我国虫草产业发展现状、问题及展望——虫草产业发展金湖宣言

虫草是寄生于昆虫、少数真菌和植物体上的一类真菌,是广义虫草属Cordyceps s.l.真菌的总称,是具有营养、保健和医疗功效的宝贵生物资源。目前我国的虫草产业涉及了冬虫夏草Ophiocordyceps sinensis、蛹虫草Cordyceps militaris、蝉花Isaria cicadae及其相关真菌,已经形成了一个巨大的产业,实现了较高的经济价值和社会效益。本文从产业发展历史、产品研发、功效及市场等方面对我国虫草产业发展现状进行了总结,结合最新科学研究进展,分析了虫草产业中存在的一些问题,提出了促进产业健康发展的建议,并对产业前景进行了展望。     

真菌激发子对提高蛹虫草虫草菌素的作用

研究了不同真菌激发子菌株对提高蛹虫草生物量和虫草菌素含量的影响,其中一株疫霉（Phytophthora sp.)YL提高虫草菌素含量比对照高4倍。机械研磨和80℃高温细胞自溶相结合制备的真菌激发子诱导效果最佳。同一激发子不同浓度对虫草素的诱导实验表明,80μg/ml浓度碳水化合物的真菌激发子诱导蛹虫草产生虫草菌素效果最明显。     

真菌激发子对提高蛹虫草虫草菌素的作用*

研究了不同真菌激发子菌株对提高蛹虫草生物量和虫草菌素含量的影响,其中一株疫霉(Phytophthora sp.)YL提高虫草菌素含量比对照高4倍。机械研磨和80℃高温细胞自溶相结合制备的真菌激发子诱导效果最佳。同一激发子不同浓度对虫草素的诱导实验表明, 80mg/ml浓度碳水化合物的真菌激发子诱导蛹虫草产生虫草菌素效果最明显。     

峨眉山自然保护区的虫草及其它昆虫病原真菌Ⅰ.

采自四川省峨眉山自然保护区的虫草及其相关昆虫病原真菌,其中除有常见的蛹虫草Cordycepsmilitaris（Vuill．）Fr,粉被虫草（CordycepspruinosaPetch）,蝉拟青霉Paecilomycescicadae（Miquel）Samson,球孢白僵菌Beauveriabassiana（Bals．）Vuill等昆虫病原真菌外,将主要描述峨眉虫草新种（CordycepsemeiensisA.Y.LiuetLiangsp.nov.）,龙洞虫草新种（CordycepslongdongensisA.Y.LiuetLiangspnov．）,暗绿虫草新记录种（CordycepsatrovirensKob．etShim．）和蛹虫草球头变种新记录种Cordycepsmilitarisvar.sphaerocephala（Schw）Fr．等几种虫草菌。     

用无菌蚕生产蚕虫草的探索

<正>虫草(虫生真菌)是一类药食两用的名贵中药材,老少皆宜,安全有效,因此,越来越深受国内外消费者的欢迎。近年来野生虫草的无序采挖,植被破坏严重,赖以生存的天然虫草资源日趋稀少。研究发现诸多虫草中,蛹虫草的质量最优,最易在人工条件下生长繁殖,已成为可用于开发的模式菌种。目前,市场上销售的人工开发的蛹虫草产品有:液体培养基深层发酵的菌丝体干粉或固体培养基培育的蛹虫草孢子梗(子座),它们都不含有虫     

我国东北及山东部分地区野生蛹虫草资源采集及观察

蛹虫草是一种重要的食药用真菌,其子座可规模化栽培。然而,栽培中菌种极易退化,成为限制其发展的重要因素,野生种质资源为蛹虫草栽培生产菌株的重要来源。本研究对东北和山东部分地区蛹虫草资源进行了持续调查,对其生态分布和宏观、微观形态等进行了系统研究。从5个地点共采集野生蛹虫草标本414份,寄主绝大多数为鳞翅目昆虫的蛹,少数为鳞翅目昆虫的幼虫和茧。野生蛹虫草子座单生或2-25根,长1-17 cm,棒状、扁平状或不规则畸形,扁平状子座常具纵沟,部分可分支;子座可从寄主头、胸和腹部各部位长出,其中以头部为主。子座地上部分长1-6 cm,颜色呈深橙黄色。可育部位长0.5-4 cm,宽1.2-6 mm,大多数与不育柄部分界明显;地下部分0.5-11 cm,其长度与腐殖质厚度相关。首次明确观察到蛹虫草菌索,菌索连接蛹体和子座,或单从子座、蛹体上长出,但不是所有野生蛹虫草都有菌索。蛹虫草菌索与子座内部的疏丝组织菌丝形态各异,菌索菌丝中间膨大。人工栽培与野外采集的子座宏观形态差异明显,但子囊和子囊孢子形态无明显差异。通过野外采集和调研,获得了大量的野生蛹虫草种质资源,为解决蛹虫草种业问题奠定基础。     

人工栽培蛹虫草的病原真菌

蛹虫草规模化栽培过程中,真菌病害普遍发生且危害严重。本研究对人工栽培蛹虫草中真菌病害进行调研,对病原真菌进行分离、纯化、鉴定及致病性检验,并分析病害发生的特点。结果发现引起蛹虫草病害的病原真菌主要有虫草生齿梗孢、产扁虫菌素单端孢、镰刀菌、裂褶菌、哈茨木霉、淡紫拟青霉、稻绿核菌、粉红枝穗霉、卵孢单端孢、扩展青霉、黄曲霉和黑曲霉。其中虫草生齿梗孢为引起蛹虫草侵染性病害的主要病原真菌。虫草生齿梗孢、产扁虫菌素单端孢、镰刀菌、裂褶菌和哈茨木霉主要为害蛹虫草子实体;淡紫拟青霉、稻绿核菌、粉红枝穗霉、卵孢单端孢、扩展青霉、黄曲霉和黑曲霉主要为害栽培料与蛹虫草菌丝体。镰刀菌、裂褶菌、哈茨木霉、淡紫拟青霉、稻绿核菌和粉红枝穗霉为引起蛹虫草病害的首次报道。本研究为蛹虫草病害防控奠定基础,以促进产业健康发展。     

蛹虫草病原真菌虫草生齿梗孢Calcarisporium cordycipiticola的生物学特性研究

蛹虫草已经成为我国乃至东南亚地区极其重要的食药用真菌,虽然其子实体已经实现规模化生产,但在产业发展中遇到许多问题,真菌病害为其中之一,如引起蛹虫草“白毛病”病害的虫草生齿梗孢Calcarisporium cordycipiticola。本研究以虫草生齿梗孢为对象,研究了其生物学特性、发病特性及侵染特点。结果表明：该病原菌菌丝分枝较多,短时间内产生大量分生孢子;最适生长温度为25℃,此温度有利于该病害快速传播;其分生孢子比蛹虫草分生孢子耐紫外能力强。栽培过程中该病害多发生在蛹虫草生长发育后期,可以侵染培养基表面、子实体底部、中部和顶端等各个部位。人工接种发现该病原菌可以侵染蛹虫草生长发育的任意阶段,后期子实体被白毛覆盖。对峙实验发现虫草生齿梗孢菌丝逐渐生长到蛹虫草菌丝上,但未发现两菌丝互相缠绕的现象。对该病原菌基本生物学研究,将为建立该病害的早期检测及预防方法提供依据。     

蛹虫草缓解新型冠状病毒感染研究进展

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)引起的COVID-19在全球范围内大流行,危害了人类健康和公共安全,随着对SARS-CoV-2的结构、功能和致病过程的了解,越来越多的潜在药物被开发。蛹虫草(Cordyceps militaris)是我国传统的药用真菌,具有显著的抗病毒作用,虫草素作为蛹虫草的主要活性成分能够与SARS-CoV-2刺突蛋白、主蛋白酶(Mpro)相结合,抑制病毒RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶(RDRP)活性,阻断SARS-CoV-2在机体内复制。蛹虫草还具有提升机体免疫力、修复受损组织的作用。本文概述虫草素抗SARS-CoV-2的机制和蛹虫草其他相关药理作用,以期为蛹虫草用于新型冠状病毒感染的辅助治疗提供参考。     

蓝光光照对蛹虫草子实体生长和主要活性成分的影响

光作为一种重要的环境因子,可影响真菌的生长发育、生理周期、形态变化及次级代谢产物的产生,对于蛹虫草而言,光照还是其子实体生长发育的必要条件。选择2株不同来源的蛹虫草菌株,研究了自然光照和蓝光光照条件下,其子实体生长、抗氧化酶活性和主要活性成分的变化。结果表明蓝光光照对于蛹虫草子实体产量没有明显的促进和抑制作用。自然光照条件下成熟子实体的超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性显著高于蓝光光照,过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性没有明显差别,而过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性则表现出菌株差异。子实体主要活性成分方面,腺苷、甘露醇含量不受蓝光影响,类胡萝卜素在蓝光光照条件下含量极显著高于自然光光照,蓝光对子实体、虫草素、粗多糖含量的影响则存在菌株差异。研究为蛹虫草子实体的栽培条件优化,提高蛹虫草子实体质量提供依据。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

颧骨颧弓骨折的分类及诊治

颧骨颧弓骨折是最常见的面中部骨折之一,迄今为止,在其分类及诊治的选择上仍然存在一定争议,本文对目前颧骨颧弓骨折的分类及诊治的现状和进展作一综述,以期对临床工作提供参考。     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.