两型豆花粉和叶表皮的扫描电镜观察

两型豆花粉和叶表皮在扫描电镜下的形态特征：花粉近球形至矩球形,三孔沟,外壁表面较粗糙,侧壁具疣状突起至块状突起,极面具粗网状纹饰,但两型豆祖山居群属于萌发沟不明显型,两型豆燕塞湖居群属于萌发沟明显型。叶表皮细胞不规则,排列紧密,叶脉表皮细胞长圆柱形,长轴与叶脉平行,角质膜薄,表皮毛均为单细胞非腺毛,气孔器仅分布在下表皮,属于平列型,偶见不规则型。表皮毛和气孔器在叶片上分布不均匀,两型豆祖山居群叶表皮毛和气孔器的平均密度大于两型豆燕塞湖居群叶表皮毛和气孔器的平均密度,自然生长的两型豆叶表皮毛和气孔器的平均密度大于遮光条件下的两型豆。     

安徽产两种山罗花属植物及其居群叶的微形态比较

利用离析法、扫描电镜和石蜡切片法对安徽产2种3居群山罗花属植物的叶进行了微形态比较研究,结果表明：该属植物叶表皮细胞形状为不规则形,垂周壁呈波状、深波状至重波状;表皮细胞内含叶绿体;角质层具条状纹饰;表皮上有表皮毛和腺毛分布,扫描电镜下表皮毛具瘤状突起的纹饰;栅栏组织只有1层,排列比较疏松,海绵组织有发达的胞间隙;气孔器多为无规则型,极少数仅有一个副卫细胞,仅分布于下表皮,扫描电镜下气孔外拱盖内缘近光滑或浅波状。2种植物在垂周壁式样、表皮毛密度、气孔器长宽比、栅栏组织和海绵组织的厚度比以及中脉的结构特征等具有明显的差异,而山罗花3居群间的差异不明显。     

江苏不同居群狗尾草叶片解剖特征的比较研究

为揭示不同居群狗尾草(Setaria viridis(L.)Beauv.)叶片解剖特征的差异,了解不同生境下叶片形态的变异,本研究以江苏15个狗尾草居群为材料,采用石蜡切片法和改良的叶表皮制备方法对叶表皮及叶片横切面结构特征进行了显微观察和测定,并通过变异系数、主成分分析和聚类分析对叶表皮及叶片横切面的主要性状进行分析。结果表明,不同居群狗尾草的17个表型性状变异丰富,叶片中脉厚度和下表皮细胞厚度的变异程度较大;叶片厚度、平行脉维管束高度和宽度、叶中脉厚度、中脉维管束高度和宽度等指标是造成狗尾草不同居群表型差异的主要因素,同时这些结构特征也分别反映了狗尾草叶片的输导和支撑能力、表皮气孔器的特征和叶片抗逆能力。聚类分析结果显示,狗尾草的15个居群被划分为3类,且与生境分布基本吻合,即:水边和盐碱地居群、荒地居群、山地居群狗尾草的叶片厚度、维管束直径、泡状细胞厚度和气孔密度均依次增大,但气孔体积依次减小,表明这3个类群随海拔的升高抗旱性依次增强。本实验狗尾草叶片在不同生境中产生的不同程度变异分析对狗尾草的生态适应性研究具有重要意义。     

多花黄精五个居群叶片的比较解剖学研究

利用石蜡切片技术、叶表皮离析法和电镜扫描技术,对多花黄精五个居群的叶片进行了比较解剖学研究。观察发现:多花黄精五个居群的叶肉细胞中均具有内含针晶束的异细胞,叶表皮细胞为长方形、不规则形或椭圆形,垂周壁一般为平直和弧形;有的居群下表皮有单细胞表皮毛分布。在扫描电镜下,角质层纹饰多为鳞片状。结果表明叶表皮特征,如:气孔器大小、气孔器指数、气孔器密度、气孔器分布特征、角质层纹饰及表皮毛的分布等受环境因子影响较大,同种不同居群间有一定差异,而叶肉的构成、内含物(如针晶束)、气孔器类型、表皮细胞形状等具有种间稳定性,可以作为分类的依据。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区抗侵蚀植物叶表皮的生态适应性

采用叶表皮临时装片法研究了黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同土壤侵蚀环境沟间地、沟谷地和沟间人工刺槐林地6种抗侵蚀植物叶表皮组成细胞的形态特征.结果表明:沟间地抗侵蚀植物叶的上表皮气孔开度、气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔器长宽比可塑性、气孔器面积可塑性、表皮毛密度和表皮细胞密度分别比沟谷地提高93.8％、66.8％、17.9％、36.4％、42.3％、199.4％和46.5％,下表皮分别提高90.4％、76.6％、9.8％、47.1％、43.9％、98.2％和50.1％;沟间人工刺槐林地叶上表皮各形态指标分别比沟谷地提高66.7％、20.5％、11.9％、37.9％、19.8％、113.1％和10.8％,叶下表皮分别提高106.7％、45.8％、11.9％、41.3％、21.2％、52.2％和28.1％.沟间地植物叶上、下叶表皮毛长度分别比沟谷地缩短58.8％和29.7％,表皮细胞面积分别比沟谷地减少40.3％和37.0％.沟间人工刺槐林地叶上、下表皮毛长度分别比沟谷地缩短25.0％和23.6％,表皮细胞面积分别比沟谷地减少22.2％和19.2％.抗侵蚀植物通过增加叶表皮气孔开度、气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔器长宽比可塑性、气孔器面积可塑性、表皮毛密度、表皮细胞密度和减少表皮毛长度、表皮细胞面积来适应较强的土壤侵蚀环境.     

不同居群唐古特白刺叶片解剖特征对生境的响应研究

以河西走廊不同生境的3个天然居群(WMX、ZGL、JGC)唐古特白刺为研究对象,对叶片进行解剖观察,测定其叶片长、宽、厚,表皮毛长、宽及密度,气孔器长、宽、面积及密度,角质层厚,表皮细胞厚,栅栏组织厚,海绵组织厚,主脉直径,支脉直径,含晶细胞直径,粘液细胞长、宽,贮水组织长、宽;并对栅海比(P/S)、叶片组织结构紧密度(CTR)、疏松度(SR)等指标进行统计分析,比较同一指标在3个居群间的差异,以探讨其叶片的形态解剖特征对不同生境的适应性响应机制。结果表明:（1）3个天然居群唐古特白刺除叶片长、宽、长宽比及下表皮毛宽外,其余各指标均存在不同程度差异,其中叶厚、叶面积、上下表皮毛长度及密度、上下气孔器长度及密度、上表皮细胞厚度、上下栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、P/S、CTR、维管束直径以及粘液细胞长宽在3个居群间均显著差异。（2）3个居群的综合指标变异系数和可塑性指数的均值排序一致,指标均值的排序均为JGC＞WMX＞ZGL,表明3个居群唐古特白刺的生态适应性强弱为JGC＞WMX＞ZGL。（3）3个居群唐古特白刺的栅栏组织、海绵组织、表皮毛、角质层的可塑性指数均相对较高,说明在应对不同环境时这些组织起着主导作用,这可能是唐古特白刺叶片解剖特征对不同生境条件的适应性响应机制。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区抗侵蚀植物叶表皮的生态适应性

采用叶表皮临时装片法研究了黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同土壤侵蚀环境沟间地、沟谷地和沟间人工刺槐林地6种抗侵蚀植物叶表皮组成细胞的形态特征.结果表明: 沟间地抗侵蚀植物叶的上表皮气孔开度、气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔器长宽比可塑性、气孔器面积可塑性、表皮毛〖JP2〗密度和表皮细胞密度分别比沟谷地提高93.8%、66.8%、17.9%、36.4%、42.3%、199.4%和46.5%,下表皮分别提高90.4%、76.6%、9.8%、47.1%、43.9%、98.2%和50.1%;沟间人工刺槐林地叶上表皮各形态指标分别比沟谷地提高66.7%、20.5%、11.9%、37.9%、19.8%、113.1%和10.8%,叶下表皮分别提高106.7%、45.8%、11.9%、41.3%、21.2%、52.2%和28.1%.沟间地植物叶上、下叶表皮毛长度分别比沟谷地缩短58.8%和29.7%,表皮细胞面积分别比沟谷地减少40.3%和37.0%.沟间人工刺槐林地叶上、下表皮毛长度分别比沟谷地缩短25.0%和23.6%,表皮细胞面积分别比沟谷地减少22.2%和19.2%.抗侵蚀植物通过增加叶表皮气孔开度、气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔器长宽比可塑性、气孔器面积可塑性、表皮毛密度、表皮细胞密度和减少表皮毛长度、表皮细胞面积来适应较强的土壤侵蚀环境.     

不同地区青檀叶片的解剖及表皮特征的比较研究

采用石蜡切片技术和叶表皮离析法,对我国8个省共15个居群的青檀(Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim.)叶片特征进行了比较和分析.研究发现:各居群的栅栏组织细胞层数多数为2层,显示出一定的稳定性,但不同居群的叶片横切面解剖特征存在显著性差异.叶片上表皮细胞有多边形和不规则形两种类型,而下表皮细胞均为不规则形.上表皮细胞垂周壁为平直形、圆形、浅波形或深波形,差异较明显,下表皮细胞垂周壁则仅有深波形和浅波形两种.叶表皮毛的分布位置在各居群间不同,而表皮毛的类型在居群间稳定,且在多数居群中表皮毛与周围细胞形成花环结构.各居群的气孔器类型均为不规则型且均仅在下表皮随机分布,但气孔器的密度、大小等特征在不同居群间存在显著性差异.生境地的气候因子对青檀叶的特征产生一定的影响.结果表明:青檀叶的解剖特征在不同居群间差异性较大,青檀叶表皮的气孔密度等特征在居群间有一定差异,而气孔器类型和表皮细胞形状等特征较稳定,有一定的分类学价值.     

青藏高原不同海拔高度下全缘叶绿绒蒿叶表皮特征研究

采用胶带粘取叶表皮法,利用光学显微镜观测不同海拔高度下全缘叶绿绒蒿叶片的表皮毛、气孔及表皮细胞结构特征,探讨全缘叶绿绒蒿叶表皮特征与海拔高度的关系。结果表明,随着海拔高度增加,全缘叶绿绒蒿叶片上、下表皮毛密度、气孔密度和表皮细胞密度逐渐增加;气孔器及表皮细胞的长度、宽度和面积逐渐减小;表皮细胞的形态随着海拔升高由无规则形向多边形变化,垂周壁由波状向弓形或平直变化。全缘叶绿绒蒿叶表皮结构在不同海拔高度下表现出的差异,可能是植物长期在高原生态环境下的综合反应,以结构上的变化来适应对高海拔地区的环境特点,为进一步研究高海拔地区植物的适应性提供一定依据。     

黑龙江绣线菊属植物叶表皮形态结构的研究北大核心CSCD

利用扫描电子显微镜对黑龙江绣线菊属(Spiraea)15种植物成熟叶片表皮形态结构进行比较研究。结果表明:叶表皮细胞呈不规则形和多边形,垂周壁式样为平直弓形、深波状或浅波状;多数植物不具有表皮毛,少数植物上下表皮均具表皮毛或上表皮具有表皮毛;气孔器为无规则型、轮列型和不典型的辐射型且均位于叶的下表皮;气孔外拱盖内缘平滑、近平滑、波状和浅波状;气孔外拱盖单层或双层;保卫细胞两极无"T"型加厚。为该属植物的系统演化关系和植物分类学提供形态学理论依据。     

Implicit and explicit features of paintings

Implicit features of the paintings are properties that are imposed by the observer (e.g. how pleasant, interesting, tense a painting appears), whereas explicit features refer to properties that can be directly perceived (form, color, depth, etc.). The aim of Experiments 1 and 2 was to investigate the underlying structure of implicit and explicit features of paintings using the factor analysis of elementary judgments. In the preliminary studies, representative sets of paintings and elementary implicit and explicit dimensions (in the form of bipolar scales) were selected. Four implicit factors were extracted: Regularity, Relaxation, Hedonic Tone and Arousal. Four explicit factors were extracted: Form, Color, Space and Complexity. The following significant correlations between implicit and explicit factors were obtained: Regularity-Form, Regularity-Space, Hedonic Tone-Form and Arousal-Complexity. In Experiment 3 the role of implicit and explicit factors in similarity-dissimilarity ratings was specified. Significant correlations between the position of paintings in MDS space and mean judgments of explicit factors Color, Space and Complexity and implicit factor Relaxation were obtained, suggesting that similarity ratings of paintings are primarily based on explicit features. The causal relation of explicit and implicit features is discussed.     

Structural and functional features of glycosyltransferases

Most of the glycosylation reactions that generate the great diversity of oligosaccharide structures of eukaryotic cells occur in the Golgi apparatus. This review deals with the most recent data that provide insight into the functional organization of Golgi-resident glycosyltransferases. We also focus on the recent successes in X-ray crystal structure determination of glycosyltransferases. These new structures begin to shed light on the molecular bases accounting for donor and acceptor substrate specificities as well as catalysis.     

Chromosomal features and evolution of Bromeliaceae

New cytological information and chromosome counts are presented for 19 taxa of 15 genera of the Bromeliaceae, among them, data for 15 taxa and five genera are reported for the first time. The basic number x = 25 is confirmed and polyploidy seems to be the main evolutionary mechanism in Bromeliaceae. Most of the analyzed species presented 2n = 50. Polyploids have been detected in Deinacanthon urbanianum with 2n = ca.160 and Bromelia laciniosa with 2n = ca.150. In Deuterocohnia lorentziana we observed individuals with two different ploidy levels (2n = 50 and 2n = 100) growing together in the same pot. Ayensua uaipanensis showed the uncommon number 2n = 46. After triple staining with CMA₃/Actinomycin/DAPI one or two CMA⁺/DAPI⁻ bands could be observed in the studied species (Aechmea bromeliifolia, Greigia sphacelata and Ochagavia litoralis). The role of these features in the evolution of the family is discussed, revealing new aspects of the evolution of the Bromeliaceae.     

Histological and ultrastructural features of gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis

Basidiobolus ranarum is a fungus found in the dung of amphibians, reptiles, and insectivorous bats. Its structural elements include both hyphae and zygospores. Patients with B. ranarum infection may present with subcutaneous, gastrointestinal, or systemic lesions. Here we report a case of gastrointesinal badidiomycosis in a 13-year-old male child who presented with acute abdomen. Exploration revealed a mass in the ascending colon. On histology, transmural granulomatous inflammation composed of abundant eosinophils, lymphocytes, histiocytes and giant cells was seen. Histochemical stains revealed broad, non-septate, hyphae-like structures surrounded by an eosinophilic sheath. On an ultrastructural level, fungal hyphae, spores, and macrophage-laden crystalloids were observed. The diagnosis of gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis was established and the patient received antifungal treatment. This paper reviews the relevant literature regarding basidiomycosis, and discusses its diverse clinicopathological features, as well as distinguishing it from other diseases.