狼蛛,蟹蛛和跳蛛

狼蛛、蟹蛛和跳蛛分别是蜘蛛目中三个科的蜘蛛的通称。这三类蜘蛛包括了我们日常见到的游猎型蜘蛛的大部分种类,它们在帮助人类消灭害虫中所起作用也较大,所以作为动物学教学中的例子加以介绍。 (一)狼蛛狼蛛在地面或植物上疾驰,凶狠如狼,故名。体长3-25毫米,但多数种类在5-8毫米间。体色多黄褐色,不鲜艳。8眼,排成三列。前列4个小眼,中、后两列各2个眼,较大;后列两眼的间距稍大于中列两眼的间距(图1左)。卵袋扁球形,由两片半圆形丝膜缝合而成。卵袋挂在母蛛腹部后端的纺器上,由母蛛随身携带。幼蛛孵出后不分散,而是爬伏在母蛛腹部     

奎孔蛛（跳蛛科）雌蛛记述

本文记述奎孔蛛的雌性和雄性鉴别特征。雌蛛最初记述于越南,雌蛛系新发现。文内附以雄蛛左触肢的腹面观和侧面观,其中侧面观的角度与原定名人的附图的角度不同,以供读者参考。本种在我国系新记录,产于湖南和云南两省,其实际分布范围尚待进一步调查。     

中国园蛛2雄蛛（蜘蛛目：园蛛科）

首次记述２种中国园蛛－类高居金蛛ＡｒｇｉｏｐｅａｅｈｅｒｏｉｄｅｓＹｉｎｅｔ．ａｌ．１９８９和双隆园蛛ＡｒａｎｅｕｓｐｒｏｍｉｎｅｎｓＹｉｎｅｔａｌ．１９８９的雄蛛。     

虎纹捕鸟蛛雄蛛的修订（蜘蛛目：捕鸟蛛科）

修订了王家福等所订虎纹捕鸟蛛ＳｅｌｅｎｏｃｏｓｍｉａｈｕｗｅｎａＷａｎｇｅｔ．ａｌ,１９９３的雄蛛,并将近期所采得的该种雄蛛作了重新描述。     

考氏伊蛛雌蛛的描述（蜘蛛目：跳蛛科）

本文记述新发现考氏伊蛛Icius courtauldi的雌蛛,并附雄蛛触肢图以供参考。安德烈耶娃等(1984)虽提到普尔茨瓦尔斯基的标本可能产地在新疆,但这仅是一个推测。所以,这是本种在中国(新疆)分布的正式记录。     

东方法老蛛雌蛛的描述（蜘蛛目：跳蛛科）

报道采自甘肃文县的东方法老蛛雌蛛,为该种雌蛛的首次记述。     

螺旋哈蛛雌蛛的描述（蜘蛛目：跳蛛科）

哈蛛属Hasarina自1963年Schenkel建立以来,至今仅知一种,即螺旋哈蛛Hasarina contortospinosa Schenkel, 1963 (Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat., 25A: 462—464, f. 262)模式标本釆自甘肃。Schenkel仅记述了雄性个体。继后 Wesolowska 于1981年再次报道了该种,也仅记述了雄性个体。(Ann.Zool. Warszawa, 36(7): 132—133, f. 10—13)。笔者整理我国跳蛛科蜘蛛标本时,从采自福建崇安、湖南张家界、四川峨眉山的标本中,发现了该种雌蛛,现将其补充描述于下。     

3种园蛛幼蛛各龄形态比较

实验室恒温条件下,研究了园蛛属3种园蛛——角园蛛(Araneus cornutus),叶斑园蛛(A.sta),大腹园蛛(A.ventricosus)的各龄幼蛛。描述它们各自的形态特征;指出它们之间的形态差异。     

尾莫蟹蛛雄蛛的描述（蜘蛛目：蟹蛛科）

对蟹蛛科Ｔｈｏｍｉｓｉｄａｅ的尾莫蟹蛛Ｍｏｎａｅｓｅｓｃａｕｄａｔｕｓ雄蛛作了描述。     

Do Malaysian Myrmarachne associate with particular species of ant?

Ant-mimicry has evolved in numerous families of spiders. Although some mimics resemble ants very precisely in their morphology and behaviour, others have only a superficial resemblance to ants. In the present study, each of at least seven (and probably ten) out of 11 species of Myrmarachne from peninsular Malaysia associates with one particular species or genus of ant that it specifically resembles; these are therefore 'good' or 'specific' mimics. Myrmarachne malayana lives in the foraging ranges of a variety of ants and shows no specific resemblance to any one genus of ant, and it is best considered as a 'poor' or 'general' mimic. A species of Castianeira (Corinnidae) with a much less precise similarity to ants (a 'poor' mimic) was associated with Polyrhachis ants. It had previously been suggested that Orsima ichneumon (Salticidae) is an ant or insect mimic in reverse; in the present study, it was associated with Polyrhachis ants but is not considered to be an ant-mimic. Two recent theoretical models show how a poor ant-mimic may be better protected than a good mimic under certain circumstances. These data provide some support for the multimodel hypothesis, although not for Sherratt's hypothesis. However, a realistic test of these hypotheses requires more information than that provided here on both mimics and models.  © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 88 , 645–653.     

The biology of ant-like jumping spiders: intraspecific interactions of Myrmarachne lupata (Araneae, Salticidae)

Myrmarachne lupata is an ant-like salticid in which males have very large chelicerae. The display repertoire of this species is unusually large and complex for a salticid spider. Each individual male uses one of three different mating tactics depending on the female's maturity and location. With adult females outside nests type 1 courtship occurs which seems to be a form of visual communication and includes specialized movements and postures of the legs, palps and body. With adult females inside nests, males use type 2 courtship, which seems to be a form of non-visual communication and consists primarily of probing with the legs on the silk; males mate with receptive females inside the nests. With subadult females, males first use type 2 courtship then spin an adjacent silken chamber and cohabit. After she moults and matures, mating occurs inside the nest. Vacant nests of conspecific females, but not those of another sympatric salticid species, elicit courtship behaviour from males. During male-male interactions, embracing occurs with the large chelicerae spread apart. Females and subadults also display, and different displays occur in interactions depending on the sex/age classes of the spiders involved. Despite the unusual morphology of these spiders, their individual displays are similar to those of more typical salticids. During copulation males stand beside the female instead of over or on her as occurs with typical salticids.     

The comparative study of the predatory behaviour of Myrmarachne, ant-like jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

The predatory behaviour of 31 species of Myrmarachne , ant-like salticids, was studied in the laboratory and the field. The ant-like morphology and locomotion of these spiders appears to function primarily in Batesian mimicry. No evidence was found of Myrmarachne feeding on ants. However, predatory sequences were found to differ considerably from those typical of salticids. Instead of stalking and leaping on prey, Myrmarachne lunged at prey from close range. Myrmarachne used its legs I to tap prey before lunging, another unusual behaviour for a salticid. Myrmarachne fed on a wide range of arthropod prey in nature and the laboratory, but appears to be especially efficient at catching moths. Also, Myrmarachne tends to open up, or enter into, other spiders' nests and eat other spiders' eggs. Myrmarachne males were less efficient than females, in laboratory tests, at catching various types of arthropod prey, but they appear to be as efficient as females at oophagy. Myrmarachne tend to use webs of other spiders as nest sites, but no evidence was found of Myrmarachne preying on spiders in webs. It appears that the unusual features of Myrmarachne's predatory and nesting behaviour are important in enabling these spiders to preserve their ant-like appearance.     

Dynamics of the evolution of Batesian mimicry: molecular phylogenetic analysis of ant-mimicking Myrmarachne (Araneae: Salticidae) species and their ant models

Batesian mimicry is seen as an example of evolution by natural selection, with predation as the main driving force. The mimic is under selective pressure to resemble its model, whereas it is disadvantageous for the model to be associated with the palatable mimic. In consequence one might expect there to be an evolutionary arms race, similar to the one involving host-parasite coevolution. In this study, the evolutionary dynamics of a Batesian mimicry system of model ants and ant-mimicking salticids is investigated by comparing the phylogenies of the two groups. Although Batesian mimics are expected to coevolve with their models, we found the phylogenetic patterns of the models and the mimics to be indicative of adaptive radiation by the mimic rather than co-speciation between the mimic and the model. This shows that there is strong selection pressure on Myrmarachne, leading to a high degree of polymorphism. There is also evidence of sympatric speciation in Myrmarachne, the reproductive isolation possibly driven by female mate choice in polymorphic species.     

Quadruplexes of human telomere DNA analogs designed to contain G:A:G:A,G:G:A:A,and A:A:A:A tetrads

Replacement of two to four guanines by adenines in the human telomere DNA repeat dG₃(TTAG₃)₃ did not hinder the formation of quadruplexes if the substitutions took place in the terminal tetrad bridged by the diagonal loop of the intramolecular antiparallel three‐tetrad scaffold, as proved by CD and PAGE in both Na⁺ and K⁺ solutions. Thermodynamic data showed that, in Na⁺ solution, the dG₃(TTAG₃)₃ quadruplex was destabilized, the least by the two G:A:G:A tetrads, the most by the G:G:A:A tetrad in which the adenosines replaced syn‐guanosines. In physiological K⁺ solution, the highest destabilization was caused by the 4A tetrad. In K⁺, only the unmodified dG₃(TTAG₃)₃ quadruplex rearranged into a K⁺‐dependent quadruplex form, none of the multiple adenine‐modified structures did so. This may imply biological consequences for nonrepaired A‐for‐G mutations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 880–886, 2010.