｃｏｎｃｏｌｏｒ）是长臂猿科中较为原始的类群,对其野外行为生态习性近年来已有所报道,但意见不一。本文根据近两年的野外观察,认为黑长臂猿的群体大小为４．３±１．０只,（范围３—６,ｎ＝７）,群体组成为１成年雄性,１—２成年雌性,１—３后代个体,群体之大小除与其本身的特点有关外,还与其赖以生存的生境条件好坏有关。     

鲁西北平原高产夏玉米生育模式

鲁西北平原高产夏玉米生育模式董振国,鲁全国（中国科学院地理研究所,北京１００１０１）ＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔＭＯｄｅｌｏｆＨｉｇｈＹｉｅｌｄｉｎｇＳｕｍｍｅｒＣｏｒｎｏｎＮｏｒｔｂｗｅｓｔＳｋａｎｄｏｎｇＰｌａｉｎ￥ＤｏｎｇＺｈｅｎｇｕｏ;ＬｕＱｕａｎｇｕｏ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ,Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１００１０１）,ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥ－ｃｏｌｅｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：６９－７２．Ｅｒｅｃｔａｎｄｐｌａｎｅｖａｒｉｅｔｉｅｓｏｆｃｏｒｎｈａｖｅａｌｅａｆｉｎｃｌｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆ６５°ａｎｄ５０°ａｎｄｔｈｅｉｒｏｐｔｉｍｕｍｐｌａｎｔｉｎｇｄｅｎｓｉｔｉｅｓａｒｅ７５０００－８２０００ａｎｄ５２５００－６００００ｓｔｅｍｓ·ｈａ￣（－１）．Ｔｈｅｌｅａｆａｒｅａｉｎｄｅｘａｔｅａｒｓｐｒｏｕｔｉｎｇｓｔａｇｅａｎｄｌｅａｆａｒｅａｄａｙ（ＬＡＤ）ｆｏｒｔｈｅｆｏｒｍｅｒａｒｅｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ５．５－６．０ａｎｄ３６０－４００,ｗｈｉｌｅｔｈｏｓｅｆｏｒｔｈｅｌａｔｔｅｒａｒｅ３．５－４．０ａｎｄ２６０－３００．ＴｈｅＬ     

白颊长臂猿染色体的研究

本文对我国云南南部的白须长臂猿（Ｈ．ｌｅｕｃｏｇｅｎｙｓ）染色体的Ｇ带、Ｃ带、晚复制带及Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ进行了较为详细的研究。它的２ｎ＝５２,核型公式为４４（Ｍ或ＳＭ）＋６（Ａ）,ＸＹ（Ｍ,Ａ）。Ｃ带表明一些染色体着丝点Ｃ带弱化;有的染色体出现插入的和端位的Ｃ带;Ｘ染色体两臂有端位Ｃ带,Ｙ染色体是Ｃ带阳性和晚复制的。Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ的数目,雌体有４个,雄体有５个,Ｙ染色体上具ＮＯＲ。本文对白颊长臂猿与其它长臂猿间的亲缘关系、核型进化的可能途径进行了讨论。     

青海中东部布青山群孢粉组合及其时代

布青山群原划归“下二叠统”。从青海中东部阿尼玛卿山一带（玛多县、久治县）布青山群砂岩和板岩岩层中发现大量孢粉化石，计孢子花粉４３属７８种（包括７新种），疑源类８属１０种。组合以Ｌｉｍａｔｕｌａｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ－Ｌｕｎｄｂｌａｄｉｓｐｏｒａ－Ｃｙｃａｄｏｐｉｔｅｓ－Ｖｅｒｙｈａｃｈｉｕｍ较多为特征，其中主要属种在国内外均为早三叠世代表分子，故布青山群砂岩，板岩层的时代应订正为早三叠世。     

石松生物学特性及生境特点的观察

石松生物学特性及生境特点的观察叶茂宗,叶升儒（浙江省科学院亚热带作物研究所温州３２５０００）（温州师范学院生物系３２５０００）ＢｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＰｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓａｎｄＨａｂｉｔａｔＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆＬｙｃｏｐｏｄｉａｃｅａｅ￥．ＹｅＭａｏｚｈｏｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＳｕｂｔｒｏｐｉ－ｃａｌＣｒｏｐｓ,ＺｈｅｊｉａｎｇＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ,Ｗｅｎｚｈｏｕ３２５０００）,ＹｅＳｈｅｎｇｒｕ（ＷｅｎｚｈｏｕＮｏｒｍａｌＣＯｌｌｅｇｅ,３２５０００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（３）：１９－２２。ＳｉｔｅｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｓｓｈｏｗｔｈａｔｔｈｅｇｒｏｗｔｈａｎｄｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＬｙｃｏｐｏｄｉａｃｅａｅｅｘｈｉｂｉｔｏｂｖｉｏｕｓｈｙｄｒｏｔｒｏｐｉｓｍａｎｄｇｅｏｔｒｏｐｉｓｍ,ａｎｄｉｔｓｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎａｇｇｒｅｇａｔｅｌｙｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｅｓｏｎｔｈｅｓｉｄｅｓｏｆｖａＩｌｅｙ３００－１４００ｍａｂｏｖｅｓｅａｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄｂｒｏｏｋｂａｎｋｓ．ｗｈｅｒｅｖｅｒｉｔｉｓｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄ,ｔｈ     

福建中亚热带村级农业生态经济类型的成因与发展机制研究

福建中亚热带村级农业生态经济类型的成因与发展机制研究林文雄,吴志强,林群慧,郑世庆,王松良,梁义元（福建农学院,福州３５０００２）ＣｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｎｇＦａｃｔｏｒａｎｄＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔＭｅｃｂａｎｉｓｍｏｆＲｕｒａｌＡｇｒｏ－ｅｃｏｌｏｍｉｃＴｙｐｅｓｉｎＭｉｄ－ｓｕｂｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌＲｅｇｉｏｎｏｆＦｕＪｉａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ￥．ＬｉｎＷｅｎｘｉｏｎｇ;ＷｕＺｈｉｑｉａｎｇ;ＬｉｎＱｕｎｈｕｉ;ＺｈｅｎｇＳｈｉｑｉｎｇ;ＷａｎｇＳｏｎｇｌｉａｎｇ;ＬｉａｎｇＹｉｙｕａｎ（ＦｕｊｉａｎＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＣｏｌｌｅｇｅ,Ｆｕｚｈｏｕ３５０００２）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：６６－６８．Ｕｓｉｎｇｓｙｓｔｅｍａｔｉｃａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｍｅｔｈｏｄｔｈｅａｕｔｈｏｒｓｓｔｕｄｉｅｄｔｈｅｓｔａｔｕｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓａｎｄｔｈｅｉｒｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｐａｔ－ｔｅｒｎｓｏｆｒｕｒａｌａｇｒｏ－ｅｃｏｌｏｍｉｃｔｙｐｅｉｎｍｉｄ－ｓｕｂｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌｒｅｇｉｏｎｏｆＦｕｊｉａｎｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ．１１ｔａｐｅｓｏｆｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｎ     

笼养白眉长臂猿的繁殖初探

本文报道了白眉长臂猿（Ｈｙｌｏｂａｔｅｓ ｈｏｏｌｏｃｋ）在笼养条件下繁殖成功。经过笼养条件下３例白眉长臂猿繁殖结果的分析认为：舭舒环境、饲养、雌雄猿的配对以及雌猿自身哺育幼仔能力等,呈影响繁殖能否成功的因素。     

海南岛东部近海新第三纪孢粉植物群

根据ＢＤ２３－１－１井与孢子花粉共生的海相浮游有孔虫和钙质超微化石,论述了中国海南岛东部近海新第三纪各个时期的孢粉植物群特征。建立了４个孢粉组合,它们是：１．Ｑｕｅｒｃｏｉｄｉｔｅｓ－Ｃｕｐｕｌｉｆｅｒｏｉｐｏｌｅｎｉｔｅｓ－Ｆｌｏｒｓｈｕｅｔｚｉａ－Ｄｉｃｏｌｐｏｐｏｌｉｓ组合（早中新世晚期）;２．Ｄｉｃｏｌｐｏｐｏｌｉｓ－Ｅｘｔｒａ－ｐｕｎｃｔａｔｏｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ－Ｔａｘｏｄｉａｃｅａｅｐｏｌｅｎｉｔｅｓ组合（中中新世早期）;３．Ａｂｉｅｔｉｎｅａｅｐｏｌｅｎｉｔｅｓ－Ｐｏｌｙｐｏｄｉ－ａｃｅａｅｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ－Ｌｉｑｕｉｄａｍｂａｒｐｏｌｅｎｉｔｅｓ组合（中中新世晚期至晚中新世）;４．Ａｂｉｅｔｉｎｅａｅｐｏｌｅｎｉｔｅｓ－Ｐｅｒｓｉｃａｒｉｏｉｐｏｌｉｓ组合（晚中新世晚期至早上新世）。孢粉植物群反映了海南岛东部近海新第三纪的气候基本上一直比较温暖湿润,并且逐渐降温的历程。     

青海省棘蝇属二新种（双翅目：蝇科）

本文记述青海省门源地区产蝇科二新种,褐翅棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａｐｅｎｎｉｆｕｓｃａｔａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．及半脊棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａｓｅｍｉｃａｒｉｎａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,它们分别隶属于栉胫棘蝇群（ｓｉｅｂｅｃｋｉ－ｇｒｏｕｐ）和蒙古棘蝇群（ｃｈａｌｃｈｉｃａ－ｇｒｏｕｐ）。     

广西邦亮东黑冠长臂猿新群体的发现及种群数量现状

东黑冠长臂猿是极度濒危物种,全球种群数量极其稀少。2015年5月和8月,采用在固定地点监听鸣叫的方法在广西邦亮长臂猿国家级自然保护区内对东黑冠长臂猿开展两次实地调查,发现在中国境内形成了由1只成年雄性,2只成年雌性和1只婴猿组成的新群体。这是自2006年该物种在中国被重新发现后,首次在中国境内发现形成新群体。中国境内东黑冠长臂猿的种群数量也由3群22只,增长到4群26只。有限的栖息地可能是未来限制东黑冠长臂猿新群体形成的主要因素之一,所以栖息地恢复对东黑冠长臂猿种群数量增长尤为重要。放牧不利于栖息地恢复,要逐步减少,进而杜绝在保护区内放牧。另外,东黑冠长臂猿跨国界分布,中越两国政府之间应加强协调,避免在保护区内实施对栖息地不利的边境管理活动。如果两国间出现种群隔离,对东黑冠长臂猿种群数量的增长将会非常不利。     

Combining species distribution modeling and distance sampling to assess wildlife population size: A case study with the northern yellow-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus annamensis)

Population size and distribution data for wildlife species play an important role in conservation and management, especially for endangered species. However, scientists seriously lack data on the population status of many species. The northern yellow-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus annamensis) is found in southern Lao PDR, central Vietnam, and northeastern Cambodia. The population of the species has significantly declined due to hunting, habitat loss, and the wildlife trade. To examine the population size and distribution of N. annamensis, we conducted a field survey in Song Thanh Nature Reserve, Quang Nam Province, central Vietnam from February to April 2019 using the audio point count method. We combined Distance Sampling and Ecological Niche Modeling to estimate the population of the gibbons. Results showed that the total suitable area for the gibbons was about 302.32 km², with the two most important variables of the habitat model being the distance-to-villages and forest type. We detected 36 gibbon groups through field surveys and estimated 443 (95% CI, 278–707) gibbon groups in Song Thanh Nature Reserve. Our results indicate that the gibbon population in Song Thanh Nature Reserve is the largest known population of N. annamensis in Vietnam. In addition, our study was the first to combine species distribution modeling with distance sampling to estimate gibbon density and population size. This approach might be useful in surveying and monitoring gibbon populations because it takes imperfect detection probability into account in estimating gibbon population density while estimating the area of potential habitat using environmental variables.     

Seasonal variation of diet and time budget of Eastern hoolock gibbons (Hoolock leuconedys) living in a northern montane forest

Most gibbons dwell in the tropical forests of Southeastern Asia, but eastern hoolock gibbons (Hoolock leuconedys) survive in high montane forest ranging from 1,600 to 2,700 m a.s.l. in Gaoligongshan (>24°30′N), Yunnan, China. To assess the behavioral adaptations of hoolock gibbons to the montane forest, we related temperature and food availability within the habitat to the seasonal behavioral patterns of a family group and a solitary female between August 2010 and September 2011 in Nankang, Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve. The maximum temperature was 29.2 °C and the minimum temperature was ?0.3 °C during the period. The monthly mean temperature was <10 °C between December and February, making Nankang the coldest gibbon habitat reported so far. Nonfig fruit and fig availability declined to nearly zero in cold months. The family group increased resting and decreased travel and social behaviors when the monthly mean temperature was low. Compared with other gibbon populations, the hoolock gibbons spent proportionally less time feeding on figs and other fruit than other gibbon populations except Nomascus concolor and Symphalangus syndactylus. Only 36 species of plants provided nonfig fruit or figs, which is less than the number of fruit species consumed by any other gibbon population observed during a similar period of time (about 1 year). Hoolock gibbons shifted their diet to leaves and increased feeding time when fruit was not available. We conclude that diet flexibility and an energy-conserving strategy during the cold season when fruit is scarce have enabled the hoolock gibbons to survive in a northern montane forest.     

Are Montane Forests Demographic Sinks for Bornean White‐bearded Gibbons Hylobates albibarbis?

I estimated habitat-specific population densities for a population of Bornean white-bearded gibbons Hylobates albibarbis inhabiting seven distinct forest types at Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Population densities in montane forests (0.44 individuals/km²) were almost ten times lower than those in the next best habitat (upland granite forest; 4.2 individuals/km²) and far lower than those in lowland forest types. Demographic data on 33 gibbon groups living across the seven forest types showed that reproduction was substantially depressed in montane forests compared to high-quality lowland habitats. A simple model suggests that montane forests are demographic sinks for gibbons at Gunung Palung. Follow-up data from observations of montane groups 5 yr after the initial observation period support this result. As high-quality lowland forests (source habitat for gibbons) are being disproportionately lost in and around Gunung Palung National Park due to illegal logging and conversion to oil palm plantations, an increasing percentage of the remaining forest in the park comprises sink habitat for gibbons. This result has disquieting implications for the long-term viability of gibbon populations at Gunung Palung. In addition, as montane forests are generally low-quality habitat for most rainforest vertebrates, and since lowland forests are being lost at alarming rates across the tropics, source-sink population dynamics similar to those I describe here may characterize populations of other tropical vertebrate species.     

Food selection in relation to nutritional chemistry of Cao Vit gibbons in Jingxi,China

The Cao Vit gibbon (Nomascus nasutus) has only one population with about 110 individuals living in a degraded karst forest along the China–Vietnam border. Investigation of food choice in relation to chemical nutrition will offer important insights into its conservation. We studied the food choice of two groups of Cao Vit gibbons using instantaneous scan sampling in Bangliang National Nature Reserve, Guangxi, China, over 4 years, and analyzed the chemical components (total nitrogen, TN; water-soluble sugar, WSS; crude fat, CF; neutral detergent fiber, NDF; acid detergent fiber, ADF; acid detergent lignin, ADL; condensed tannin, CT; and ash) of 48 food plant parts and 22 non-food plant parts. Fruits and figs that are rich in sugar are important food resources for gibbons. For other food types, flowers are a good source of total nitrogen and carbohydrates, and leaves and buds provide sources of protein and minerals. Cao Vit gibbons selected fruits that contain less total nitrogen, less acid detergent fiber and more water-soluble sugar than non-food fruits. Several food species that were heavily consumed by Cao Vit gibbons are suggested as potential tree species for ongoing habitat restoration.     

Habitat characterization of western hoolock gibbons Hoolock hoolock by examining home range microhabitat use

Conserving a species depends on an understanding of its habitat requirements. Primatologists often characterize the habitat requirements of primates using macroscale population-based approaches relying on correlations between habitat attributes and population abundances between sites with varying levels of disturbance. This approach only works for species spread between several populations. The populations of some primates do not fulfill these criteria, forcing researchers to rely on individual-based (microscale) rather than population-based approaches for habitat characterization. We examined the reliability of using micro-scale habitat characterizations by studying the microhabitat preferences of a group of wild western hoolock gibbons (Hoolock hoolock) in order to compare our results to the habitat preferences of western hoolock gibbons identified during a macroscale study of populations across Bangladesh. We used stepwise discriminant analysis to differentiate between the areas of low, medium, and high usage based on microhabitat characteristics (tree species availability, altitude, canopy connection, distance from forest edge, and levels of human disturbance). The gibbons used interior forest habitat with low food tree availability most frequently for sleeping and socializing, and used edge habitat containing high food tree availability for medium periods for feeding. These results indicate that the gibbons prefer interior forest but are frequently forced to visit the forest edge to feed. Therefore, the optimal habitat would be interior forest away from human disturbance with high sleeping-tree and feeding-tree availability. These habitat preferences are consistent with the habitat attributes of Bangladesh’s largest remaining western hoolock gibbon populations, which live in areas containing low agricultural encroachment and high food-tree availability. Microhabitat use studies can be used to characterize the habitat requirements of a species, but should include multiple scales of analysis wherever possible.     

Extrapair paternity in golden-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus gabriellae) in the secondary lowland forest of Cat Tien National Park, Vietnam

We observed 18 groups of golden-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus gabriellae) in the secondary lowland forest in Cat Tien National Park from January 2004 to December 2005 to obtain information about the social organization of this little-studied species, in an area where the population is recovering through increased protection and forest regeneration. DNA from faecal samples of 10 infants and juveniles identified 1 case of extrapair paternity. DNA from faecal samples of 18 adults from three communities revealed the majority of adults sampled of both sexes to be related to adults in neighbouring territories. Overall, the indications are that in this empty habitat, gibbons appear to be able to establish territories adjacent to those of their kin.     

Pileated Gibbon Density in Relation to Habitat Characteristics and Post‐logging Forest Recovery

ABSTRACT Although it is known that forest loss and degradation negatively impact most forest‐dwelling primates, such relationships are difficult to quantify because many primates are difficult to survey over large areas. Furthermore, recovery times are also difficult to assess due to a lack of long‐term data. Here, we determined how forest characteristics and habitat disturbance correlate with the abundance of pileated gibbons, Hylobates pileatus. We studied a population in Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary in southeastern Thailand, assessed its density using an auditory method combined with distance sampling at 24 randomly placed sample sites. In addition, we determined how simple forest structural characteristics and habitat disturbance correlate with the gibbon abundance. Average gibbon density per site was 1.02 ± 0.16 (SE) groups/km² (range 0–2.74). Bivariate analyses indicated that densities depended on food tree biomass, level of disturbance, evergreen forest cover, time since protection, and distance to the sanctuary boundary. Multiple regression analysis suggested evergreen forest cover and distance to boundary were the most influential factors. Because evergreen forest cover, time since protection, and habitat disturbance are correlated, these results suggest a direct dependence of gibbon densities on mature, undisturbed evergreen forest. While gibbons can persist in disturbed areas if the forest is protected, it appears that recovery to previous densities may take decades. We suggest that this is due to the slow pace of forest regeneration and/or poor recovery potential of gibbons.     

Nonhuman Primates in the Namdapha National Park, Arunachal Pradesh, India

Namdapha National Park and Tiger Reserve in the Changlang District of Arunachal Pradesh in northeastern India are rich in biodiversity. The dense evergreen forest of the park with high canopy coverage supports a variety of fauna including primates. In February, 2002, we surveyed the primates in Namdapha National Park to assess their status. We directly sighted, 5 species of diurnal primates, and secondary information shows the presence of stump-tailed macaques and slow lories. We encountered 10 groups of hoolock gibbons (33 individuals), 9 troops of capped langurs (61 individuals), 15 groups of Assam macaques (209 individuals), 6 groups of rhesus macaques (74 individuals) and one unidentified group of macaques (15 individuals). Hunting, rather than habitat destruction, is the chief potential threat for primates in the park.     

西黑冠长臂猿隔离小种群栖息地植被特征与其食性及生境利用

由于长期的捕猎及森林破坏,许多西黑冠长臂猿群体生活于零散的小型生境片段中。在云南南部芭蕉河地区,利用55个样方测量了西黑冠长臂猿一个隔离小种群栖息地植被,共记录乔木28科57属85种,其中壳斗科、樟科及省沽油科占优势地位,植被组成与结构在不同的森林片段、地形及干扰程度区域中差异显著。利用瞬时扫描法在两个年周期中的系统观察发现,与连续森林中的群体相比,芭蕉河长臂猿更加依赖对桂北木姜子、大果山香圆等优势乔木树种的取食,在乔木果实缺乏的季节,其并未取食更多叶类,而是进入次生植被搜寻藤本果实。可能受人为干扰及植被结构的影响,长臂猿未取食无花果类植物。原始林中植被结构并未对长臂猿生境利用造成明显影响,但其在不同森林片段间表现出显著的选择性。通过对芭蕉河、大寨子、平河及新平茶马古道四地的比较发现,西黑冠长臂猿栖息地植被特征存在较大的地区差异,其生态与行为可能因此表现出较强的适应性,但这需要更大时空尺度的研究予以验证。