苯系物降解菌Pseudomonas putida SW-3的筛选及其降解苯的研究

【目的】以苯、甲苯和苯乙烯为唯一碳源,从工业石油废水中筛选苯系物降解菌,分析其降解特性,探讨底物间相互作用对降解情况的影响。【方法】经生理生化和16S r RNA基因分析进行菌种鉴定,采用顶空气相色谱法测定苯系物含量,通过细胞的疏水性、乳化能力、排油圈及透射电镜观察分析菌株降解特性。【结果】经鉴定该菌为Pseudomonas putida,命名为SW-3菌株。最适降解条件下,单位菌体对苯、甲苯和苯乙烯的最大降解速率分别为0.072、0.035和0.019 g/(L·h),苯系混合物的总降解率达79.99%。底物降解实验表明,苯可促进甲苯和苯乙烯的降解,而苯乙烯则能抑制甲苯的降解。菌株的吸附、摄取和降解特性的研究发现,菌株SW-3在自身分泌的表面活性剂的协助下以耗能的方式运输苯。【结论】菌株SW-3具有产生表面活性剂和降解苯系物的能力,且底物间的相互作用能够显著影响菌株对不同底物的降解。     

4株苯系物降解菌菌株的筛选鉴定、降解特性及其降解基因研究

分别以苯、甲苯为碳源,从厦门污水处理厂活性污泥中富集筛选获得了2株苯降解菌B1、B2和2株甲苯降解菌J2、J6。16S rRNA基因鉴定结果表明B1、J2属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonassp.),B2、J6属于不动杆菌属(Acinetobactersp.)。研究表明,这些菌在pH7~10的碱性范围内能很好生长。在以0.1%(V/V)苯或甲苯为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基中,B1、B2菌在72小时内对苯的降解率分别为67.7%、94.2%,J2、J6菌对甲苯的降解率分别为92.4%、84.8%。简并PCR扩增、序列分析表明,这些菌含有相同的苯双加氧酶基因,表明苯降解基因在这些降解菌中可能存在水平转移。此外,J2,J6两株菌还含有甲苯双加氧酶基因,而且J2能在甲苯浓度为70%(V/V)的LB培养基中生长。这些降解菌在苯、甲苯污染的生物治理中有应用前景。     

相容性溶质对强化耐盐苯酚降解菌群的影响

文章探究了两种不同相容性溶质（甜菜碱、海藻糖）对强化耐盐苯酚降解菌群的影响。结果表明，在驯化过程中，海藻糖的促进效果优于甜菜碱，添加5 mM海藻糖驯化得到的微生物菌群在1%的盐度条件下，18 d后对200 mg/L苯酚的降解率为100%，累计产气8 m L，与对照组相比，显著提升了微生物菌群的降解效果。这表明，在驯化过程中添加海藻糖可以提高微生物降解效率。     

降解菌系和助腐剂对不同还田方式下水稻秸秆降解特征的影响

基于田间小区试验,设置两种秸秆还田处理(以秸秆混土处理模拟旋耕还田,以秸秆不混土处理模拟秸秆沟埋还田),采用尼龙网袋法,通过测定秸秆降解率及秸秆半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的含量,研究两种还田方式下施用降解菌系和助腐剂后水稻秸秆的降解规律。结果表明:在试验前5个月,不混土处理的秸秆降解率始终高于混土处理4.5%～11.6%;至第12个月,混土处理秸秆降解率显著高于不混土处理4.9%～13.0%。在前2个月,各处理水稻秸秆降解较快,秸秆降解率均超过50%,此后秸秆降解进入缓慢期。混土处理中,降解菌系和助腐剂仅能在第1个月提高秸秆的降解效率,此时秸秆降解率分别比对照组高11.0%和10.2%(P0.01);不混土处理中,降解菌系在1～5个月内显著提高秸秆降解效率4.3%～9.7%,助腐剂在1～12个月显著提高秸秆降解效率7.3%～14.4%。试验至第5个月时,喷施助腐剂的秸秆半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的降解率分别达79.1%、80.2%和34.7%,且与喷施菌系处理差异不显著。综上所述,秸秆降解菌系和秸秆助腐剂均能提高水稻秸秆的降解效率,且不混土处理的施用效果好于混土处理。     

泽普油田石油降解功能菌株的分离与鉴定

目的:在研究泽普油田产区菌株多态性的基础上,对石油降解功能菌株进行探讨。方法:通过稀释平板涂布法分离微生物;采用TLC和HPLC方法对分离菌株进行多糖成分鉴定,并进行16S rRNA和18S rRNA序列分析;采用溶血圈实验、排油圈法、石油黏度测定等方法,测定石油降解菌株降解能力。结果:分离菌株中有5株细菌和4株真菌,且菌株多糖的TLC分析结果与形态学鉴定结果基本相同;5株分离细菌中,2株细菌隶属于Bacillus属,3株细菌隶属于Enterobacter。另外4株真菌被鉴定为隶属于Penicillium属;分离菌株B2能降解石油。结论:泽普油田石油产区微生物的群落中存在一定丰度的细菌和真菌,含有B2的原油发酵液黏度为0.67±0.20 mPa.s.和原油在0.05水平上有显著性差异。推断B2对石油具有一定的降解能力。     

多环芳烃降解菌的筛选与降解能力测定

从本溪多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤中经富集培养筛选出8株PAHs降解菌,研究了8株菌及其等比例混合培养对菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的降解能力。结果表明,在28℃,培养基中菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的浓度分别为50、50和5mg·L-1的复合底物条件下,培养28d后,菌株B3的降解效果最好,对菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的降解率分别为88.4%、54.0%和68.4%,8株菌的混合培养对菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的降解率分别为87.7%、35.3%和42.0%;经生理生化实验和16SrRNA序列比对,初步鉴定B3菌为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)。     

1株甲苯降解真菌的筛选鉴定及其降解甲苯的特性

从实验室保存的7株真菌筛选到1株能高效降解甲苯的菌株H1,基于形态特征、ITS序列系统学分析,将H1菌株鉴定为毛栓菌（Trametes hirsuta）。利用正交设计实验方法研究了温度、pH值、甲苯浓度和吐温80浓度对H1菌株降解甲苯的影响,研究得出该菌株降解甲苯的最适条件为30℃、pH 5.0、甲苯浓度300mg/L、吐温80浓度0.05%,在该条件下H1对甲苯的最大降解率为85.3%,降解率比未优化之前有了显著提高。比较了H1菌株在3种培养基产生漆酶的能力,H1在土豆葡萄糖培养基产酶能力最强,在第7天达到酶活高峰16 500 U/L。H1在甲苯为唯一碳源的培养基中,漆酶酶活最低,培养7 d时漆酶酶活为589 U/L。     

纤维素降解的菌株筛选及其运用

目的:筛选降解稻草纤维素菌株,为纤维素的高效降解提供理论依据.方法:采用羧甲基纤维素钠刚果红培养基与滤纸条培养基从采集的腐木、腐土和腐叶等样品中筛选出纤维素降解菌.然后经液态发酵后测定其羧甲基纤维素酶活力与降解稻草的天然纤维素酶活力,综合考虑这两种酶活力,对其进行单独与混合发酵培养.筛选分解稻草能力较强的菌株组合.结果:初筛到5株真菌和5株细菌纤维素降解力较优的菌株.经酶活力测定后,得到分解纤维素能力较强的两株真菌F3和F5与两株细菌B1和B5,其中F3和B1的羧甲基纤维素酶活分别为705.6U、214.6U;F5和B5天然纤维素酶活分别为466.5U、204.8 U.混合培养在一定程度上能提高纤维素酶活,F3/F5具有稳定而较高的酶活力,某时间段酶活高达646.8U,且后续酶活力也保持在较高水平.而F3/B5在某时间段的酶活高达788.6U.结论:菌株的混合培养可以提高纤维素酶活.     

降解全氟辛酸真菌的分离与鉴定

目的通过富集培养分离降解全氟辛酸(PFOA)的真菌,进行分类鉴定和降解特性分析。方法采集全氟化合物污染的土壤,利用以PFOA为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基进行驯化和富集培养,分离降解PFOA的真菌;通过形态观察和基于ITS基因序列的系统发育分析对分离菌株进行鉴定;采用LC-MS检测其降解PFOA的能力。结果分离获得2株降解PFOA的真菌AF1和AF2,初步鉴定分别为棘孢木霉(Trichoderma asperellum)和棘卷枝毛霉(Mucor circinelloides);胞外酶活性分析均具有漆酶活性。真菌AF1和AF2在以PFOA为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基中培养72h后,最大降解率分别为24.24%和28.12%。结论自然环境中蕴藏着降解PFOA的真菌资源。     

BTEX在土壤中的环境行为研究进展

苯系物(BTEX)系苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯的统称,由于其具有高毒性而引起了人们的广泛关注。研究BTEX在土壤中的环境行为,有助于准确了解其在环境中的归宿以及评价其对生态系统和人类健康的风险性。本文从吸附-解吸、挥发、淋溶和降解等4个方面,对BTEX在土壤中环境行为的研究进展进行了综述,特别对影响BTEX在土壤环境中的吸附-解吸行为的不同因素进行了详细概述,并对今后的研究方向进行了探讨。     

Lab-Scale Biodegradation Study of BTEX under the Unsaturated Condition and Its Effect on Soil Matric Potential

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene are collectively known as BTEX which contributes to volatile environmental contaminants. This present study investigates the microbial degradation of BTEX in batch and continuous soil column experiments and its effects on soil matric potential. Batch degradation experiments were performed with different initial concentrations of BTEX using the BTEX tolerant culture isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil. In batch study, the degradation pattern for single substrate showed that xylene was degraded much faster than other compounds followed by ethylbenzene, toluene, and benzene with the highest μ_max = 0.140 h^?1 during initial substrate concentration of 100 mg L^?1. Continuous degradation experiments were performed in a soil column with an inlet concentration of BTEX of about 2000 mg L^?1 under unsaturated flow in anaerobic condition. BTEX degradation pattern was studied with time and the matric potential of the soil at different parts along the length of the column were determined at the end of the experiment. In continuous degradation study, BTEX compounds were degraded with different degradation pattern and an increase in soil matric potential was observed with an increase in depth from top to bottom in the column with applied suction head. It was found that column biodegradation contributed to 69.5% of BTEX reduction and the bacterial growth increased the soil matric potential of about 34% on an average along the column height. Therefore, this study proves that it is significant to consider soil matric potential in modeling fate and transport of BTEX in unsaturated soils.     

Isolation and characterization of ethylbenzene degrading <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas putida</Emphasis> E41

Pseudomonas putida E41 was isolated from oil-contaminated soil and showed its ability to grow on ethyl-benzene as the sole carbon and energy source. Moreover, P. putida E41 show the activity of biodegradation of ethylbenzene in the batch culture. E41 showed high efficiency of biodegradation of ethylbenzene with the optimum conditions (a cell concentration of 0.1 g wet cell weight/L, pH 7.0, 25°C, and ethylbenzene concentration of 50 mg/L) from the results of the batch culture. The maximum degradation rate and specific growth rate (μ_max) under the optimum conditions were 0.19+0.03 mg/mg-DCW (Dry Cell Weight)/h and 0.87+0.13 h⁻¹, respectively. Benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene were degraded when these compounds were provided together; however, xylene isomers persisted during degradation by P. putida E41. When using a bioreactor batch system with a binary culture with P. putida BJ10, which was isolated previously in our lab, the degradation rate for benzene and toluene was improved in BTE mixed medium (each initial concentration: 50 mg/L). Almost all of the BTE was degraded within 4 h and 70–80% of m-, p-, and o-xylenes within 11 h in a BTEX mixture (initial concentration: 50 mg/L each). In summary, we found a valuable new strain of P. putida, determined the optimal degradation conditions for this isolate and tested a mixed culture of E41 and BJ10 for its ability to degrade a common sample of mixed contaminants containing benzene, toluene, and xylene.     

Temperature effects and substrate interactions during the aerobic biotransformation of BTEX mixtures by toluene-enriched consortia and Rhodococcus rhodochrous

A microbial consortium derived from a gasoline-contaminated aquifer was enriched on toluene (T) in a chemostat at 20 degrees C and was found to degrade benzene (B), ethylbenzene (E), and xylenes (X). Studies conducted to determine the optimal temperature for microbial activity revealed that cell growth and toluene degradation were maximized at 35 degrees C. A consortium enriched at 35 degrees C exhibited increased degradation rates of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes in single-substrate experiments; in BTEX mixtures, enhanced benzene, toluene, and xylene degradation rates were observed, but ethylbenzene degradation rates decreased. Substrate degradation patterns over a range of BTEX concentrations (0 to 80 mg/L) for individual aromatics were found to differ significantly from patterns for aromatics in mixtures. Individually, toluene was degraded fastest, followed by benzene, ethylbenzene, and the xylenes. In BTEX mixtures, degradation followed the order of ethylbenzene, toluene, and benzene, with the xylenes degraded last. A pure culture isolated from the 35 degrees C-enriched consortium was identified as Rhodococcus rhodochrous. This culture was shown to degrade each of the BTEX compounds, individually and in mixtures, following the same degradation patterns as the mixed cultures. Additionally, R. rhodochrous was shown to utilize benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene as primary carbon and energy sources. Studies conducted with the 35 degrees C-enriched consortium and R. rhodochrous to evaluate potential substrate interactions caused by the concurrent presence of multiple BTEX compounds revealed a range of substrate interaction patterns including no interaction, stimulation, competitive inhibition, noncompetitive inhibition, and cometabolism. In the case of the consortium, benzene and toluene degradation rates were slightly enhanced by the presence of o-xylene, whereas the presence of toluene, benzene, or ethylbenzene had a negative effect on xylene degradation rates. Ethylbenzene was shown to be the most potent inhibitor of BTEX degradation by both the mixed and pure cultures. Attempted quantification of these inhibition effects in the case of the consortium suggested a mixture of competitive and noncompetitive inhibition kinetics. Benzene, toluene, and the xylenes had a negligible effect on the biodegradation of ethylbenzene by both cultures. Cometabolism of o-, m-, and p-xylene was shown to be a positive substrate interaction.     

Biotreatment of groundwater contaminated with MTBE: interaction of common environmental co-contaminants

Contamination of groundwater with the gasoline additive methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is often accompanied by many aromatic components such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene and p-xylene (BTEX). In this study, a laboratory-scale biotrickling filter for groundwater treatment inoculated with a microbial consortium degrading MTBE was studied. Individual or mixtures of BTEX compounds were transiently loaded in combination with MTBE. The results indicated that single BTEX compound or BTEX mixtures inhibited MTBE degradation to varying degrees, but none of them completely repressed the metabolic degradation in the biotrickling filter. Tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), a frequent co-contaminant of MTBE had no inhibitory effect on MTBE degradation. The bacterial consortium was stable and showed promising capabilities to remove TBA, ethylbenzene and toluene, and partially degraded benzene and xylenes without significant lag time. The study suggests that it is feasible to deploy a mixed bacterial consortia to degrade MTBE, BTEX and TBA at the same time.     

Biodegradation of benzene,toluene, ethylbenzene,and o-xylene by a coculture of Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens immobilized in a fibrous-bed bioreactor

A fibrous-bed bioreactor containing the coculture of Pseudomonas putida and P. fluorescens immobilized in a fibrous matrix was developed to degrade benzene (B), toluene (T), ethylbenzene (E), and o-xylene (X) in synthetic waste streams. The kinetics of BTEX biodegradation by immobilized cells adapted in the fibrous-bed bioreactor and free cells grown in serum bottles were studied. In general, the BTEX biodegradation rate increased with increasing substrate concentration and then decreased after reaching a maximum, showing substrate-inhibition kinetics. However, for immobilized cells, the degradation rate was much higher than that of free cells. Compared to free cells, immobilized cells in the bioreactor tolerated higher concentrations (>1000 mg l⁻¹) of benzene and toluene, and gave at least 16-fold higher degradation rates for benzene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene, and a 9-fold higher degradation rate for toluene. Complete and simultaneous degradation of BTEX mixture was achieved in the bioreactor under hypoxic conditions. Cells in the bioreactor were relatively insensitive to benzene toxicity; this insensitivity was attributed to adaptation of the cells in the bioreactor. Compared to the original seeding culture, the adapted cells from the fibrous-bed bioreactor had higher specific growth rate, benzene degradation rate, and cell yield when the benzene concentration was higher than 100 mg l⁻¹. Cells in the fibrous bed had a long, slim morphology, which is different from the normal short-rod shape found for suspended cells in solution.     

Degradation of BTEX compounds in liquid media and in peat biofilters

A mixed culture, enriched from Sphagnum peat moss, contaminated with gasoline vapours, degraded individual and mixed components of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene). Complete degradation of radiolabelled toluene by the mixed culture was observed in mineralisation studies. Individual isolates from a mixed culture containingPseudomonas maltophilia, P. testosteroni andP. putida biotype A exhibited contrasting BTEX degradation patterns. WhileP. putida biotype A degraded all of the BTEX compounds,P. maltophilia andP. testosteroni, appeared unable to degrade benzene and xylenes, respectively. When the peat, inoculated with the mixed culture, was used as a biofilter (6.2 cm diameter ×93 cm length) for degradation of toluene and ethylbenzene vapours, percentage removal efficiencies were 99 and 85, respectively. When the capacity of the biofilter to degrade a combination of BTEX compounds was evaluated, percentage removal efficiencies for toluene, ethylbenzene,p-xylene,o-xylene and benzene were 99, 85, 82, 80 and 78, respectively. The importance of using the mixed culture as an inoculum in the biofilter was established and also the relationship between contaminated vapour flow rate and percentage removal efficiency.     

Degradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) by the lignin-degrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

Degradation of the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-, m-, and p-xylenes) group of organopollutants by the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium was studied. Our results show that the organism efficiently degrades all the BTEX components when these compounds are added either individually or as a composite mixture. Degradation was favored under nonligninolytic culture conditions in malt extract medium, in which extracellular lignin peroxidases (LIPs) and manganese-dependent peroxidases (MNPs) are not produced. The noninvolvement of LIPs and MNPs in BTEX degradation was also evident from in vitro studies using concentrated extracellular fluid containing LIPs and MNPs and from a comparison of the extents of BTEX degradation by the wild type and the per mutant, which lacks LIPs and MNPs. A substantially greater extent of degradation of all the BTEX compounds was observed in static than in shaken liquid cultures. Furthermore, the level of degradation was relatively higher at 25 than at 37 degrees C, but pH variations between 4.5 and 7.0 had little effect on the extent of degradation. Studies with uniformly ring-labeled [14C]benzene and [14C]toluene showed substantial mineralization of these compounds to 14CO2.     

Bioremediation of BTEX Hydrocarbons: Effect of Soil Inoculation with the Toluene-Growing Fungus Cladophialophora Sp. Strain T1

The biodegradation of a mixture of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, (BTEX) and methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was studied in soil microcosms. Soil inoculation with the toluene-metabolising fungus Cladophialophora sp. strain T1 was evaluated in sterile and non-sterile soil. Induction of biodegradation capacity following BTEX addition was faster in the soil native microflora than in axenic soil cultures of the fungus. Toluene, ethylbenzenes, and the xylenes were metabolized by the fungus but biodegradation of benzene required the activity of the indigenous soil microorganisms. MTBE was not biodegraded under the tested environmental conditions. Biodegradation profiles were also examined under two pH conditions after a long term exposure to BTEX. At neutral conditions the presence of the fungus had little effect on the intrinsic soil biodegradation capacity. At an acidic pH, however, the activity of the indigenous degraders was inhibited and the presence of Cladophialophora sp. increased significantly the biodegradation rates of toluene and ethylbenzene. Comparison of the BTEX biodegradation rates measured in soil batches combining presence and absence of indigenous degraders and the fungal inoculum indicated that no severe antagonism occurred between the indigenous bacteria and Cladophialophora sp. The presence of the fungal inoculum at the end of the experiments was confirmed by PCR-TGGE analysis of small subunits of 18S rDNA.     

Influence of three species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the persistence of aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated substrates

Aromatic hydrocarbons are pollutants which have mutagenic and carcinogenic properties as well as relatively high hydrosolubility. Their presence in soils makes techniques such as bioremediation an important topic for research. In this work, the effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) on the persistence of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) in artificially contaminated substrates was evaluated. Leek plants were grown with three AM fungal species using a specially designed mesocosm system, in which internal air and substrate samples were analyzed by gas chromatography for BTEX content. Strong reductions in the BTEX concentration in substrates were generally observed in the presence of mycorrhizal plants. Residual BTEX content ranged between nearly total disappearance (<2%) and 40% of the original concentration, whereas there was a high persistence of hydrocarbons in the samples of substrate alone or with non-mycorrhizal plants. These results provide first evidence for an influence of AM activity in reducing pollution of substrates by aromatic hydrocarbons.Andrea Volante and Guido Lingua contributed equally to this paper     

Application of aerobic microorganisms in bioremediation in situ of soil contaminated by petroleum products

Aerobic microorganisms able to biodegrade benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX) have been isolated from an area contaminated by petroleum products. The activity of the isolated communities was tested under both laboratory and field conditions. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene were added to the cultures as the sole carbon source, at a concentration of 500 mg/L. In batch cultures under laboratory conditions, an 84% reduction of benzene, 86% of toluene and 82% of xylene were achieved. In cultures with ethylbenzene as the sole carbon source, the reduction was around 80%. Slightly lower values were observed under field conditions: 95% reduction of benzene and toluene, 81% of ethylbenzene and 80% of xylene. A high biodegradation activity of benzene (914 μM/L/24 h), toluene (771 μM/L/24 h), xylene (673 μM/L/24 h) and ethylbenzene (644 μM/L/24 h) was observed in the isolated communities.