豇豆优异种质综合评价

以60份具有早熟、矮秆、多荚、大粒、抗逆、抗病虫、高蛋白性状的优异种质为材料,在河北、河南与安徽进行多点农艺性状综合评价,评选出48份优异种质,其中34个品种达到一级优异种质标准。这些优异种质已结合鉴定繁种入国家中期库,以备科研与生产利用。     

陆地棉优良种质综合评价

1997-1999年在江苏南京、河南安阳两个生态点对"八五"初选的55份棉花优良种质进行综合评价,鉴定生育期、铃重、衣分、产量、纤维品质、抗病性等农艺、经济性状.结果表明,各性状品种间差异显著;评价出某一性状优异或综合性状优良、遗传稳定的种质16份提供利用.     

中国黍稷种质资源研究与利用

历时22年,从全国23省(区)搜集黍稷种质资源8515份,并进行了16项农艺性状鉴定,编写中国黍稷品种资源目录,繁种入国家长期库贮存.对其中6000余份种质资源进行了蛋白质、脂肪、赖氨酸分析,耐盐鉴定和抗黑穗病鉴定,筛选出一批单一性状突出和综合性状优良的优异资源,有5份直接提供生产利用,其中3份被农业部评为1级和2级优异种质资源,在全国大面积推广种植.优异种质资源提供育种单位利用后在全国培育出43个优良品种,成为当地的主干品种,取得明显的经济和社会效益.     

杂草稻种质资源的综合评价

从韩国引入３４份杂草稻种质资源,在云南生态条件下进行田间农艺性状、抗病性及品质的综合鉴定,从中筛选出６份综合性状优良或具有某种优异性状的种质,可供育种利用。     

134份国外陆地棉种质主要农艺性状与纤维品质性状的遗传多样性分析

为拓宽本地棉花种质基因库,筛选适于作杂交亲本的种质资源,以134份国外棉花种质为试验材料,研究了其主要品质与农艺性状的变异情况、遗传多样性指数、品质性状间的相关性,并以主要农艺与品质性状为指标,对134份种质进行了聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明,纤维品质性状中整齐度指数的遗传多样性指数(5.16)最高,马克隆值的变异系数(11.96%)最大,农艺性状中霜前衣分的遗传多样性指数(5.42)最高,不孕籽率的变异系数(49.18%)最大,参试种质的遗传多样性丰富;整齐度指数与上半部平均长度、断裂比强度均呈极显著正相关,断裂比强度与上半部平均长度间也呈极显著正相关;10个农艺性状和5个品质性状的主成分分析结果表明,前6个主成分的累计贡献率达75.277%;Ward法聚类将134份参试种质按品质性状分为5类,其中第Ⅱ类群的35份种质棉纤维品质性状表现最好,按农艺性状分为3类,其中第Ⅰ类群的58份种质产量最高。通过综合35份纤维品质优异的种质与58份农艺性状优异的种质筛选出美1870、美1884、FM1830等14份品质与产量俱佳的优异种质。     

杂草稻种质资源的综合评价

从韩国引入34份杂草稻种质资源,在云南生态条件下进行田间农艺性状、抗病性及品质的综合鉴定,从中筛选出6份综合性状优良或具有某种优异性状的种质,可供育种利用。     

棉花资源收集、保存、评价与利用现状及未来

截至2010年12月,国家棉花种质中期库共保存棉花种质8868份,保存数量居世界第4位,其中陆地棉7362份、陆地棉野生种系350份、海岛棉633份、亚洲棉433份、草棉18份、野生种32份。共编目8503份,上交数据信息系统7527份,入长期库合格7298份,未能入长期库保存种质2194份。完善了繁殖更新技术,繁殖更新种质6550份,2001-2010年,共向704人次提供11507份棉花种质,年均1150份。2007-2010年对330份优异种质在河南安阳、江苏南京、新疆库车进行了精准鉴定,并进行了优异种质展示。近十年,创造了不同基因源且具有优质、专用、多抗、高产、高效等多个重要性状的优异基因聚合的新种质32份,并分别对12份棉花优异种质,从形态学、系谱和分子标记等方面进行了基因源和利用价值的分析,并定位相关基因。用简单重复序列(SSR)、EST-SSR、AFLP等分子标记,结合一种新方法"十进制数字串条形码",构建了优异种质特有的"分子身份证"。     

我国麻类作物种质资源保护与利用研究进展

总结了我国麻类种质资源在收集保存、繁殖更新、鉴定评价和分发利用等方面的最新进展.10年来,新增麻类种质697份,保存资源数量增至9764份,居世界第1位;繁殖更新麻类资源5343份次,基本解决了麻类资源安全保存和供种等问题;完成农艺性状、经济性状及特性鉴定6543份次,筛选出麻类优异种质296份;向全国50家单位分发种质4296份次,资源利用效率大幅提高.并针对当前存在的问题,提出了下一步工作的明确目标和任务.     

57份苎麻种质资源主要农艺性状及纤维品质鉴定评价

对57份苎麻种质的主要农艺性状和纤维品质性状进行了鉴定评价。结果筛选出高产苎麻种质10份(原麻产量≥2000 kg/hm2),纤维品质优良的种质7份(纤维细度≥2000 m/g),鲜皮出麻率≥12.5%的苎麻种质20份,炼折率超过65%的苎麻种质有10份,按照苎麻优异种质评价规范,满足高产和出麻率高2个优良指标的种质7份,满足优质和鲜皮出麻率高2个优良指标的种质1份。     

火龙果种质资源果实特性的遗传多样性分析

为筛选火龙果(Hylocereus undatus)优良种质资源,对22份种质资源果实的表型性状、农艺性状、品质性状进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,火龙果种质资源果实的表型性状、农艺性状和品质性状具有丰富的遗传多样性和较高的变异性,表型性状的多样性指数(H′)为0～1.04,品质性状为0.40～2.01;农艺性状的变异系数(CV)为0.06～0.38,品质性状为0.01～0.62。聚类分析表明,在遗传距离为15时,火龙果22份种质资源可分为5类,说明不同资源间亲缘关系较远。这为发掘火龙果的育种潜力,筛选优异基因资源,改良种质奠定了基础。     

Genetic relationship of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) varieties from Senegal based on SSR markers

Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among 22 local cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) varieties and inbred lines collected throughout Senegal were evaluated using simple sequence repeat molecular markers. A set of 49 primer combinations were developed from cowpea genomic/expressed sequence tags and evaluated for their ability to detect polymorphisms among the various cowpea genotypes. Forty-four primer combinations detected polymorphisms, with the remaining five primer sets failing to yield PCR amplification products. From one to 16 alleles were found among the informative primer combinations; their frequencies ranged from 0.60 to 0.95 (mean = 0.79). The genetic diversity of the sample varied from 0.08 to 0.42 (mean = 0.28). The polymorphic information content ranged from 0.08 to 0.33 (mean = 0.23). The local varieties clustered in the same group, except 53-3, 58-53, and 58-57; while Ndoute yellow pods, Ndoute violet pods and Baye Ngagne were in the second group. The photosensitive varieties (Ndoute yellow pods and Ndoute violet pods) were closely clustered in the second group and so were inbred line Mouride and local cultivar 58-57, which is also one of the parents for inbred line Mouride. These molecular markers could be used for selection and identification of elite varieties for cowpea improvement and germplasm management in Senegal.     

黄淮海大豆优异种质齐黄1号的育种应用

齐黄1号是中国衍生品种最多的大豆种质之一,在全国11个省市衍生出92个高产优质品种和优异品系,其中黄淮海地区衍生出87个品种(系).1个品种获国家科技进步二等奖;2个品种获国家技术发明三等奖;2个品种获国家科技进步三等奖.蛋白质含量45%以上的品种23个,其中46%的品种5个、47%的品种2个、48%的品种3个、51%的品种2个.脂肪含量22%以上的品种6个,其中23%的品种1个.抗大豆花叶病毒品种27个,其中抗霜霉病品种7个.齐黄1号在育种中的成功应用,说明优异种质对大豆育种至关重要,筛选配合力高的优异杂交组合可有效地提高大豆育种效率,种质创新是大豆育种的重要组成部分.     

优质红碎茶资源的鉴定与筛选

我国生产的红碎茶在国际市场竞争力一直不强,缺乏适制红碎茶品种是原因之一.近年来,对原生起源中心云南茶区为主的120份茶树资源进行系统的发掘和鉴定,探明了我国适制红碎茶资源的基本情况,筛选出一批优异资源.加速这些资源的利用,将促进我国红碎茶品种的改良和红碎茶品质的提高.     

Production of intraspecific F1 hybrids between wild and cultivated accessions of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) walp.) using conventional methods

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is an important food legume in the tropics. It belongs to the Phaseoleae (L.) tribe (Fabaceae family), it is diploid and its chromosome number is 22. Its gene pool includes the cultivated cowpea and its wild relatives, which are connected with Vigna subgenus, Catiang section. Cowpea has a great potential in increasing food legume production. The cowpea varieties, however, are susceptible to a number of insect pests, especially the pod borer Maruca testulalis and a pod sucking-bug complex (e.g.: Clavigralla tomentosicollis, Anoplocnemis curvipes and Riptortus dentipes), which cause severe damage. The crossing programme presented here exploits the variability existing in the wild African germplasm of V. unguiculata and cultivated cowpea. To incorporate the insect pest resistance into the cultivated cowpea economically, reciprocal crosses between wild forms and cowpea varieties were performed, using the stigmatic pollination methods at anthesis. Some barriers were found in these intraspecific crosses. In the majority of reciprocal crosses, the growth of the pollen tubes was arrested in the stigmatic tissue. Only 16.01% of the ovules were fertilised. In these ovules, embryo development was normal at about 20-25 days after pollination. The failure of the intraspecific crosses in about 80.7% of the cases is thus the result of the lack of fertilisation and the unfertilised ovules. There seems to exist considerable incompatibility within the primary cowpea gene pool. The breeding programme carried out under controlled conditions has proved to be less successful in developed cowpea intraspecific F1 hybrids. Further studies should concentrate on germplasm from Africa with documented resistance to major insect pests. In addition, the application of techniques for bypassing barriers to hybridisation of parent genotypes should enable these embryos to grow to plants.     

江西蔬菜种质资源调查收集与优异资源发掘

以"第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动"为契机,对江西省27个县(市、区)的402个村开展地方蔬菜种质资源的系统调查与收集,共收集到1817份蔬菜资源。通过对收集到的蔬菜地方品种资源的分布特点及其特异性分析,从抗病、抗逆、商品性、加工功能等不同方面筛选出10份优异地方蔬菜种质资源。通过接种鉴定评价,从本次收集的5份江西地方古老品种中筛选出高抗枯萎病的苦瓜种质资源3份。为蔬菜新品种选育和基础研究提供了丰富的物质基础及其信息。     

Evaluation of cowpea mini core accessions for resistance to flower bud thrips Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

The flower bud thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is an economically important pest of cowpea in sub‐Saharan Africa. Varietal resistance is the most preferred, environmentally friendly, cost‐effective and sustainable option for controlling this pest. The objective of this study was to identify sources of resistance to M. sjostedti among mini core accessions from the largest world cowpea germplasm collection maintained at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). The study was conducted during the 2015 and 2016 cropping seasons where 365 accessions were screened under field conditions. Each accession was rated visually for thrips damage score, flower abortion rate, number of pods per plant and number of thrips per flower. The resistance levels observed in genotypes TVu8631, TVu16368, TVu8671 and TVu7325 were similar to that of the resistant check “Sanzisabinli” (called Sanzi) during both seasons. In addition, 56 mini core genotypes showed moderate resistance to thrips damage. High heritability values were associated with thrips damage scores at 65 days after planting (0.60), percentage of effective peduncles (0.59), flower bud abortion rate (0.59), number of pods per plant (0.51) and number of peduncles with pods (0.5). The accessions identified with good levels of resistance to flower bud thrips will be used in cowpea breeding programs to develop improved resistant varieties.     

贵州稻种资源遗传多样性研究现状与展望

贵州稻种资源遗传多样性的研究与利用已取得较大进展.主要表现在(1)收集整理了地方稻种5168份并入国家种质库长期保存,系统完成其农艺性状和特性的鉴定与评价,筛选出一批矮秆、大穗、大粒、优质、特种稻、抗病虫、抗衰以及耐冷、抗旱性突出的优异种质;(2)研究表明,品种多样性是环境对品种的选择和品种对环境的适应双向作用的环境同化产物,在贵州高原低温高湿寡照生境下形成禾类和旱稻等种质资源;(3)开展了地方稻种中细胞质雄性不育恢复源、非sd-1基因新矮源、广亲和、双(多)胚等特性有利基因资源的鉴定和筛选;(4)明确了收集品种的类型及其保存途径,建立以基础样品、活动样品和核心样品的分类数据库为基础的资源信息管理系统.对推动研究工作的深入发展等问题展开了讨论.     

优异大豆组合郑州135/泗豆2号的育种贡献

郑州135×泗豆2号是黄淮海地区衍生大豆品种最多的组合之一,以郑州135×泗豆2号及其衍生种质为亲本材料在全国8个省市选育出87个通过省审或国审的大豆品种,其中国审品种39个、高蛋白品种20个、高油品种11个,获省部级以上奖13项。郑州135和泗豆2号的育种贡献,证明了优异种质资源在育种中的重要作用。本文就种质创新提出几点思考和建议,以期为大豆育种提供参考。     

论我国棉花育种的基础种质

自1918年我国引进美国脱字棉开始,到2000年止,我国共育成陆地棉品种1376个,海岛棉品种59个.按系谱及优良种质衍生品种的数量分析,我国品种可追溯到54个基础种质,其中海岛棉7个.按照引进时间和育成年限,可将陆地棉分三期基础种质,海岛棉分为二期基础种质.近百年来,这些基础种质对我国棉花育种和生产发展起了非常重要的作用.