山葡萄种质资源DNA条形码通用序列的筛选

对山葡萄(Vitis amurensis)种质资源样品的ITS、ITS2、psb A-trn H、rbc L和mat K序列进行PCR扩增及测序,优化PCR反应的退火温度,比较各序列的扩增效率、测序成功率、品种间和品种内的差异及barcoding gap图,使用BLAST和NJ树法比较不同序列的鉴定能力,最终从5条DNA片段中筛选出可用于山葡萄种质资源鉴定的DNA条形码通用序列。结果表明,在采集的11份33个山葡萄样品中,psb A-trn H和ITS2序列的扩增与测序成功率较高,其品种间、品种内差异及barcoding gap较ITS、rbc L和mat K序列具有明显的优势,且ITS2序列能够鉴别psb A-trn H序列无法鉴别的品种。实验证明,ITS2和psb A-trn H序列是较适合鉴别山葡萄资源的DNA条形码序列组合。DNA条形码弥补了形态学鉴定的不足,可为山葡萄种质资源的准确鉴定提供科学依据。     

比较不同DNA条形码对中国海岸带耐盐植物的识别率

海岸带耐盐植物是一个生态和经济价值独特的庞杂类群,人们对其DNA条形码特性的了解甚少。本文对我国从辽宁到海南10个沿海省(市)大陆及岛屿海岸带耐盐植物广泛采样,从采集获得的样品中筛选出53科97属116个物种共562个样品进行DNA条形码研究。对3个叶绿体片段(mat K、rbc L、trn H-psb A)和1个核基因片段(ITS)进行了扩增和测序,统计各个片段的引物通用性和序列获得率,并检验了物种识别率。从序列获得率来看,mat K和trn H-psb A片段表现最好,ITS较差,ITS和mat K的引物通用性比其他2个片段差。序列相似性分析表明,单个片段ITS物种识别率最高(73.36%),其次为mat K(64.03%)和trn H-psb A(61.21%),rbc L的物种识别率最低,仅为46.41%。系统发育树分析显示mat K的物种识别率最高(82.3%),依据trn H-psb A片段难以获得可靠的系统发育树。多维度非度量分析(non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)表明在进行海岸带区域性植物的DNA条形码研究时,叶绿体片段和核基因片段均应该考虑。综合上述研究结果,推荐联合片段ITS+mat K作为中国海岸带耐盐植物DNA条形码。本文为海岸带耐盐植物研究提供了总计1,939条DNA条形码基础数据,为构建耐盐植物DNA条形码数据库奠定了基础。     

锦葵科植物DNA条形码通用序列的筛选

对锦葵科植物样品的ITS、ITS2、rbcL、matK和psbA-trnH序列进行PCR扩增和测序,比较各序列的扩增效率、测序成功率、种内和种间变异的差异以及barcoding gap图,使用BLAST1和Nearest Distance方法评价不同序列的鉴定能力,进而从这些候选序列中筛选出较适合锦葵科植物鉴别的DNA条形码序列。结果表明,ITS序列在采集的锦葵科植物11个种26个样品中的扩增成功率较高,其种内、种间变异差异和barcoding gap较ITS2、psbA-trnH及rbcL序列具有更明显的优势,且纳入60个属316个种共1228个样品的网上数据后,其鉴定成功率可达89.9%。psbA-trnH序列的扩增和测序成功率最高,其鉴定成功率为63.2%,并能鉴别一些ITS序列无法鉴别的种。实验结果表明,ITS和psbA-trnH是较适合鉴别锦葵科植物的DNA条形码序列组合。     

基于芸香科的植物通用DNA条形码研究

植物DNA条形码研究是近10年来进展最迅速的学科之一,其通用序列的筛选一直是该领域研究的热点问题.2009年,生命条形码联盟植物工作组推荐rbcL+matK组成复合序列作为植物通用条形码,但其研究对象中近缘属、种较少,且物种水平鉴定成功率仅为72%,所以仍在进行验证和新序列的研究工作.本研究选取nrDNAITS2序列,利用其具有Ⅱ级结构的特性、通过不同物种类型模型判定全长,将其和目前热点候选序列(matK,rbcL,psbA-trnH,rpoC1,ycf5)及nrDNAITS序列针对芸香科72属192种300个样本进行比较,试图在同一科属下更多近缘种存在时,真实判定候选序列的鉴定能力.结果表明,自行设计引物的ITS2序列具有较好的PCR扩增和测序成功率,在所考察的候选序列中具有最大的种间变异和较小的种内变异,且两者存在极显著差异,同时物种鉴定成功率最高,各评价指标均优于其他候选序列.证实ITS2序列在单一科属内的"高效性",故推荐其作为植物DNA条形码通用序列之一.     

锦葵科植物DNA条形码通用序列的筛选

对锦葵科植物样品的ITS、ITS2、rbcL、matK和psbA-trnH序列进行PCR扩增和测序, 比较各序列的扩增效率、测序成功率、种内和种间变异的差异以及barcoding gap图, 使用BLAST1和Nearest Distance方法评价不同序列的鉴定能力, 进而从这些候选序列中筛选出较适合锦葵科植物鉴别的DNA条形码序列。结果表明, ITS序列在采集的锦葵科植物11个种26个样品中的扩增成功率较高, 其种内、种间变异差异和barcoding gap较ITS2、psbA-trnH及rbcL序列具有更明显的优势, 且纳入60个属316个种共1 228个样品的网上数据后, 其鉴定成功率可达89.9%。psbA-trnH序列的扩增和测序成功率最高, 其鉴定成功率为63.2%, 并能鉴别一些ITS序列无法鉴别的种。实验结果表明, ITS和psbA-trnH是较适合鉴别锦葵科植物的DNA条形码序列组合。     

滇重楼的psbA-trnH条形码分子鉴定研究北大核心CSCD

为探讨滇重楼药材鉴定新方法,本研究通过对重楼样品提取基因组DNA,PCR扩增叶绿体psb A-trn H序列并进行双向测序,所得序列经Codon Code Aligner拼接后,采用MEGA5.0软件进行序列比对,计算种内和种间遗传距离(K2P),构建邻接数(neighbor-joining tree)进行结果分析。研究表明,叶绿体psb A-trn H片段在滇重楼种内变异较小,平均K2P遗传距离为0.007,而滇重楼与其它重楼种间平均K2P遗传距离为0.025,滇重楼种间最大K2P遗传距离明显小于滇重楼与重楼属其它种内的最小K2P遗传距离。中药材DNA条形码鉴定系统比对和NJ树鉴定结果均表明psb A-trn H序列可区分滇重楼及其同属物种,且具有较好的稳定性和准确性,为保障临床安全用药提供了新的技术手段。     

滇重楼的psbA-trnH条形码分子鉴定研究

为探讨滇重楼药材鉴定新方法,本研究通过对重楼样品提取基因组DNA,PCR扩增叶绿体psb A-trn H序列并进行双向测序,所得序列经Codon Code Aligner拼接后,采用MEGA5.0软件进行序列比对,计算种内和种间遗传距离(K2P),构建邻接数(neighbor-joining tree)进行结果分析。研究表明,叶绿体psb A-trn H片段在滇重楼种内变异较小,平均K2P遗传距离为0.007,而滇重楼与其它重楼种间平均K2P遗传距离为0.025,滇重楼种间最大K2P遗传距离明显小于滇重楼与重楼属其它种内的最小K2P遗传距离。中药材DNA条形码鉴定系统比对和NJ树鉴定结果均表明psb A-trn H序列可区分滇重楼及其同属物种,且具有较好的稳定性和准确性,为保障临床安全用药提供了新的技术手段。     

DNA条形码在入侵植物鉴定中的应用进展

生物入侵对世界经济、环境造成了巨大的影响,已经成为世界关注的焦点。传统的海关检验方法存在鉴定缓慢、准确率低、鉴定专家稀缺等问题,因此急需一种鉴定率高、操作简单和快速的方法对入侵植物的繁殖体进行精确的鉴别。DNA条形码是一种基于DNA序列差异进行物种鉴定的技术,鉴定结果只受样品组织内DNA保存状况影响,不受形态学性状保存状态影响,只需掌握简单分子生物学技术的工作人员即可实现对未知样品的鉴定,在入侵植物检疫鉴定中有很大的应用潜力。根据入侵植物进化快、变异多的特点,可优先考虑种间、种内差异度高的ITS基因作为核心条形码,再以mat K和rbc L基因为辅助条形码。本文分析了植物DNA条形码技术及其衍生出的超级DNA条形码和metabarcoding技术在入侵植物鉴定中的应用潜力,提出构建入侵植物DNA条形码参考数据库与智能植物志(i Flora)相结合,为利用DNA条形码技术对入侵植物进行快速鉴定和相关研究提供参考。     

基于4个叶绿体基因识别蓑藓属(Macromitrium)植物的可行性研究

我国的蓑藓属植物形态变异式样复杂,分类问题多.DNA条形码技术是一种新的物种鉴定技术.本研究以采自浙江、福建、云南、广西、四川等省的蓑藓属(Macromitrium)7个物种及其外类群直叶藓Macrocoma tenue subsp. sullivantii和火藓Schlotheimia grevilleana的38份标本为对象,获得了它们的叶绿体基因trnL、trnG、psbT和rps4序列,基于这些基因的不同组合构建了15棵贝叶斯系统发育树,获得了相应的蓑藓属植物的物种识别率、种内和种间的遗传距离.发现基于trnL-rps4、trnL-trnG-rps4、trnL-psbT-rps4、trnG-psbT-rps4和trnL-trnG-rps4-psbT等5个组合能够较好地识别本研究中蓑藓属植物,均得到了100%的物种识别率.考虑到扩增和测序的成功率和得到的7种蓑藓属植物的系统发育关系,建议将trnL-trnG-psbT组合用于蓑藓属植物的系统发育分析和物种识别的DNA条形码.     

海三棱藨草及其近缘种的DNA条形码研究

海三棱藨草[×Bolboschoenoplectus mariqueter(Tang&F. T. Wang) Tatanov]的分类学地位至今尚无定论。为明确海三棱藨草的分类学地位并探讨其与近缘种的关系,该研究分别利用1个核基因(ITS)和5个叶绿体基因(matK、ndhF、rbcL、trnL和trnL-trnF)的DNA条形码序列对海三棱藨草及其近缘种的4种21批样品进行扩增和测序,通过采用相似性搜索算法对单一序列和序列组合的物种鉴定效率进行评价,并基于贝叶斯推断方法构建系统发育树进行鉴定分析。结果表明：(1)ITS+matK序列组合的物种鉴定效率最高,为71.4%,可实现海三棱藨草及其近缘种的种间区分、鉴定。(2)基于ITS+matK序列组合构建海三棱藨草及其近缘种的系统发育树,发现同一物种的样品聚集度较好,海三棱藨草与三棱草属[Bolboschoenus(Asch.) Palla]的物种聚为一支,明显与水葱属[Schoenoplectus(Rchb.) Palla]物种分开,并且海三棱藨草与海滨三棱草[Bolboschoenus maritimus(Linnaeus) P...     

Testing the potential of proposed DNA barcodes for species identification of Zingiberaceae

In 2009, the Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) recommended the combination of rbcL and matK as the plant barcode based on assessments of recoverability, sequencing quality, and levels of species discrimination. Subsequently, based on a study of more than 6600 samples belonging to 193 families from seven phyla, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 2 locus was proposed as a universal barcode sequence for all major plant taxa used in traditional herbal medicine. Neither of these two studies was based on a detailed analysis of a particular family. Here, Zingiberaceae plants, including many closely related species, were used to compare the genetic divergence and species identification efficiency of ITS2, rbcL, matK, psbK-psbI, trnH-psbA, and rpoB.The results indicate that ITS2 has the highest interspecific divergence and significant differences between inter- and intraspecific divergence, whereas matK and rbcL have much lower divergence values. Among 260 species belongingto 30 genera in Zingiberaceae, the discrimination ability of the ITS2 locus was 99.5% at the genus level and 73.1% at the species level. Thus, we propose that ITS2 is the preferred DNA barcode sequence for identifying Zingiberaceae plants.     

Multiple multilocus DNA barcodes from the plastid genome discriminate plant species equally well

A universal barcode system for land plants would be a valuable resource, with potential utility in fields as diverse as ecology, floristics, law enforcement and industry. However, the application of plant barcoding has been constrained by a lack of consensus regarding the most variable and technically practical DNA region(s). We compared eight candidate plant barcoding regions from the plastome and one from the mitochondrial genome for how well they discriminated the monophyly of 92 species in 32 diverse genera of land plants (N = 251 samples). The plastid markers comprise portions of five coding (rpoB, rpoC1, rbcL, matK and 23S rDNA) and three non-coding (trnH-psbA, atpF-atpH, and psbK-psbI) loci. Our survey included several taxonomically complex groups, and in all cases we examined multiple populations and species. The regions differed in their ability to discriminate species, and in ease of retrieval, in terms of amplification and sequencing success. Single locus resolution ranged from 7% (23S rDNA) to 59% (trnH-psbA) of species with well-supported monophyly. Sequence recovery rates were related primarily to amplification success (85-100% for plastid loci), with matK requiring the greatest effort to achieve reasonable recovery (88% using 10 primer pairs). Several loci (matK, psbK-psbI, trnH-psbA) were problematic for generating fully bidirectional sequences. Setting aside technical issues related to amplification and sequencing, combining the more variable plastid markers provided clear benefits for resolving species, although with diminishing returns, as all combinations assessed using four to seven regions had only marginally different success rates (69-71%; values that were approached by several two- and three-region combinations). This performance plateau may indicate fundamental upper limits on the precision of species discrimination that is possible with DNA barcoding systems that include moderate numbers of plastid markers. Resolution to the contentious debate on plant barcoding should therefore involve increased attention to practical issues related to the ease of sequence recovery, global alignability, and marker redundancy in multilocus plant DNA barcoding systems.     

DNA barcoding the native flowering plants and conifers of Wales

We present the first national DNA barcode resource that covers the native flowering plants and conifers for the nation of Wales (1143 species). Using the plant DNA barcode markers rbcL and matK, we have assembled 97.7% coverage for rbcL, 90.2% for matK, and a dual-locus barcode for 89.7% of the native Welsh flora. We have sampled multiple individuals for each species, resulting in 3304 rbcL and 2419 matK sequences. The majority of our samples (85%) are from DNA extracted from herbarium specimens. Recoverability of DNA barcodes is lower using herbarium specimens, compared to freshly collected material, mostly due to lower amplification success, but this is balanced by the increased efficiency of sampling species that have already been collected, identified, and verified by taxonomic experts. The effectiveness of the DNA barcodes for identification (level of discrimination) is assessed using four approaches: the presence of a barcode gap (using pairwise and multiple alignments), formation of monophyletic groups using Neighbour-Joining trees, and sequence similarity in BLASTn searches. These approaches yield similar results, providing relative discrimination levels of 69.4 to 74.9% of all species and 98.6 to 99.8% of genera using both markers. Species discrimination can be further improved using spatially explicit sampling. Mean species discrimination using barcode gap analysis (with a multiple alignment) is 81.6% within 10×10 km squares and 93.3% for 2×2 km squares. Our database of DNA barcodes for Welsh native flowering plants and conifers represents the most complete coverage of any national flora, and offers a valuable platform for a wide range of applications that require accurate species identification.     

莪术基原植物DNA条形码序列的筛选与鉴定

为寻找适用于中药材莪术基原植物鉴定的DNA条形码序列,探索快速高效的莪术基原植物鉴定的新方法,该文首先利用扩增成功率和测序成功率对中药材莪术三种基原植物,9个样本的7种DNA条形码序列(ITS、ITS2、matK、psbA-trnH、trnL-trnF、rpoB和atpB-rbcL)进行评估,然后利用MEGA6.0软件对获得的高质量的序列通过变异位点分析、遗传距离计算和系统树分析等进一步进行评估,最后将筛选到的DNA条形码序列对未知基原的待测样品进行基原鉴定。结果表明:(1) ITS、ITS2和matK等条形码序列在莪术基原植物中的扩增或测序成功率较低,难以应用于实际鉴定;而psbA-trnH、trnL-trnF和rpoB条形码序列变异位点信息过少,不足于区分莪术的三种不同基原植物;只有atpB-rbcL条形码序列的扩增和测序成功率较高,容易获得高质量的序列,同时序列长度(642～645 bp)理想,变异位点多(11个),可实现莪术的三种不同基原的区分鉴别。(2)待测样品经基于atpB-rbcL序列构建的系统发育树鉴别为温郁金。综上所述,叶绿体atpB-rbcL序列能够准确鉴定莪术不同基原植物,可以作为中药材莪术基原植物鉴定的条形码序列。     

利用DNA条形码技术识别植物物种

DNA条形码技术能够快速、准确地识别物种,对于开展基础性的分类学研究和应用性的生物多样性研究极为重要.本文对鼎湖山20 hm²大样地183个植物物种进行DNA条形码测序.结果表明： 单个条形码片段时, psbA-trnH的综合成功率最高(75%),其次是matK(70%)和rbcL(56%);片段组合时,matK+rbcL+psbA-trnH三片段组合的物种水平识别率在87%以上,随后是matK+psbA-trnH(85%)、rbcL+psbA-trnH(83%)和matK+rbcL(81%).综合了亚热带波多黎各的LFDP样地(143个种)和热带巴拿马的BCI样地(296个种)以及圭亚那的Nouragues样地(254个种)3个森林类型的研究结果,评价DNA条形码各片段在4个森林样地的通用性.在热带和亚热带地区的森林样地中,各片段测序成功率分别为rbcL(93%,95.1%)、psbA-trnH(91.5%,94.6%)和matK(68.5%,79.7%).在植物类群水平上,核心条形码片段matK+rbcL组合的物种准确识别率不高,只在局部群落中表现较为理想;而三位点DNA条形码片段组合在热带和亚热带森林样地中综合成功率可达84%和90%.     

DNA barcoding in closely related species: A case study of Primula L. sect. Proliferae Pax (Primulaceae) in China

DNA barcoding is a method of identifying species by analyzing one or a few short standardized DNA sequences. There are particular challenges in barcoding plants, especially for distinguishing closely related species. Hence, there is an urgent need to evaluate the performance of candidate loci for distinguishing between species, especially closely related species, to complement the rbcL + matK combination suggested as the core barcode for land plants. We sampled 48 individuals representing 12 species in Primula sect. Proliferae Pax in China to evaluate the performance of eight leading candidate barcode loci (matK, rbcL, rpoB, rpoC1, trnH-psbA, psbK-psbI, atpF-atpH, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS)). The core combination rbcL+matK gave only 50% species resolution in sect. Proliferae. In terms of intraspecies and interspecies divergence, degree of monophyly, and sequence similarity, ITS, trnH-psbA, and psbK-psbI showed good performance as single-locus barcodes. Internal transcribed spacer displayed the highest genetic divergence and best discriminatory power, both alone and in combination with rbcL+matK (83.3% species resolution). We recommend evaluating the use of ITS for barcoding in other species. Low or single copy nuclear regions would provide more sophisticated barcoding tools in the long term, even though further research is required to find suitable loci.     

DNA barcoding in closely related species: A case study of Primula L.sect.Proliferae Pax (Primulaceae) in China

DNA barcoding is a method of identifying species by analyzing one or a few short standardized DNA sequences. There are particular challenges in barcoding plants, especially for distinguishing closely related species. Hence, there is an urgent need to evaluate the performance of candidate loci for distinguishing between species, especially closely related species, to complement the rbcL + matK combination suggested as the core barcode for land plants. We sampled 48 individuals representing 12 species in Primula sect. Proliferae Pax in China to evaluate the performance of eight leading candidate barcode loci (matK, rbcL, rpoB, rpoCl, trnH-psbA, psbK-psbI, atpFatpH, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS)). The core combination rbcL + matK gave only 50% species resolution in sect. Proliferae. In terms of intraspecies and interspecies divergence, degree of monophyly, and sequence similarity, ITS, trnH-psbA, and psbK-psbI showed good performance as single-locus barcodes. Internal transcribed spacer displayed the highest genetic divergence and best discriminatory power, both alone and in combination with rbcL +matK (83.3% species resolution). We recommend evaluating the use of ITS for barcoding in other species. Low or single copy nuclear regions would provide more sophisticated barcoding tools in the long term, even though further research is required to find suitable loci.     

Applying plant DNA barcodes to identify species of Parnassia (Parnassiaceae)

DNA barcoding is a technique to identify species by using standardized DNA sequences. In this study, a total of 105 samples, representing 30 Parnassia species, were collected to test the effectiveness of four proposed DNA barcodes (rbcL, matK, trnH-psbA and ITS) for species identification. Our results demonstrated that all four candidate DNA markers have a maximum level of primer universality and sequencing success. As a single DNA marker, the ITS region provided the highest species resolution with 86.7%, followed by trnH-psbA with 73.3%. The combination of the core barcode regions, matK+rbcL, gave the lowest species identification success (63.3%) among any combination of multiple markers and was found unsuitable as DNA barcode for Parnassia. The combination of ITS+trnH-psbA achieved the highest species discrimination with 90.0% resolution (27 of 30 sampled species), equal to the four-marker combination and higher than any two or three marker combination including rbcL or matK. Therefore, matK and rbcL should not be used as DNA barcodes for the species identification of Parnassia. Based on the overall performance, the combination of ITS+trnH-psbA is proposed as the most suitable DNA barcode for identifying Parnassia species. DNA barcoding is a useful technique and provides a reliable and effective mean for the discrimination of Parnassia species, and in combination with morphology-based taxonomy, will be a robust approach for tackling taxonomically complex groups. In the light of our findings, we found among the three species not identified a possible cryptic speciation event in Parnassia.