预测DNA序列中短CpG岛新方法

在基因表达调控中,长度在200~500bp之间的短CpG岛具有非常重要的作用,然而目前并没有一种非常好的方法寻找短CpG岛。基于给定长度DNA片段上碱基随机分布的排列组合算法,我们定义了一种计算CpG观察预期比的新方法。结合DNA片段长度和GC含量这两个参数,该方法给出了人类21号和22号染色体上CpG岛分布的预测结果。根据CpG岛与基因功能区、Alu重复序列和UCSC的CpG岛对比分析,本研究给出了新的CpG岛判断准则:(1)CpG岛不小于200bp;(2)GC占比不小于50%;(3)CpG观察预期比不小于1.4。通过与Takai方法的对比分析显示,新方法能够显著地排除Alu重复序列对CpG岛预测的影响,并且能够准确预测具有更短长度的CpG岛在DNA片段上的分布。多基因转录起始位点基因分析结果表明,短CpG岛是UCSC的CpG岛的核心组成部分,短CpG岛是参与基因表达调控的核心元件。本研究为预测和分析短CpG岛在人类基因调控中的作用提供了必要的手段。     

人类全基因组范围的CpG岛的预测与分析

CpG岛的甲基化是表观遗传中基因表达调控的重要机制。虽然目前已存在几个从DNA序列判别CpG岛的标准,但如何在标准中选择合适的参数仍是研究的焦点。文章通过分析比较两种经典CpG岛判定标准与三种预测方法,提出了改进的CpG岛预测方法——CpGISeeker。应用该预测方法,结合判定标准中的三个基本参数组合出的13组组合参数,在人类全基因组范围内进行了CpG岛预测,并统计分析了CpG岛的重复序列组成以及相对于基因转录起始位点的位置分布情况。分析结果表明CpGISeeker具有更精确判定CpG岛的特性;同时还提示,随着判定标准严格性的增加,CpG岛的重复序列含量降低,与基因转录起始位点的相关性提高。将CpG岛最小尺寸为500bp、GC含量为60%、CpG出现率达到0.65的组合参数作为标准,是目前预测CpG岛的最佳方式。     

牛ASCL2基因生物信息学分析

在人与小鼠中,A SCL2基因是一个母源表达的印记基因,在早期胚胎和胎盘发育中起重要作用。牛A SCL2基因的印记状态和印记的分子机理还没有被研究。本研究采用生物信息学方法对牛A SCL2基因分子进化、启动子和CpG岛区域以及蛋白的高级结构进行分析和预测,为进一步揭示该基因生物学功能和其分子调控机理奠定基础。对21种哺乳动物A SCL2基因的mRNA序列进化分析表明：这21种哺乳动物间的遗传距离小于0.536,且牛与猪遗传距离最小,为0.106,与基因进化树分析结果一致。CpG岛在线软件预测显示,在牛中,该基因上游5 k序列中有三个CpG岛。启动子在线软件预测和转录因子分析相结合显示,启动子最可能位于该基因5'端上游4725~4775 bp处CpG岛区域内,此区域包括大量潜在转录因子结合位点,并在4734 bp处存在一个TATA框。蛋白质在线软件分析表明,A SCL2基因编码一种螺旋-环-螺旋形转录因子,有α-螺旋、β-转角和无规则卷曲3种二级结构。     

基于模糊理论预测CpG岛新方法

启动子区域的CpG岛的异常甲基化是识别癌症的重要标志之一。目前已经建立的一些CpG岛的预测思想和方法都有自身的缺点,基于模糊理论的预测思想从贴进度的角度来判定CpG岛,能更容易地找到被以往方法所忽略的具有更多生物学意义的CpG岛。本研究通过构建属于CpG岛集合的隶属函数,计算候选序列的隶属度,找出所有的可接受隶属程度的CpG岛。将该方法应用于UCSC数据库中的一段序列（hg18．chr1．31618510.31623510.-1000）进行预测,发现提高了预测的精确度。可见应用模糊理论预测CpG岛具有一定的可行性,利用选取不同的截集,可以得到更为精确的CpG岛。     

结直肠癌中DNA甲基化研究进展

CpG岛是人类基因组中富含CpG二核苷酸的DNA序列,主要位于基因启动子区,大小约为100-1000bp,与约60％编码基因相关。DNA中CpG岛甲基化可导致抑癌基因的表观遗传学转录失活,直接参与肿瘤的发生机制。近年来,甲基化已成为表观遗传学研究的焦点。我们简要综述了DNA甲基化在结直肠癌中的研究进展。     

数据与计算驱动的蛋白质元件预测和设计

为实现特定合成生物系统,需要使用恰当的蛋白质元件,即具有所需的特异性分子识别、酶催化活性等功能的天然蛋白质或工程改造蛋白质。以转录因子所识别的DNA序列的预测以及蛋白质-小分子特异性结合口袋的预测和设计为例,介绍计算方法在蛋白质功能预测和设计中的作用。强调了不同类型计算工具的整合以及它们与生物背景知识整合、计算方法通用性和准确性之间的平衡;讨论了有待解决的问题、计算的潜力和新方法的发展需求。     

褐飞虱胰岛素酶基因的结构特点研究

胰岛素酶通过影响胰岛素的含量在稻飞虱翅型分化中起到重要的调控作用。本研究借助已获得的白背飞虱胰岛素酶的部分氨基酸序列,成功从褐飞虱转录组数据库中比对到带有褐飞虱胰岛素酶基因的c DNA序列,该序列含有一个带有起始密码子ATG和终止密码子TGA的开放阅读框,全长为1425 bp,编码的蛋白质具有胰岛素酶的典型结构:Peptidase_M16超家族和Peptidase_M16_C超家族。再将开放阅读框序列与褐飞虱基因组序列进行比对,得到胰岛素酶基因全长为1 674 bp,含有5个外显子和4个内含子。这是首次有关褐飞虱胰岛素酶基因结构的详细报道,为该基因的体外表达和功能研究打下了良好基础,将有利于探索该酶在稻飞虱翅型分化中的具体调控机制。同时本研究还发现胰岛素酶基因上游320 bp至858 bp处存有一个CpG岛区域,由于甲基化通常发生在基因上游的CpG岛区域,从而调控基因的表达,因此推测这个CpG岛区域可能存在甲基化现象,且在不同翅型的飞虱中甲基化水平存在差异,从而影响翅型分化。这一推测一旦获得实验验证,将有助于深入了解稻飞虱翅型分化的机制。     

基于统计模型的基因预测

基因预测是指预测DNA序列中编码蛋白质的部分。随着多数生物基因组的测序工作的完成 ,基因预测更显得尤为重要。基因预测主要包括两种方法 ,首先是同源方法 ,也称为“外在方法” ,其次是基因预测方法或称为“内在方法”。主要对隐马尔可夫模型、傅立叶变换、动态规划等几种“外在方法”进行介绍。     

人细胞角蛋白Keratin 14的生物信息学分析

人细胞角蛋白Keratin 14是I型中间丝蛋白家族的亚群,参与形成上皮细胞的细胞骨架。利用生物信息学分析Keratin 14基因的启动子区、CpG岛及其所编码的蛋白质的理化性质、结构特点和功能特征。结果表明,Keratin 14基因存在两个启动子区,启动子区不存在CpG岛;Keratin 14全长472个氨基酸,其等电点为5.09,是一个无跨膜结构的亲水性蛋白质;角蛋白Keratin 14二级结构具7个α螺旋和5个β折叠,预测三级结构的拉曼图分析显示其结构稳定;与Keratin 14相互作用的蛋白质主要是角蛋白,而且Keratin 14还参与细胞的生长和分裂,有促进细胞分化的作用;此外,Keratin 14的氨基酸序列在哺乳动物间的同源性较高。上述对角蛋白Keratin 14的表达、结构和功能的预测可以为研究其在生命过程中的作用提供重要的信息。     

人类基因组上CpG岛的定位和系统分析

为了研究CpG岛产生和消失机制以及位于基因启动子区域外的CpG岛保守性等问题,我们通过序列比对和进化保守性分析等方法,分析在人类和小鼠中保守的基因上的CpG岛。结果显示已有保守序列的突变以及序列插入删除是CpG岛产生和消失的主要原因,进一步分析发现52%的在小鼠基因组上保守序列完全缺失的CpG岛位于两个转座子之间,提示转座子所介导的序列插入是CpG岛形成和消失的重要原因。人类基因组上在启动子区域外的CpG岛中约有79%为新产生的CpG岛,显著高于启动子区域内新产生的CpG岛比例(41%)。GO分析表明与这些CpG岛相关的部分基因与神经系统发育显著相关,提示新产生的CpG岛参与神经发育过程。     

CpG island methylation in human lymphocytes is highly correlated with DNA sequence, repeats, and predicted DNA structure

CpG island methylation plays an important role in epigenetic gene control during mammalian development and is frequently altered in disease situations such as cancer. The majority of CpG islands is normally unmethylated, but a sizeable fraction is prone to become methylated in various cell types and pathological situations. The goal of this study is to show that a computational epigenetics approach can discriminate between CpG islands that are prone to methylation from those that remain unmethylated. We develop a bioinformatics scoring and prediction method on the basis of a set of 1,184 DNA attributes, which refer to sequence, repeats, predicted structure, CpG islands, genes, predicted binding sites, conservation, and single nucleotide polymorphisms. These attributes are scored on 132 CpG islands across the entire human Chromosome 21, whose methylation status was previously established for normal human lymphocytes. Our results show that three groups of DNA attributes, namely certain sequence patterns, specific DNA repeats, and a particular DNA structure, are each highly correlated with CpG island methylation (correlation coefficients of 0.64, 0.66, and 0.49, respectively). We predicted, and subsequently experimentally examined 12 CpG islands from human Chromosome 21 with unknown methylation patterns and found more than 90% of our predictions to be correct. In addition, we applied our prediction method to analyzing Human Epigenome Project methylation data on human Chromosome 6 and again observed high prediction accuracy. In summary, our results suggest that DNA composition of CpG islands (sequence, repeats, and structure) plays a significant role in predisposing CpG islands for DNA methylation. This finding may have a strong impact on our understanding of changes in CpG island methylation in development and disease.     

Sequence and structure of the nucleolin promoter in rodents: characterization of a strikingly conserved CpG island

We report the isolation of the complete genes encoding nucleolin from rat and hamster. The DNA clones were obtained from partial genomic libraries by probing with a genomic DNA fragment containing the leader and promoter regions of the mouse nucleolin gene. We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the 5'-terminal region for the three rodent species. The sequenced regions extend over 1 kb downstream and upstream from the cap sites and include a conserved CpG island 1500 nucleotides (nt) long. The 5' end of the CpG island in each species has maintained a long alternating purine-pyrimidine sequence which could adopt a Z-DNA conformation. By sequence comparison, 42 blocks of homology are defined in the 5'-terminal region, of which 36 appear in the CpG island and contain numerous conserved CpG dinucleotides. Two blocks, 110 and 49 nt long, encompassing the cap sites and the region immediately upstream, respectively, present features characteristic of regulated genes: a possible TATA box (ATTA), two pyrimidine-rich nucleotide stretches and two inverted juxtaposed CCAAT-like boxes (GGTTGG). Furthermore, the adjacent upstream conserved region presents features characteristic of housekeeping genes: four G/C boxes, embedded in a high G + C-content sequence, among them one presenting a perfect consensus Sp 1-binding site (GCCCCGCCCC). Among unusual features, we report numerous large G + C-rich conserved sequences located in the first intron. One of these sequences contains two G/C boxes which border a sequence presenting a dyad symmetry (GCGCACGTGCTC). Our findings shed some light on the putative role of the CpG island. We show that CpG-rich sequence motifs are under strong selective pressure over the whole 5'-terminal region and are presumably involved in regulatory mechanisms.     

CpG dinucleotide-specific hypermethylation of the TNS3 gene promoter in human renal cell carcinoma

Tensin3 is a cytoskeletal regulatory protein that inhibits cell motility. Downregulation of the gene encoding Tensin3 (TNS3) in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) may contribute to cancer cell metastatic behavior. We speculated that epigenetic mechanisms, e.g., gene promoter hypermethylation, might account for TNS3 downregulation. In this study, we identified and validated a TNS3 gene promoter containing a CpG island, and quantified the methylation level within this region in RCC. Using a luciferase reporter assay we demonstrated a functional minimal promoter activity for a 500-bp sequence within the TNS3 CpG island. Pyrosequencing enabled quantitative determination of DNA methylation of each CpG dinucleotide (a total of 43) in the TNS3 gene promoter. Across the entire analyzed CpG stretch, RCC DNA showed a higher methylation level than both non-tumor kidney DNA and normal control DNA. Out of all the CpGs analyzed, two CpG dinucleotides, specifically position 2 and 8, showed the most pronounced increases in methylation levels in tumor samples. Furthermore, CpG-specific higher methylation levels were correlated with lower TNS3 gene expression levels in RCC samples. In addition, pharmacological demethylation treatment of cultured kidney cells caused a 3-fold upregulation of Tensin3 expression. In conclusion, these results reveal a differential methylation pattern in the TNS3 promoter occurring in human RCC, suggesting an epigenetic mechanism for aberrant Tensin downregulation in human kidney cancer.