大鼠海马—小脑皮层—小脑深部核团投射的电生理学和HRP研究

本文用电生理学和HRP示踪法,研究了大鼠海马-小脑皮层投射的空间分布,小脑皮层的海马投射区与其深部核团间的纤维联系。 电生理学的实验结果表明,刺激背侧海马CA_1/CA_3区,均可使小脑皮层第Ⅵ小叶的浦肯野细胞产生顺行多突触的诱发简单锋电位和复杂锋电位反应。提示背侧海马CA_1/CA_3区与小脑皮层之间有经苔状纤维和攀缘纤维的多突触投射。实验证明,大鼠的这一投射的终止区域,集中在小脑皮层第Ⅵ小叶中线外侧0.8—1.4mm的范围内;并且来自CA_1区的投射以对侧性为主,CA_3区的投射以同侧性为主。HRP示踪的实验表明,背侧海马CA_1/CA_3区在小脑皮层第Ⅵ小叶的投射区是小脑纵区组构的间位区,该区皮层与间位核之间存在着交互投射关系。     

刺激中缝背核区对猫小脑皮层浦肯野细胞电活动的影响

本文研究了刺激外周神经及中缝背核区对猫小脑皮层浦肯野细胞(Purkinje Cell,PC)电活动的影响。在清醒的去大脑猫上记录刺激桡深神经(NRP)及腓深神经(NPP)时PC的电变化,并观察刺激中缝背核区对PC自发放电以及肢体神经传入冲动诱发活动的影响。结果表明,刺激NPP和NRP均可引起小脑皮层第Ⅴ和第ⅦA小叶的PC产生兴奋或抑制反应。刺激中缝背核区对PC自发放电以及诱发活动主要起抑制性影响。     

刺激中缝背核压抑大鼠小脑浦肯野细胞对苔状和爬行纤维传入的反应

本文在麻醉并制动的大鼠上观察了中缝背核(DR)条件刺激对由苔状和爬行纤维传入引起的小脑浦肯野细胞(PC)诱发反应的影响。主要结果有:(1)刺激大脑皮层感觉运动区可以引起苔状和爬行纤维向对侧小脑皮层第Ⅵ和Ⅶ小叶的传入,因而在该小叶上记录到 PC 的诱发简单锋电位(SS)和复杂锋电位(CS)反应,潜伏期分别是8—25和12—30ms。(2)以不影响PC 自发 SS 和 CS 活动的阈下强度刺激 DR,可显著地压抑 PC 对于刺激感觉运动皮层引起的苔状和爬行纤维兴奋所产生的诱发 SS 和 CS 反应,这种压抑作用可持续数百毫秒。(3)DR条件刺激对 PC 的诱发 SS 和 CS 反应的压抑作用可以被静脉注射5-HT 受体阻断剂羟甲丙基甲基麦角酰胺所减弱或阻断。上述结果表明 DR 的5-HT 能纤维传入可以降低苔状和爬行纤维对 PC 的突触作用效力,抑或降低 PC 对突触传入的反应敏感性,提示中缝-小脑5-HT,能纤维传入系统参与了小脑某些重要的神经活动过程。     

刺激猫下丘脑LHA和VMN对小脑皮层神经元电活动的影响

在戊巴比妥钠麻醉的猫,电刺激下丘脑外侧区(LHA)和腹内侧核(VMN)可引起小脑皮层第Ⅵ和Ⅶ小叶浦肯野细胞和非浦肯野细胞抑制性、兴奋性和抑制-兴奋性的电活动,但以抑制性活动为主;这些反应的潜伏期多数为10-20ms,但也可长达90ms;一般刺激LHA比刺激VMN更有效。刺激下丘脑所激发的小脑神经元抑制性电活动可为静脉注射组胺H_1受体阻断剂扑尔敏所阻断。本文对上述观察的可能作用作了讨论。     

小脑间位核对淋巴细胞功能的调节作用

目的:研究小脑深部核团之一间位核对淋巴细胞功能的调节作用,以拓宽对小脑功能的认识进而增加神经免疫学的知识.方法:在大鼠双侧小脑间位核内注射海人酸(KA)以损毁间位核内神经元的胞体,并设对照组,于小脑间位核内注入等量生理盐水.在手术后的第8、16、32 d分别用血细胞计数法检测动物外周血中淋巴细胞的数量;用四甲基偶氮唑(MTT)比色法检测动物肠系膜淋巴结细胞对刀豆蛋白A(Con A)刺激的增殖反应;用ELISA法检测动物血清中抗绵羊红细胞(SRBC)特异性IgM抗体的生成能力;用流式细胞术测定脾脏自然杀伤(NK)细胞的活性.结果:小脑间位核损毁后的第8、16、32 d,动物外周血中淋巴细胞数都明显低于损毁手术前的淋巴细胞数,也显著低于生理盐水对照组相应时间段的淋巴细胞数.在小脑间位核注射KA后的第8、16、32 d,动物的肠系膜淋巴结细胞由Con A诱导的增殖反应、血清中特异性抗SRBC IgM抗体的生成能力和脾脏NK细胞杀伤靶细胞YAC-1的活性均明显低于生理盐水对照组,但比较损毁后不同时间段的T、B和NK细胞功能的变化,没有发现显著的差异.结论:小脑双侧间位核损毁可导致总淋巴细胞数以及T、B和NK细胞功能均发生不可逆的降低,充分说明小脑间位核可调节淋巴细胞的功能,并提示在正常体内,小脑间位核对淋巴细胞功能具有增强效应.     

视皮层反馈对猫外膝体神经元方位调制特性的影响

以扫描正弦光栅作为刺激,用冰冻法毁损皮层17、18、19区和外侧上雪氏回(LS区)来阻断皮层对外膝体的反馈投射,记录并描绘了猫外膝体597个细胞的方位调制特性.去视皮层猫外膝体神经元的平均方位选择性强度(Bias)为0.154,与正常猫(0.155)几乎相同,其最优方位偏向于水平方位.与正常猫外膝体不同的是,去视皮层猫外膝体失去了最优方位的切向分布规律,用GABA或KCl压抑皮层活动得到了相近的实验结果.结果说明正常外膝体的最优方位切向分布规律来自皮层反馈投射.     

急性毁损猫的初级视区使高级视区细胞失去对视觉刺激的诱发反应(英文)

心理物理学研究提示,初级视区毁损后的视觉残留可能是通过外纹状皮层的神经网络重组介导的,但缺少支持这一假说的电生理实验证据。采用在体细胞外单细胞记录技术,该研究分别检测了初级视区(主要包括17和18区)急性毁损猫和正常对照猫的高级视区(包括19、20和21区)神经元对不同视觉刺激的反应性。结果显示,与对照相比,急性毁损初级视区使99.3%的高级视区神经元丧失对运动光栅刺激的诱发反应,93%的神经元丧失对闪光刺激的反应。该结果表明,急性毁损成年猫的初级视皮层可能会导致其绝大部分视觉能力丧失。在幼年期实施初级视皮层毁损后,成年猫出现的残留视觉可能主要是由于手术后皮层下神经核团与外纹状皮层之间的通路重组引起的。     

电刺激大鼠巨细胞网状核对小脑浦肯野细胞自发和诱发电活动的影响

本研究在麻醉并制动的大鼠上观察了电刺激巨细胞网状核(Gi)对小脑浦肯野细胞(PC)自发及诱发简单锋电位的影响。结果如下:(1)刺激Gi可使PC的简单锋电位出现潜伏期小于20ms的抑制性或兴奋性反应,并以抑制性反应为主。抑制性反应持续40-100ms,而兴奋性反应的时程可达200ms以上;(2)注射5-HT_2型受体阻断剂methysergide可以减弱或阻断电刺激Gi对PC自发简单锋电位的抑制作用;(3)条件性Gi刺激可以显著压抑或加强由刺激对侧大脑皮层感觉运动区引起的PC诱发简单锋电位反应。以上结果说明:在大鼠存在Gi-小脑通路,这一通路中的部分纤维是5-HT能的。Gi-小脑纤维可能通过突触和/或非经典突触的化学传递方式对PC的电活动产生某种调制性的影响。推测Gi-小脑传入纤维投射可能在某些小脑功能活动,如肌紧张及姿势的调节等方面发挥重要作用。     

刺激兔丘脑不同核团和胼胝体引起的膈神经放电效应

实验在33例清醒、肌肉麻痹和切断双侧迷走神经的家兔上进行,观察了刺激丘脑不同核团(VIL,VL,VPM 和 MI)和胼胝体纤维以激活皮层时膈神经的放电效应。当在吸气相(膈神经放电时)给予上述核团及胼胝体纤维电脉冲刺激,可使膈神经放电短暂抑制,随后的呼气相缩短、吸气相提前出现。如果在呼气相刺激上述核团,也能使该呼气时相缩短,随后的吸气时相提前出现。当在皮层接受 VL 投射的局部区域给予回苏灵后,再刺激 VL,皮层诱发电位增大,除使原先的膈神经放电效应更为明显外,还可在呼气相刺激时引起膈神经即刻的短暂放电。以上实验结果提示,当用回苏灵使皮层活动加强后,刺激丘脑 VL 引起的膈神经放电效应明显增强。损毁红核或切断皮层下行传导束但保留皮层脊髓束后,刺激丘脑引起的膈神经放电效应均不受影响,表明传入冲动激活皮层后引起的膈神经放电效应可能主要经皮层脊髓束下传,而皮层红核脊髓束不起重要作用。     

胡须信息在大鼠双侧初级体感皮层间的传递路径

大鼠的初级体感皮层(primary somatosensory cortex,SⅠ)虽然只接受来自对侧胡须的上行输入,但仍可以被同侧胡须刺激所激活.解剖学研究发现,在两侧SⅠ皮层之间有两条传递胡须信息胼胝体通路:一条是类颗粒区(perigranular zone,PGZ)通路;另一条是异颗粒区(dysgranular zone,DZ)通路.然而,哪一条通路在传递胡须刺激信息的过程中起主要作用还不清楚.本研究使用电压敏感染料(voltage-sensitive dye,VSD)成像技术来观察胡须刺激时整个SⅠ的神经元群体活动的空间分布和时间特性.实验发现,对侧胡须刺激首先激活barrel(颗粒区,granular zone,GZ),然后以兴奋波的形式传播到胡须感觉区(sub-barrel field cortex,BFC)外侧的DZ.而与首先激活BFC的对侧胡须刺激不同,同侧胡须刺激首先激活SⅠ的DZ.所激发的皮层兴奋以波的形式传播并扩散至BFC.失活另一侧皮层可以抑制这种同侧反应.电刺激另一侧半球皮层与刺激同侧胡须类似,也首先激活成像侧DZ.我们的实验结果显示,胡须刺激激活对侧SⅠ,在经过胼胝体传导后,另一侧半球的DZ(同侧于被刺激的胡须)被激活.连接双侧皮层DZ区的胼胝体连接在SⅠ对同侧胡须刺激的反应中起了主导作用.     

Does synaptic elimination contribute to the organization of cerebellar microzones of climbing fiber projection?

In adult rats whose cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) remain polyinnervated by olivary climbing fibres (CFs) after postnatal irradiation, topographical maps of responsive PCs to mechanical stimulation of the third row of contralateral vibrissae show that these cells are more numerous and more diffusely distributed than in the normal rat. PCs responding with the "best responses" are distributed evenly from the midline to 400 microns lateral in the contralateral hemivermis of lobule VII, and not in a parasagittal microzone centred on the plane 200 microns as in the normal rat. Thus it seems likely that synaptic elimination should contribute to microzone formation during postnatal development of the normal cerebellum.     

The olivocerebellar projection to lobules I and II.

The olivocerebellar projection to lobules I and II was studied by means of retrograde transport from implants of the crystalline WGA-HRP complex. Retrogradely labelled neurons were found in the medial and dorsal accessory olives. Judged from the distribution of labelled cells, we conclude that parasagittally the olivocerebellar terminal zones A and B (i.e., the cerebellar cortical strips receiving axons from the olivary A and B regions) extend anteriorly into lobule Ia, whereas the fused olivocerebellar terminal C1/C3 zones reach lobule IIa. The olivocerebellar terminal C2 zone extends into lobule IIIa but not into lobule IIa. In lobule I the medial border of the B zone lies about 1 mm from the midline, in lobule II the B zone extends somewhat more medially. The lateral border of this zone is 1.9-2 mm from the midline. Compared to previous results, it appears that most of the Purkinje cells in lobule I projecting to the vestibular nuclei lie medially to the olivocerebellar terminal B zone.     

中缝背核对猫小脑浦肯野细胞电活动的影响

在麻醉并麻痹的猫上观察到:刺激中缝背核(DR)可引起小脑皮层浦肯野细胞(PC)兴奋或抑制(主要是抑制);由被动性腕关节屈伸运动刺激引起的外周本体传入可以增强或减速PC对DR刺激的反应。这些结果表明中缝-小脑5-HT能纤维的传入活动可以调制PC的放电活动,并与外周传入有相互作用。     

Activity of cat cerebellar neurons in penicillin epilepsy and amphetamine treatment.

The discharge pattern of cerebellar Purkinje cells and fastigial neurons was studied after acute amphetamine treatment in immobilized cats, as well as during generalized penicillin-induced epilepsy. There was a marked reversible decrease in spontaneous firing rate of Purkinje cells and an increase in spontaneous firing rate of fastigial neurons after acute d-1 amphetamine administration (5 mg/kg, s.c.). The discharge pattern of Purkinje cells showed tendency towards inhibition, while the fastigial neurons showed less clear tendency towards disinhibition in the course of epilepsy induced by parenteral administration of penicillin (400.000-500.000 I.U./kg, i.m.). Moreover, acute amphetamine treatment (5 mg/kg, s.c.) performed after the development of penicillin-induced epileptic episodes elicited a prominent suppression of Purkinje cell discharges associated with a parallel increase in discharges of fastigial neurons. These results suggest that the changes in discharge rate of cerebellar corticonuclear neurons induced by amphetamine contribute to suppression of seizural activity in the feline model of generalized epilepsy.     

电刺激猫小脑顶核对动脉血压和肾交感神经放电的影响

在38只麻醉及人工呼吸的猫,观察到电刺激小脑顶核嘴侧部能引起动脉血压显著升高;肾交感神经放电于刺激期间显著增加。去缓冲神经对刺激顶核所引起的血压反应的幅度和肾交感神经放电均无明显影响,但可明显延长血压反应升高相以及血压恢复期的时间。静脉注射氯庄定引起血压降低、心率减慢及肾交感神经放电的抑制,并能减弱刺激顶核引起的血压反应,但增强了刺激顶核引起的肾神经放电的变化。电解损毁延髓腹外侧面引起血压降低及肾交感神经放电的抑制,然而无论单侧还是双侧损毁延髓腹外侧面都不能阻断刺激顶核所引起的血压和肾交感神经放电的反应。以上结果表明,电刺激顶核能引起明显的心血管反应,其反应的下行性通路可能不通过延髓腹外侧面。     

The organization of the corticonuclear and olivocerebellar climbing fiber projections to the rat cerebellar vermis: The congruence of projection zones and the zebrin pattern

The zonal organization of the corticonuclear and the olivocerebellar climbing fiber projections to the vermis of the cerebellum of the rat was compared to the pattern of zebrin-positive and zebrin-negative bands in material double-stained for zebrin II and for different anterograde tracers injected in subnuclei of the inferior olive, or retrograde tracers injected in the cerebellar and vestibular target nuclei of the Purkinje cells of the vermis. Projection zones A₁, A_X, X, B, C_X in the vermis and A₂ (accessory A zone) and C₂ in the hemisphere were defined by their efferent corticonuclear and their afferent climbing fiber connections, and were found to share the same topographical framework with the zebrin pattern.     

Differences between motor point and innervation zone locations in the biceps brachii. An exploratory consideration for the treatment of spasticity with botulinum toxin

BackgroundBotulinum toxin (BTX) acts on the neuromuscular junction which can be located by the innervation zone (IZ). Clinically, the motor point (MP) is homologous to the IZ and it is used as the injection site of BTX. Differences in the effectiveness of the application of BTX between MP and IZ locations have been determined.ObjectiveCompare the location of the MP obtained using electrical stimulation and the location of the IZ using a linear surface electrodes array on the biceps brachii muscle.MethodsThe biceps brachii muscle of twenty men was assessed. The MP was located using the torque measurement generated by electrical stimulation. The IZ was detected using a linear surface electrodes array.ResultsA difference between the MP and the IZ positions (75.8 vs. 86.5 mm, delta 10.7 mm; p = 0.003, post-hoc power 0.89) was observed.DiscussionThe magnitude of the difference between the MP and the IZ may be clinically relevant. The IZ location using surface electromyography as a guide to optimize BTX injection is proposed.     

组胺对大鼠小脑皮层浦肯野细胞的兴奋作用

在离体大鼠小脑脑片上观察了组胺对小脑皮层第Ⅹ小叶浦肯野细胞的作用。组胺（３～１００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）主要引起浦肯野细胞的兴奋反应（９４４％,５１／５４）,在少数细胞上也观察到组胺所引起的放电抑制现象（５６％,３／５４）。用低Ｃａ２＋／高Ｍｇ２＋人工脑脊液灌流脑片,不能取消浦肯野细胞对组胺的兴奋反应（ｎ＝４）。Ｈ２受体对抗剂ｒａｎｉｔｉｄｉｎｅ（０１～５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）能够阻断浦肯野细胞对组胺的兴奋反应（ｎ＝２０）,而Ｈ１受体对抗剂ｔｒｉｐｒｏｌｉｄｉｎｅ（０５～５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）不能够（ｎ＝９）或仅轻微地（ｎ＝４）阻断浦肯野细胞对组胺的兴奋反应。这些结果提示,组胺可能主要通过Ｈ２受体的介导对浦肯野细胞起兴奋性调节作用,下丘脑小脑组胺能神经通路可能参与了小脑的某些躯体的和非躯体的功能调节。