粗纹举腹蚁垄断蜜露对紫胶生产的影响

为了解粗纹举腹蚁垄断云南紫胶虫分泌的蜜露对紫胶生产的影响,于2008年10月至2 010年5月,在云南省墨江县雅邑乡调查了粗纹举腹蚁对蜜露的垄断方式,以及粗纹举腹蚁垄 断蜜露对云南紫胶虫的雌雄性比、死亡率、泌胶量和怀卵量的影响.结果表明：在云南紫胶 虫生活史周期内,被粗纹举腹蚁垄断的胶被上,该蚂蚁昼夜不停地取食云南紫胶虫分泌的蜜 露,每10 cm胶被上粗纹举腹蚁的平均数量在（168±23）～（393±100）头,并在 胶被 上建立保护膜,阻止其他动物访问云南紫胶虫.粗纹举腹蚁的垄断显著降低了云南紫胶虫个 体的泌胶量,但是垄断对云南紫胶虫的群体泌胶量没有显著影响;粗纹举腹蚁的垄断 显著降低了云南紫胶虫的死亡率,提高了云南紫胶虫的雌虫比例和个体怀卵量.粗纹举腹 蚁垄断紫胶虫分泌的蜜露有利于紫胶生产.     

紫胶虫的有效性比

利用前人调查数据及近年研究结果,比较分析了几种紫胶虫的有效性比。结果表明,在同一种寄主植物上,相同的世代,不同年份间,田紫胶虫有效性比出现差异;相同年份、相同世代,在不同寄主植物上的田紫胶虫和紫胶蚧有效性比出现差异;在相同的寄主植物上,田紫胶虫和信德紫胶虫在一年中的2个不同世代的有效性比存在差异;对于同一种寄主植物,在相同年份的同一个世代,紫胶蚧和信德紫胶虫有效性比出现一定差异;在相同年份的同一个世代,不同种胶在相同寄主植物上,田紫胶虫的有效性比出现变化。环境温湿度和寄主植物的结构、营养和生长速度等对紫胶虫的有效性比可能产生影响。紫胶虫性比偏斜的机制可能同时遵循局域交配竞争和局域资源竞争。     

中国紫胶虫的研究

介绍了中国紫胶虫的分类地位、生活史、生物学习性、寄主植物、影响泌胶的因素。提出使紫胶生产高产、稳产的措施。     

蚂蚁光顾云南紫胶虫对其天敌紫胶黑虫种群的影响

为了弄清蚂蚁光顾云南紫胶虫Kerria yunnanensis Ouet Hong对其天敌紫胶黑虫Holcocera pulverea Meyr种群的影响,于云南紫胶虫成虫期,对有无蚂蚁光顾的胶被抽样,调查胶被上紫胶黑虫的为害率及种群数量变化。结果显示,紫胶黑虫对有无蚂蚁光顾的胶被的为害率均很高,并逐月增加;其中有蚂蚁光顾的胶被紫胶黑虫的为害率略小于无蚂蚁光顾的胶被。蚂蚁光顾能明显减少紫胶黑虫的种群数量(︱t︱=2.764,df=356,P<0.01),其原因可能是蚂蚁光顾能干扰紫胶黑虫的产卵行为、破坏卵、取食卵和幼虫并且这种保护主要发生在云南紫胶虫幼虫期;云南紫胶虫进入成虫期后,由于紫胶黑虫生活于胶被内,并且产卵于胶被的凹陷处或雄虫胶壳内或雌虫肛突孔处,蚂蚁很少与紫胶黑虫相遇,故蚂蚁光顾对紫胶黑虫每月增长量没有显著影响(︱t︱=0.970,df=161,P>0.05)。紫胶黑虫和蚂蚁相遇的行为反应存在显著差异(χ2=4.781,df=1,P<0.05),蚂蚁对紫胶黑虫有捕食作用。蚂蚁与云南紫胶虫之间存在互利关系。蚂蚁取食云南紫胶虫的蜜露,能降低紫胶黑虫的为害率,并减少紫胶黑虫的种群数量,从而保护云南紫胶虫。     

利用白虫小茧蜂防治白虫的林间试验结果

白虫(Eublemma amabilis Moore)是紫胶生产上的主要害虫。1972年3月至1974年6月,我们开展利用白虫小茧蜂防治白虫的林间试验,获得良好效果。本文主要报道试验的结果。 一、白虫的危害和防治概况 白虫属鳞翅目夜蛾科,为紫胶虫[Laccifer lacca(Kerr)]最严重的捕食性敌害。我国各紫胶产区都遭受白虫的危害,有的产区危害极大,造成紫胶生产上较大损失。如何防治白虫是各产区胶农和有关部门重视的问题。 广东紫胶产区白虫分布普遍,它在大部分产区一年可繁殖4代,在海南岛和雷州半岛4—5代。白虫不仅捕食胶虫,也吞食紫胶。每头白虫一生危害的胶被面积,在紫胶虫幼虫期平均为2平方厘米,最大达6平方厘米;而在紫胶虫成虫期平均为1.5平方厘米,最大     

紫胶虫精子形成的研究

紫胶虫[Laccifer lacca (Kerr.)] 属同翅目(Homoptera)胶蚧科(Lacciferidae)。它的分泌物——紫胶,是重要的工业原料。目前,我国南方各省对紫胶虫进行了大量培育和繁殖。为了满足社会主义工业建设对紫胶的需求,开展紫胶虫的遗传育种工作很为重要。遗传育种的一个重要环节就是诱发突变,产生新的品种;其中首先应了解紫胶虫的精子形     

紫胶虫与紫胶

分类与名称紫胶虫所分泌的紫胶是许多工业的重要原料.紫胶生产主要在半山地区,是一种不与农作物争地的副业.发展紫胶生产能很快地提高人民生活水平,也直接增加国家财富. 紫胶虫是一种介壳虫,在分类学上属于蚧总科(Coccoidea)的胶蚧科(Lacciferidal).胶蚧科据张伯伦(Chamberlin,1923,1925)的研究可分为7属40余种,分布在欧洲以外的五大洲,大体说来即在北纬40度至南纬40度之     

胶蚧属昆虫资源保护及利用

紫胶虫具有重大的经济价值,我国紫胶虫物种和遗传资源丰富,气候类型和生态环境多样,为发展紫胶生产提供了良好的条件。本文简述了我国紫胶虫的物种资源、遗传多样性和生境,并根据紫胶虫资源状况提出了发展紫胶生产的模式。     

我国重要的昆虫资源—紫胶虫

紫胶虫(Laccifer lacca Kerr.)亦称紫梗虫,属同翅目新蚧总科(Ncococcidea)的胶蚧科(Lacciferidae)。由于它能分泌一种不可代替的极为贵重的工业原料——紫胶,而成为我国重要的昆虫资源之一。近几十年来紫胶已广泛地应用到电器工业、塑料工业、油漆工业、造船工业以及飞机制造业和国防工业的某些方面。因此紫胶虫引起了许多部门的极大重视。     

苏门答腊金合欢适应性观察及放养紫胶虫研究

紫胶虫寄土植物是紫胶虫栖居和吸收养份场所。因此,它是紫胶生产的物质基础。寄主植物的优劣直接影响到紫胶的产量和质量。据报道,我国已记述寄主植物达327种,其中推广应用的寄主植物不上10种,远远不能适应紫胶生产发展的需要。为此,发掘优良寄主植物具有重要意义。     

紫胶虫最佳生长地的植被条件分析

本文在对紫胶产区进行调查的基础上,分析了云南紫胶虫最佳生长地的植被条件、对其中的四种群落类型从植物种类成分、群落结构和群落生态等方面进行分析。根据丰富的寄主资源和有利于紫胶虫越冬的气候条件指出“暖热性稀树灌草丛”及“河谷季雨林次生林和灌丛”是云南紫胶虫及其主要寄主植物的适生类型。本文在总结紫胶产区的经验基础上,提出了开发利用的意见和改造的措施。     

A population model for diapausing multivoltine insects under asymmetric cannibalism

Pupa-eating cannibalism occurs naturally in several insect species. Byasa alcinous is a multivoltine species of Red-bodied Swallowtail butterfly found in East Asia, which diapauses as pupa over the winter and whose larvae cannibalize eggs and pupae. We investigate the effects on population dynamics of increasing the asymmetric cannibalistic attack rate of a general insect species in different environmental conditions. We do this by theoretically formulating a generalized system of univoltine and bivoltine larvae over two generations in the spring and summer months. We predict that a lack of resources over the summer can force the population to become entirely univoltine, unless the second-generation bivoltine larvae increase their cannibalistic attack rate, and consume the diapausing pupae from the first generation. The model shows that under extreme environmental conditions, the persistence of univoltine larvae is favoured when faced with the threat of extinction. The model also predicts the conditions for the coexistence of both univoltine and bivoltine larvae, and the degree to which they can both coexist, which decreases as the resource in the second generation increases. This work provides the grounding for future theoretical and experimental consideration of the role of cannibalism in determining insect voltinism.     

Spatio-temporal impact of climate change on the activity and voltinism of the spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus

The spruce bark beetle Ips typographus is one of the major insect pests of mature Norway spruce forests. In this study, a model describing the temperature-dependent thresholds for swarming activity and temperature requirement for development from egg to adult was driven by transient regional climate scenario data for Sweden, covering the period of 1961–2100 for three future climate change scenarios (SRES A2, A1B and B2). During the 20th century, the weather supported the production of one bark beetle generation per year, except in the north-western mountainous parts of Sweden where the climate conditions were too harsh. A warmer climate may sustain a viable population also in the mountainous part; however, the distributional range of I. typographus may be restricted by the migration speed of Norway spruce. Modelling suggests that an earlier timing of spring swarming and fulfilled development of the first generation will significantly increase the frequency of summer swarming. Model calculations suggest that the spruce bark beetle will be able to initiate a second generation in South Sweden during 50% of the years around the mid century. By the end of the century, when temperatures during the bark beetle activity period are projected to have increased by 2.4–3.8 °C, a second generation will be initiated in South Sweden in 63–81% of the years. The corresponding figures are 16–33% for Mid Sweden, and 1–6% for North Sweden. During the next decades, one to two generations per year are predicted in response to temperature, and the northern distribution limit for the second generation will vary. Our study addresses questions applicable to sustainable forest management, suggesting that adequate countermeasures require monitoring of regional differences in timing of swarming and development of I. typographus , and planning of control operations during summer periods with large populations of bark beetles.     

北京郊区苹果小卷蛾成虫发生规律研究

苹果小卷蛾AdoxophyesoranaFischervonR slerstamm为北京郊区大桃生产中的主要害虫 ,试验采用黑光灯诱杀、糖醋盆诱集 2种方法在不同生态环境果园对其成虫发生期进行了观测。结果显示苹果小卷蛾在北京地区 1年发生 3代 ;越冬代成虫羽化高峰为 5月底至 6月初 ,第 1代幼虫防治适期为 6月1 0～ 1 5日 ;第 1代成虫羽化高峰为 7月中旬 ,第 2代幼虫防治适期为 7月下旬。     

江苏无锡梨小食心虫发生动态及性诱剂防治

利用性诱剂调查江苏无锡地区三个水蜜桃Prunus persica种植区梨小食心虫Gtapholitha molesta成虫的年发生动态,并比较不同时间挂放诱芯的诱集效果。结果表明,在无锡地区,梨小食心虫年发生5代,部分发育较快的五代幼虫在越冬前发育为成虫,但因无法找到合适的产卵场所而成为无效虫口。越冬代成虫和一代成虫发生较为整齐,可以使用性诱剂集中诱杀,但从二代成虫开始,发生呈现多个高峰,田间世代重叠明显。对梨小食心虫的性诱剂防治试验表明,在无锡地区,需高密度放置诱芯并2周更换1次诱芯方能达到防治效果。     

黑脉蛱蝶的生物学特性与生境调查

通过野外观察、室内饲养、野外调查等方法研究黑脉蛱蝶Hestina assimilis(L.)的生物学特性以及生境状况。该蝶幼虫以榆科朴属(Celtis spp.)植物为食,在南京地区1年发生3代,10月下旬以4龄或5龄幼虫在寄主植物的落叶中越冬,翌年4月初越冬幼虫眠起活动。越冬代成虫5月上旬始见、中旬为高峰期;第1代7月上旬始见、中旬为高峰期;第2代9月上旬始见、中旬为高峰期。幼虫共5龄,在室内饲养的条件下,卵期为4～5d,幼虫期为28～42d,蛹期为7～8d。     

Bioecological characteristics of Bassus tumidulus (Nees) (Hym., Braconidae), a parasitoid of the poplar twig borer, Gypsonoma aceriana (Dup.) (Lep., Tortricidae) in Bulgaria

Main aspects of biology and ecology of Bassus tumidulus (Nees), a parasitoid of Gypsonoma aceriana (Dup.), were studied during the period 1989–2000. Poplar tender shoots with G. aceriana larvae were collected at four localities in Bulgaria (Sofia, Svoge, Vardim and Pazardzhik) and examined in laboratory conditions. B. tumidulus was recovered in the Sofia and Svoge localities. It is a solitary internal parasitoid that attacks young larvae of G. aceriana (first–second instars) and kills host pre‐pupae. It develops two generations and overwinters as a larva in the host. Adult emergence of both overwintering and summer generation of B. tumidulus coincides with adult emergence of the host. In 1997, the first generation emergence of B. tumidulus was in relatively good synchrony with the first larval population of G. aceriana. However, the second generation B. tumidulus was not very well synchronized with the life cycle of G. aceriana because adult parasitoids appeared mostly in the beginning of the host larval population. The average mortality of G. aceriana, caused by this parasitoid in 1997 in Sofia, was 15.7 and 23.3% for the overwintering and summer generation, respectively. The highest level of parasitism by B. tumidulus, observed in individual study, was 61.5%, occurring during the summer generation in 1997.     

喙尾琵甲（鞘翅目：拟步甲科）形态记述及生物学特性观察

记述了喙尾琵甲Blaps rhynchopetera Fairmaire各虫态特征,观察了其生物学特性.实验种群1月下旬至12月上旬产卵,卵期为8～15 d;幼虫期141～213 d,共9～13龄,第9龄以后,龄期较长;蛹前期8～14 d;蛹期12～24 d.成虫羽化24～92 d后性成熟,开始交配产卵活动,成虫期超过18个月.自然种群在昆明和曲靖1年发生1～1.5代,世代重叠严重;以不同龄期幼虫和成虫越冬,越冬幼虫于次年4月上旬开始化蛹,新羽化成虫于4月下旬至12月上旬交配产卵,成虫全年都能活动、产卵.该虫为夜出型、暂栖性土壤昆虫,喜潮湿阴暗的环境.成虫具有夜出习性、防御性和群聚性.     

Population fluctuations and natural mortalities of the pine-moth,Dendrolimus spectabilis

Annual changes in the population of the pine-moth, Dendrolimus spectabilisButler , were studied in Kashima district. The insect completes two generations in one year, and the adult emerges in early summer and again in autumn. The insect population showed fairly drastic fluctuations in the past years, and a conspicuous peak was recorded in three times, in 1950, 1955 and 1961. It was noted in each of those three years that a great number of adults of the summer generation emerged in autumn. The main reason for this great abundance of the insect population seemed to be high survival rate of the young larvae in summer. It was suggested that the climate in July had powerful influence upon the survival f thos e young larvae. The effects of natural enemies were usually the greatest on the egg population of the pine-moth in either generation. Much greater number of insects in the overwintering generation was destroyed by parasites and diseases than in the summer generation. Finally, a rapid increase of the insect population in autumn was considered to be caused by a combined effect of climatic conditions and of natural enemies.     

在受重金属Zn2+胁迫的斜纹夜蛾幼虫寄主上双斑侧沟茧蜂的生存与发育

通过在植食性昆虫斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura Fabricius幼虫人工饲料中添加不同浓度的Zn²⁺,测定了连续3代取食含不同Zn²⁺浓度饲料幼虫的血淋巴中Zn²⁺含量,并研究了被Zn²⁺胁迫的斜纹夜蛾幼虫对寄生性天敌双斑侧沟茧蜂Microplitis bicoloratus Chen生存与发育的影响。结果表明,斜纹夜蛾幼虫血淋巴中Zn²⁺含量随饲料中Zn²⁺浓度和幼虫取食世代数的增加而增加;Zn²⁺胁迫斜纹夜蛾幼虫对双斑侧沟茧蜂的寄生率、从寄生到结茧的时间、蛹期长短、成虫羽化率和成虫寿命等都有不同程度的影响,其中以第2代的寄生率和第1代的羽化率受影响最大,均随着Zn²⁺浓度的增大而降低。因此,寄主饲料中高浓度的Zn²⁺能通过食物链影响双斑侧沟茧蜂的生存和发育。