柠檬渣吸附磷的研究

为了研究柠檬渣对磷的吸附,利用H_2SO_4和CaCl_2溶液对柠檬渣进行了改性,并采用L_(16)(4~5)正交实验进行了优化。测试了吸附剂的比表面积、孔容与孔径等性能,并利用电镜和能谱(SEM/EDS)对吸附剂进行了表征。实验结果表明吸附影响因素的最优组合为CaCl_2溶液的质量浓度为20%、溶液pH值为8.5、吸附时间为120min和吸附温度为25℃,在此最优条件下柠檬渣吸附磷的吸附率可达到93.6%,因素的主次关系依次为CaCl_2质量浓度吸附时间吸附温度pH值,且CaCl_2溶液的质量浓度具有显著性。柠檬渣经改性后比表面积增加了近4倍,孔容、孔径和碘吸附值变化不大,灰分率减少了近70%;吸附后柠檬渣中含有P元素,但形成的峰都不高。     

柠檬渣微波改性及吸附pb~(2+)的性能研究

为了研究柠檬渣微波改性后的吸附性能,测量了改性柠檬渣对pb~(2+)的吸附率、柠檬渣的比表面积(BET)、灰分、碘吸附值和孔结构;并利用红外光谱(IR)、紫外光谱(UV)、差热分析(TG-DTA)、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱(EDS)对柠檬渣进行了表征。微波改性的柠檬渣对pb~(2+)吸附率比化学改性和预处理后的柠檬渣都有明显增加。与化学改性相比,柠檬渣经微波改性后比表面积有所减小,灰分率增大近5倍,碘吸附值增大近1.5倍;产生羧基和内酯基的量相对较多,酚羟基产生的量相对较少。改性柠檬渣吸附pb~(2+)后,总体骨架没有改变。微波改性柠檬渣在206 nm左右处有最大紫外吸收峰,吸附pb~(2+)后在192 nm左右处出现最大吸收峰。微波改性的柠檬渣和吸附pb~(2+)后的柠檬渣都有三个失重过程,主要由碳组成,pb~(2+)能被改性柠檬渣有效吸附,但pb~(2+)的重量和原子百分比都不高。改性后的柠檬渣表面变得疏松,孔数量明显增加。     

玉米秸秆生物炭制备及结构特性分析

为了高效、经济、环保地解决华北平原地区玉米秸秆处置问题并寻求有效途径,该研究以玉米秸秆为原料,采用限氧裂解法在不同温度(200℃、300℃、400℃、500℃)下制备生物炭,并对生物炭的热解动力学、结构形貌、元素组成、比表面积、孔径分布、官能团等理化特征进行了分析表征。结果表明:不同裂解温度制备的生物炭具有不同的差热曲线,其官能团的组成也存在差异,这表明了样品中不同生物质的热解反应过程。随着热解温度的升高,生物炭产率、氢和氧含量下降,同时H/C和(O+N)/C比值也降低,而碳和氮含量却升高,说明生物炭芳香性增强,亲水性和极性减弱,性质趋于稳定。生物炭热重曲线和差热曲线分为三个过程,热解温度高时失重比例低,曲线趋向平缓。生物炭的比表面积、微孔比表面积、中孔体积和微孔体积随着热解温度的升高而增大,但最可几孔径却减小,吸附能力增强。综上所述,400℃的温度制备生物炭,其产率相对较高、结构最稳定、吸附性能最佳,有助于最大程序的利用农业废弃物资源、降低耗能,提高农产品附加值。     

再力花残体活性炭的制备及对结晶紫的吸附

以多年生水生植物再力花残体为原料,磷酸为活化剂制备活性炭,其BET比表面积达1174.13 m2·g-1,微孔面积为426.99 m2·g-1,平均孔径为3.23 nm.考察了不同pH、结晶紫初始浓度、吸附时间和吸附温度下,活性炭对结晶紫的吸附性能.结果表明:吸附量基本不随pH变化;吸附过程主要分为快速吸附和慢速吸附2个阶段,符合伪二级动力学方程;在温度为293、303、313 K条件下,吸附过程更符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,最大吸附量分别为409.83、425.53和438.59 mg.g-1,且吸附是一个熵增的自发吸热过程.     

用超大孔树脂吸附和低乙醇浓度洗脱提纯异黄酮的研究

传统大孔吸附树脂吸附分离中草药有效成分通常需要高浓度的有机溶剂作为洗脱剂,在大规模生产中具有安全隐患和对环境的污染。本文以异黄酮为目标产物,考察了8种不同骨架、不同孔径的树脂对异黄酮的吸附分离性能,其中包括本实验室自制的孔径为1000nm的超大孔树脂。实验结果表明,与传统大孔树脂吸附层析法相比,超大孔树脂吸附层析不仅工艺简单、快速而且大幅度降低了有机溶剂的使用量。洗脱时,乙醇浓度由70％降低到20％。     

硫酸盐还原菌Desulfotomaculum reducens ZTS1厌氧降解昭通褐煤

[目的] 以云南昭通褐煤为研究对象,从矿井水富集产物中分离得到SRB菌株Desulfotomaculum reducens ZTS1厌氧降解褐煤,分析研究SRB菌株处理褐煤前后的物化性质变化。[方法] 采用工业和元素分析、XRD、FT-IR、SEM和低温液氮吸附法比较研究SRB厌氧降解褐煤前后矿物组成、有机官能团、表面形貌和孔隙结构变化。[结果] D.reducens ZTS1厌氧降解褐煤后灰分和挥发分略有降低,碳、氮和硫元素的含量降低,氧的含量增加,煤中硫代硫酸钠消失,FT-IR结果表明褐煤长链烃上的甲基和亚甲基团增多,游离羟基减少。煤表面粗糙度增加,小孔径的孔隙增多,孔径比表面积增大。[结论] D.reducens ZTS1可以厌氧降解昭通褐煤,厌氧降解后煤的物化性质发生变化。     

干姜化学成分和药理作用研究进展

干姜(Zingiberis Rhizoma)为姜科姜属植物姜(Zingiber officinale Rosc.)的干燥根茎,是药食两用的常用中药,具有抗炎杀菌、抗氧化、抗血小板聚集和抗肿瘤等多种药理活性,可用于消炎、镇痛及止呕等。其化学成分复杂,主要包括挥发油、姜辣素、二苯基庚烷等结构类型。本文就干姜的化学成分和药理作用研究现状作一综述。     

磁性大孔树脂对苹果渣多酚的吸附-解吸效能

以苹果渣多酚类化合物为吸附模型,制备一种可有效吸附分离苹果渣多酚的磁性树脂,研究其吸附、解吸效能,并就吸附和解吸效能、使用次数与普通大孔树脂进行比较。结果显示,5种普通树脂中D280、H103、AB-8对苹果渣多酚的吸附率均高于80%,AB-8、D3520树脂对苹果渣多酚的解吸率均高于90%,AB-8树脂的吸附率和解吸率最好;磁性大孔树脂吸附0.5 h后即可达到吸附平衡,吸附平衡后剩余液多酚质量浓度低于AB-8树脂吸附平衡后剩余液多酚质量浓度,吸附效能明显优于AB-8树脂;磁性大孔树脂解吸效能也略优于AB-8树脂;使用4 次后,磁性大孔树脂的吸附率仍然高于70%,稳定性优于AB-8树脂。可见,磁性大孔树脂是一种良好的苹果渣多酚吸附剂,有较好的工业化应用前景。     

黑曲霉发酵菌渣对臧红T的吸附研究

将糖化酶发酵生产过程中产生的黑曲霉菌渣作为一种复合吸附剂进行了染料吸附研究,以挖掘其吸附潜力。首先对菌渣的理化性质进行了分析,然后以臧红T为模型染料,考察了几种因素(接触时间、溶液温度、吸附剂量、初始浓度和盐离子)对吸附的影响,并将所得数据用等温吸附方程、动力学方程和热力学方程进行了模型拟和。结果表明,吸附可在2 h内达到平衡,吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,属于化学吸附,膜扩散模型比内扩散模型更适合解释吸附行为;温度对吸附有促进作用,吸附过程是一个自发的吸热反应;通过Langmuir方程可计算出最大单分子层吸附容量为166.67 mg/g,但Freundlich能更好的描述吸附行为,说明菌渣表面存在多个不同的吸附位点。此外,菌渣投加量和钠离子浓度均可影响吸附效果,染料去除率最高可达91%。     

石油焦基高比表面积活性炭对水中Pb2+离子吸附性能的研究

以石油焦基为原料,采用KOH活化法制取高比表面积活性炭。考察了高比表面积活性炭吸附水中Pb^2 时,pH值、Pb^2 浓度、吸附时间和活性炭用量等因素对Pb^2 吸附量和水中Pb^2 残余浓度的影响。实验结果表明：高比表面积活性炭在适宜条件下对Pb^2 具有较大的吸附量和良好的再生效果。为高比表面积活性炭在废水中的实际应用提供了理论依据。     

Amino-acid sequence and glycan structures of cysteine proteases with proline specificity from ginger rhizome Zingiber officinale.

The ginger proteases (GP-I and GP-II), isolated from the ginger rhizome Zingiber officinale, have an unusual substrate specificity preference for cleaving peptides with a proline residue at the P2 position. The complete amino-acid sequence of GP-II, a glycoprotein containing 221 amino acids, and about 98% that of GP-I have been determined. Both proteases, which are 82% similar, have cysteine residues at positions 27 and histidines at position 161, corresponding to the essential cysteine-histidine diads found in the papain family of cysteine proteases, and six corresponding cysteine residues that form the three invariant disulfide linkages seen in this family of proteins. The sequence homology with other members (papain, bromelain, actinidin, protease omega, etc.) of this family is approximately 50%. GP-II has two predicted glycosylation sites at Asn99 and Asn156. Analyisis by electrospray and collision-induced dissociation MS showed that both sites were occupied by the glycans (Man)3(Xyl)1(Fuc)1(GlcNAc)2 and (Man)3(Xyl)1(Fuc)1(GlcNAc)3, in a ratio of approximately 7 : 1. Both glycans are xylose containing biantennary complex types that share the common core structural unit, Man1-->6(Man1-->3) (Xyl1-->2)Man1-->4GlcNAc1-->4(Fuc1-->3)GlcNAc for the major form, with an additional N-acetylglucosamine residue being linked, in the minor form, to one of the terminal mannose units of the core structure.     

Ginger Rogers? No, Ginger Ale and its invisible proteome

The trace proteome of a Ginger drink, stated to be produced with a ginger root extract, has been investigated via capture with combinatorial peptide ligand libraries (ProteoMiner). Although in traces, we could confirm the presence of five grape proteins and one apple protein, but not even the faintest trace of any ginger root proteins. The first two findings are correct, as the producer stated that this beverage had been reinforced with 12% grape juice and 6% apple juice, but the absence of even traces of ginger proteins does not permit the classification of this beverage as a ginger extract on a proteomics scale. However, organoleptic tasting has confirmed the presence of a ginger extract, due to its piquant and tongue-biting taste. Nevertheless, any ginger root extract must be considered as a minor component as compared to the presence of grape and apple juice. At the light of these findings, it is hoped that the competent authorities will in the future make compulsory the proper labelling also of beverages so that all amounts of compounds utilized will be clearly stated in the label, including the presumptive main component.     

生姜脱菌快繁研究进展

生姜是重要的经济作物 ,可用作香料、药物和调味品 ,它主要通过地下根状茎繁殖。自 1 977年生姜脱菌组培获得成功以来 ,在外植体的选择、培养基和培养条件等脱菌快繁技术上都有较大改进 ,培养效率明显提高 ,平均每个芽可增殖 7.7个芽 ,移栽成活率高达 95 %以上。就生姜脱菌快繁技术的发展及其应用前景 ,诸如创造遗传变异、离体种质保存、脱菌种子包衣和离体小块茎生产等作了综述。     

生姜脱菌快繁研究进展

生姜是重要的经济作物,可用作香料、药物和调味品,它主要通过地下根状茎繁殖。自1977年生姜脱菌组培获得成功以来,在外植体的选择、培养基和培养条件等脱菌快繁技术上都有较大改进,培养效率明显提高,平均每个芽可增殖7.7个芽,移栽成活率高达95%以上。就生姜脱菌快繁技术的发展及其应用前景,诸如创造遗传变异、离体种质保存、脱菌种子包衣和离体小块茎生产等作了综述。     

ABSTRACTS OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE 31st ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF THE SOCIETY

Zingiber officinale (ginger) has been shown to be a rich source of antioxidants. Previous studies have shown that cryptorchidism causes oxidative stress. However, the possible effect of ginger in ameliorating cryptorchidism-induced oxidative stress in rat has not been investigated. The present study therefore looked into the effect of ethanol extract of ginger (EEG) on the oxidative stress in experimentally induced cryptorchidism in the rat. Twenty four (24) male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 170g-210g were divided into three (3) groups (A-C), of eight (8) rats each. Group A was sham-operated and treated with vehicle, Groups B and C were rendered cryptorchid treated with vehicle and EEG respectively. Cryptorchid rats had significantly lower testicular weight, sperm count, sperm motility, lower percentage sperms with normal morphology, superoxide dismutase (SOD),..     

Inhibitory effect of essential oils against herpes simplex virus type 2.

Essential oils from anise, hyssop, thyme, ginger, camomile and sandalwood were screened for their inhibitory effect against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in vitro on RC-37 cells using a plaque reduction assay. Genital herpes is a chronic, persistent infection spreading efficiently and silently as sexually transmitted disease through the population. Antiviral agents currently applied for the treatment of herpesvirus infections include acyclovir and its derivatives. The inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were determined at 0.016%, 0.0075%, 0.007%, 0.004%, 0.003% and 0.0015% for anise oil, hyssop oil, thyme oil, ginger oil, camomile oil and sandalwood oil, respectively. A clearly dose-dependent virucidal activity against HSV-2 could be demonstrated for all essential oils tested. In order to determine the mode of the inhibitory effect, essential oils were added at different stages during the viral infection cycle. At maximum noncytotoxic concentrations of the essential oils, plaque formation was significantly reduced by more than 90% when HSV-2 was preincubated with hyssop oil, thyme oil or ginger oil. However, no inhibitory effect could be observed when the essential oils were added to the cells prior to infection with HSV-2 or after the adsorption period. These results indicate that essential oils affected HSV-2 mainly before adsorption probably by interacting with the viral envelope. Camomile oil exhibited a high selectivity index and seems to be a promising candidate for topical therapeutic application as virucidal agents for treatment of herpes genitalis.     

The Effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) on Platelet Aggregation: A Systematic Literature Review

BackgroundThe potential effect of ginger on platelet aggregation is a widely-cited concern both within the published literature and to clinicians; however, there has been no systematic appraisal of the evidence to date.MethodsUsing the PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed the results of clinical and observational trials regarding the effect of ginger on platelet aggregation in adults compared to either placebo or baseline data. Studies included in this review stipulated the independent variable was a ginger preparation or isolated ginger compound, and used measures of platelet aggregation as the primary outcome.ResultsTen studies were included, comprising eight clinical trials and two observational studies. Of the eight clinical trials, four reported that ginger reduced platelet aggregation, while the remaining four reported no effect. The two observational studies also reported mixed findings.DiscussionMany of the studies appraised for this review had moderate risks of bias. Methodology varied considerably between studies, notably the timeframe studied, dose of ginger used, and the characteristics of subjects recruited (e.g. healthy vs. patients with chronic diseases).ConclusionThe evidence that ginger affects platelet aggregation and coagulation is equivocal and further study is needed to definitively address this question.     

Isolation and amplification of DNA from rhizomes of turmeric and ginger

Turmeric and ginger are used as spices and in alternative systems of medicine. They are rich in polysaccharides, polyphenols, and alkaloids. A simple and rapid method for isolating good quality DNA with fairly good yields from mature rhizome tissues of turmeric and ginger has been perfected. Isolated DNA was amenable to restriction digestion and PCR amplification.     

Design, synthesis, and characterization of a model peptide having potent calcitonin-like biological activity: implications for calcitonin structure/activity

A calcitonin analogue, MCT-II, having the potential to form an amphiphilic alpha-helix from residue 8 to residue 22 with a continuous surface of aliphatic leucine side chains on the hydrophobic face of the helix has been synthesized, and its physical and biological properties have been characterized. Properties exhibited by this peptide, including self-association in the micromolar concentration range with a concomitant increase in the percentage of alpha-helical structure, formation of stable monolayers at the air-water interface, and adsorption to the surface of egg lecithin single-bilayer vesicles, demonstrate that MCT-II can readily form an amphiphilic alpha-helical structure. Though MCT-II has minimal sequence homology to any particular natural analogue from residue 8 to residue 22, it has biological activity similar to that of salmon calcitonin I for receptor binding in brain and kidney membranes, for activation of adenylate cyclase, and in hypocalcemic potency in vivo. The amphiphilic alpha-helical structure of MCT-II, therefore, is important for binding to calcitonin receptors. It is also apparent that a hydrophilic residue commonly occurring on the hydrophobic face (position 15) in the natural calcitonins is not required for high biological activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Adsorption of cellulase from Trichoderma reesei on cellulose and lignacious residue in wood pretreated by dilute sulfuric acid with explosive decompression

The adsorption of cellulase on cellulose and a lignacious residue was examined by using cellulase from Trichoderma reesei, hardwood pretreated by dilute sulfuric acid under high pressure, and a lignacious residue prepared by a complete enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated wood. A significant amount of cellulase was found to adsorb on the lignacious residue during the hydrolysis of the pretreated wood. Hence, the adsorption of enzyme on the lignacious residue as well as cellulose must be taken into account in the development of the hydrolysis kinetics. It was found that the adsorption of enzyme on cellulose and on the lignacious residue could be represented by Langmuir type isotherms. The data show that the pretreatment at a higher temperature results in more enzyme adsorption on the cellulose fraction and less on the lignacious residue fraction. The relationship between the hydrolysis rate and the amount of enzyme adsorbed is discussed.