NaCl胁迫对唐古特白刺愈伤组织的生理效应

以唐古特白刺(Nitraria tangutorum Bobr.)愈伤组织为材料,研究低(75 mmol/L)、中(150 mmol/L)、高(300 mmol/L)浓度NaCl处理下其膜脂过氧化、抗氧化酶活性及渗透性调节物含量的变化,试图从细胞水平揭示唐古特白刺适应盐环境的生理机制。结果显示:(1)唐古特白刺愈伤组织中MDA含量在低浓度NaCl处理下与对照无显著性差异,而在中高浓度下显著升高。(2)白刺愈伤组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在各浓度NaCl胁迫下均比对照显著升高,且此效应无浓度依赖性;其过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随胁迫浓度的增加呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,在中低浓度下比对照显著增加,高浓度下显著降低为对照的64%;其过氧化物酶(POD)活性在低浓度下无显著性变化,在中高浓度显著下降为对照的55%和29%。(3)随NaCl胁迫浓度的增加,白刺愈伤组织中脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,且除高浓度下可溶性蛋白含量约降为对照的87%外,其余NaCl胁迫处理的3种渗透调节物含量均高于对照。研究发现,白刺愈伤组织在低浓度的盐胁迫下具有较强的抗氧化酶活性和渗透性调节作用,因而表现出较强的抗氧化作用,但高浓度NaCl胁迫对白刺愈伤组织造成了显著的氧化损害。     

渗透胁迫下小麦根系渗透调节与根冠淀粉水解的研究

用不同浓度的PEG—600对抗旱性不同的小麦幼苗进行渗透胁迫处理,研究了小麦幼苗根系的淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖含量、渗透势、渗透调节能力和根冠淀粉的水解状况。结果表明,随着渗透胁迫程度的加重,抗旱性强的小麦品种昌乐5号和北农2号根系渗透势和饱和渗透势的降低程度大于抗旱性弱的小麦品种鲁麦5号和921842,并且抗旱性强的小麦品种根系的渗透调节能力大于抗旱性弱的小麦品种。随着渗透胁迫程度的加重．各品种小麦根冠淀粉粒均有不同程度的减少。而抗旱性强的品种根冠淀粉粒的减少程度小于抗旱性弱的品种;抗旱性强的小麦品种根系淀粉酶活性显著高于抗旱性弱的小麦品种,但是,随着渗透胁迫程度的加重,抗旱性弱的品种淀粉酶活性增加的幅度远高于抗旱性强的品种。可溶性糖含量的变化趋势与淀粉酶活性的变化趋势一致．即渗透胁迫下根冠淀粉水解程度大的小麦品种,可溶性糖的含量高。但根冠淀粉水解在根系的渗透调节以及在小麦适应水分胁迫中的作用还有待于进一步探讨。     

箭舌豌豆根系抗坏血酸及相关酶对镉胁迫的响应

以箭舌豌豆(Vicia sativa L.)品种L3(耐镉)和ZM(镉敏感)为材料,研究了不同程度镉胁迫下箭舌豌豆幼苗根系抗坏血酸(AsA)含量、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)同工酶活性、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)同工酶活性以及APX基因表达的变化。结果显示:(1)2个箭舌豌豆品种根系AsA和脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)含量在镉胁迫下显著升高;AsA/DHA比值在镉耐性品种L3中显著升高,在敏感品种ZM中显著下降;相同镉处理浓度下,L3根系AsA含量和AsA/DHA比值显著大于ZM。(2)2个品种根系DHAR的活性电泳共显示4条同工酶条带,它们的活性均随镉处理浓度的升高而升高;其中DHAR1只在L3显示,DHAR4只在ZM显示;相同镉处理浓度下,品种L3的DHAR的总活性大于品种ZM。(3)2个品种根系APX的活性电泳共显示11条同工酶条带,其中的APX1、2、4仅在敏感品种ZM中受镉胁迫诱导,APX 8在耐性品种L3中受到比敏感品种ZM更显著的诱导;克隆得到1个箭舌豌豆APX基因,荧光定量RT-PCR结果显示该基因的转录在L3和ZM根系均受镉处理诱导。研究表明,镉胁迫下2个箭舌豌豆品种根系AsA含量,AsA代谢相关酶DHAR和APX的活性以及APX的转录水平均显著升高;镉耐性品种L3较敏感品种ZM能更有效地促进AsA循环,维持更高的AsA水平,从而更有效地缓解镉胁迫诱导产生的氧化胁迫,这可能是L3较ZM具有更高镉耐性的重要机制之一。     

外源γ-氨基丁酸对低氧胁迫下甜瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响

以甜瓜品种‘西域一号’幼苗为材料,采用营养液水培方法,设置正常通气(对照)、正常通气+GABA(5mmol.L-1)、低氧胁迫、低氧胁迫+GABA(5mmol.L-1)4个处理,研究了外源γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对正常通气和低氧胁迫下甜瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明:与正常通气处理相比,低氧胁迫处理导致甜瓜幼苗体内O2.-产生速率和H2O2、MDA含量显著增加,同时SOD、POD、CAT、APX、GR等抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质AsA、GSH含量显著提高。低氧胁迫下外源GABA能显著提高甜瓜幼苗叶片SOD、CAT、APX、GR等酶活性和AsA、GSH含量,降低了植株体内O2.-产生速率和H2O2、MDA含量;而正常通气条件下添加外源GABA处理对甜瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响较小,仅CAT、GR活性和AsA、GSH含量显著提高,而H2O2、MDA含量显著降低。结果证明,添加外源GABA可以通过显著提高低氧胁迫下抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量来降低甜瓜幼苗活性氧积累,维持其细胞膜结构稳定性,从而有效减轻低氧胁迫对甜瓜幼苗的伤害。     

不同抗旱性玉米幼苗根系抗氧化系统对水分胁迫的反应

以抗旱性不同的2个玉米品种为材料,研究不同程度水分胁迫下玉米根系活性氧清除系统的变化及膜脂过氧化水平。明确了轻度水分胁迫下玉米根系POD、CAT、APX等保护酶活性明显提高;中、重度胁迫下其活性急剧下降,但几种酶对水分胁迫的敏感程度不同。SOD对水分胁迫表现最不敏感,在中度水分胁迫下仍保持上升趋势;抗氧化剂GSH含量变化趋势与保护酶相似;而AsA含量在不同程度水分胁迫下持续下降;MDA含量随水分胁迫程度加剧而增加。其中抗旱性强的鲁玉14与抗旱性弱的掖单13相比具有较高的保护酶活性和抗氧化剂含量,膜脂过氧化程度较轻,除POD外,品种间抗氧化酶活性（抗氧化剂含量）呈极显著差异,说明抗氧化能力强是抗旱性品种具有较强抗旱性的重要原因之一。     

多胺对渗透胁迫下甘蔗愈伤组织诱导和分化的作用

0．4mmol／L的多胺（精胺、亚精胺和腐胺）处理渗透胁迫下的甘蔗心叶或愈伤组织后,愈伤组织的诱导和绿苗的分化受到促进,苗重增加;SOD和过氧化氢酶活性增强,谷胱苷肽含量增多,MDA含量下降。精胺、亚精胺的效果优于腐胺。     

外源亚精胺和精胺对NaHCO3胁迫下南蛇藤抗氧化系统的影响

研究了叶面喷施亚精胺和精胺对NaHCO₃胁迫下南蛇藤叶片抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明：外源亚精胺和精胺处理使NaHCO₃胁迫下南蛇藤叶片O₂^-·产生速率、H₂O₂、丙二醛(MDA)含量和电解质外渗率显著降低(P<0.05).亚精胺处理明显提高了盐胁迫下超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等抗氧化酶的活性,以及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、类胡萝卜素(CAR)和脯氨酸(Pro)等抗氧化剂的含量,但对还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)含量没有作用;精胺处理明显提高NaHCO₃胁迫下POD和APX的活性以及GSH、CAR和Pro的含量,但对SOD和AsA含量影响不显著,甚至引起CAT活性明显降低.亚精胺和精胺处理明显改善了NaHCO₃胁迫下南蛇藤的生长.外源亚精胺和精胺可以改善NaHCO₃胁迫下南蛇藤叶片的膜保护功能,减少叶片中活性氧的积累,从而提高南蛇藤对NaHCO₃胁迫的抗性.     

外源亚精胺和精胺对NaHCO3胁迫下南蛇藤抗氧化系统的影响

研究了叶面喷施亚精胺和精胺对NaHCO₃胁迫下南蛇藤叶片抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明：外源亚精胺和精胺处理使NaHCO₃胁迫下南蛇藤叶片O₂^-·产生速率、H₂O₂、丙二醛(MDA)含量和电解质外渗率显著降低(P<0.05).亚精胺处理明显提高了盐胁迫下超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等抗氧化酶的活性,以及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、类胡萝卜素(CAR)和脯氨酸(Pro)等抗氧化剂的含量,但对还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)含量没有作用;精胺处理明显提高NaHCO₃胁迫下POD和APX的活性以及GSH、CAR和Pro的含量,但对SOD和AsA含量影响不显著,甚至引起CAT活性明显降低.亚精胺和精胺处理明显改善了NaHCO₃胁迫下南蛇藤的生长.外源亚精胺和精胺可以改善NaHCO₃胁迫下南蛇藤叶片的膜保护功能,减少叶片中活性氧的积累,从而提高南蛇藤对NaHCO₃胁迫的抗性.     

外源一氧化氮对低温胁迫下枇杷叶片AsA-GSH循环的影响

采用0.2、0.5、1.0和1.5 mmol·L^-1的硝普钠(SNP)处理3年生‘早钟6号’枇杷幼苗,以喷清水为对照(CK),于-3 ℃低温胁迫处理6 h后在25 ℃下培养4 d,测定恢复0、1和4 d时叶片非酶抗氧化物质和抗氧化酶活性的变化.结果表明：与CK相比,经SNP处理的枇杷叶片过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量降低,还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)活性升高.低温处理后恢复4 d时,经0.5 mmol·L^-1 SNP处理的枇杷叶片H₂O₂含量下降至CK的75.3%,而GSH和AsA含量分别比CK增加了29.12%和23.40%,APX、GR、DHAR和MDAR活性分别比CK增加了50.0%、44.4%、49.53%和62.68%.适当的外源NO处理可提高枇杷叶片的抗氧化系统活性,减轻细胞在低温胁迫下的损伤,其中以0.5 mmol·L^-1的SNP处理效果较理想.     

温度胁迫对马铃薯叶片抗坏血酸代谢系统的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了高温（40 ℃）和低温（5 ℃）胁迫下,马铃薯叶片抗坏血酸（AsA）含量、L-半乳糖-1,4-内酯脱氢酶（GalLDH）和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）基因表达与相应酶活性,以及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（MDHAR）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性及H₂O₂和丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化规律,探讨温度胁迫对AsA代谢系统的影响.结果表明：40 ℃下,AsA含量快速增加,在6 h达到最高值,最高值比对照增加43.7％,而后急速减少;5 ℃下,在9 h达到最高值,最高值比对照增加27.7％,而后也开始减少.GalLDH、DHAR、APX、MDHAR和GR活性在40 ℃和5 ℃下均呈先升后降的变化趋势;GalLDH和DHAR基因表达与其酶活性的变化趋势一致.温度胁迫下,H₂O₂和MDA含量均显著增加.说明在温度胁迫初期,马铃薯叶片以AsA为核心的抗氧化系统对抵御高温和低温胁迫发挥了重要作用,但是随着胁迫时间的延长,AsA代谢系统的抗氧化功能逐渐降低.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.